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Divergent age-related changes in parasite infection occur independently of behaviour and demography in a wild ungulate. 在野生蹄类动物身上,寄生虫感染与年龄有关的不同变化与行为和种群无关。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0508
Gregory F Albery, Adam Z Hasik, Sean Morris, Alison Morris, Fiona Kenyon, David McBean, Josephine M Pemberton, Daniel H Nussey, Josh A Firth

As animals age, they exhibit a suite of phenotypic changes, often including reductions in movement and social behaviour ('behavioural ageing'). By altering an individual's exposure to parasites, behavioural ageing may influence infection status trajectories over the lifespan. However, these processes could be confounded by age-related changes in other phenotypic traits, or by selective disappearance of certain individuals owing to parasite-induced mortality. Here, we uncover contrasting age-related patterns of infection across three helminth parasites in wild adult female red deer (Cervus elaphus). Counts of strongyle nematodes (order: Strongylida) increased with age, while counts of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and tissue worm (Elaphostrongylus cervi) decreased, and lungworm (Dictyocaulus) counts did not change. These relationships could not be explained by socio-spatial behaviours, spatial structuring, or selective disappearance, suggesting behavioural ageing is unlikely to be responsible for driving age trends. Instead, social connectedness and strongyle infection were positively correlated, such that direct age-infection trends were directly contrasted with the effects implied by previously documented behavioural ageing. This suggests that behavioural ageing may reduce parasite exposure, potentially countering other age-related changes. These findings demonstrate that different parasites can show contrasting age trajectories depending on diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and that behaviour's role in these processes is likely to be complex and multidirectional.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

随着年龄的增长,动物会出现一系列表型变化,通常包括运动和社会行为的减少("行为老化")。通过改变个体接触寄生虫的机会,行为老化可能会影响整个生命周期的感染状况轨迹。然而,这些过程可能会被其他表型特征与年龄相关的变化或因寄生虫引起的死亡导致的某些个体的选择性消失所混淆。在这里,我们发现了野生成年雌性赤鹿(Cervus elaphus)感染三种蠕虫寄生虫的与年龄相关的对比模式。强直线虫(强直目)的数量随着年龄的增长而增加,而肝吸虫(Fasciola hepatica)和组织蠕虫(Elaphostrongylus cervi)的数量减少,肺吸虫(Dictyocaulus)的数量没有变化。这些关系无法用社会空间行为、空间结构或选择性消失来解释,表明行为老化不太可能是导致年龄趋势的原因。相反,社会联系与强疟原虫感染呈正相关,因此直接的年龄-感染趋势与之前记录的行为老化所暗示的影响形成了直接对比。这表明,行为老化可能会减少寄生虫暴露,从而有可能抵消其他与年龄有关的变化。这些研究结果表明,不同的寄生虫会因不同的内在和外在因素而表现出截然不同的年龄轨迹,而行为在这些过程中的作用可能是复杂和多向的。
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引用次数: 0
Agents seeking long-term access to the wisdom of the crowd reduce immediate decision-making accuracy. 寻求长期获取群众智慧的代理会降低即时决策的准确性。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0467
Richard P Mann

Living in groups offers social animals the significant advantage of accessing collective wisdom and enhanced information processing, enabling more accurate decisions related to foraging, navigation and habitat selection. Preserving group membership is crucial for sustaining access to collective wisdom, incentivizing animals to prioritize group cohesion. However, when individuals encounter divergent information about the quality of various options, this can create a conflict between pursuing immediate rewards and the maintenance of group membership to improve access to future pay-offs. In this study, I show that rational agents who seek to maximize long-term rewards will be more inclined to follow the decisions of their peers than those with short-term horizons. In doing so, they necessarily make less-rewarding decisions in the short-term, which manifests in a lower individual accuracy when choosing the better of two options. Furthermore, I demonstrate that intuitions about collective wisdom can be misleading in groups of agents who prioritize long-term rewards, with disagreement being a better signal for the accuracy of collective choices than consensus. These results demonstrate that observed patterns of sociality should be interpreted in the context of the life history of an individual and its peers, rather than through the lens of an isolated decision.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

群居生活为社会性动物提供了获取集体智慧和强化信息处理的巨大优势,使它们能够在觅食、导航和栖息地选择方面做出更准确的决定。保持群体成员身份对于维持集体智慧的获取至关重要,这促使动物优先考虑群体凝聚力。然而,当个体遇到有关各种选择质量的不同信息时,就会在追求眼前利益与保持群体成员资格以提高未来收益之间产生冲突。在本研究中,我证明了追求长期回报最大化的理性行为主体会比那些具有短期视野的行为主体更倾向于追随同伴的决策。在这样做的同时,他们必然会做出短期回报较低的决策,这表现为在两个选项中选择较好的一个时,个体的准确性较低。此外,我还证明,在优先考虑长期回报的代理群体中,关于集体智慧的直觉可能会产生误导,因为分歧比共识更能反映集体选择的准确性。这些结果表明,观察到的社会性模式应该结合个体及其同伴的生活史来解释,而不是从孤立决策的角度来解释。
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引用次数: 0
Not so social in old age: demography as one driver of decreasing sociality. 老年社交能力下降:人口是社交能力下降的一个驱动因素。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0458
Julia Schroeder, Jamie Dunning, Alex Hoi Han Chan, Heung Ying Janet Chik, Terry Burke

Humans become more selective with whom they spend their time, and as a result, the social networks of older humans are smaller than those of younger ones. In non-human animals, processes such as competition and opportunity can result in patterns of declining sociality with age. While there is support for declining sociality with age in mammals, evidence from wild bird populations is lacking. Here, we test whether sociality declines with age in a wild, insular bird population, where we know the exact ages of individuals. Using 6 years of sociality data, we find that as birds aged, their degree and betweenness decreased. The number of same-age birds still alive also decreased with age. Our results suggest that a longitudinal change in sociality with age may be, in part, an emergent effect of natural changes in demography. This highlights the need to investigate the changing costs and benefits of sociality across a lifetime.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

人类会更多地选择与谁共度时光,因此,老年人的社交网络比年轻人的要小。在非人类动物中,竞争和机会等过程会导致社会性随着年龄的增长而下降。虽然哺乳动物的社会性随着年龄的增长而下降,但野生鸟类种群却缺乏这方面的证据。在这里,我们测试了在一个知道个体确切年龄的野生海岛鸟类种群中,社会性是否会随着年龄的增长而下降。通过 6 年的社会性数据,我们发现随着鸟类年龄的增长,它们的社会性程度和社会性之间的关系都在下降。仍然活着的同龄鸟的数量也随着年龄的增长而减少。我们的研究结果表明,社会性随年龄的纵向变化在一定程度上可能是人口自然变化的结果。本文是讨论会议议题 "利用自然种群了解年龄与社会 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Wild capuchin monkeys as a model system for investigating the social and ecological determinants of ageing. 将野生卷尾猴作为研究老龄化的社会和生态决定因素的模型系统。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0482
Fernando A Campos, Eva C Wikberg, Joseph D Orkin, Yeonjoo Park, Noah Snyder-Mackler, Saul Cheves Hernandez, Ronald Lopez Navarro, Linda M Fedigan, Michael Gurven, James P Higham, Katharine M Jack, Amanda D Melin

Studying biological ageing in animal models can circumvent some of the confounds exhibited by studies of human ageing. Ageing research in non-human primates has provided invaluable insights into human lifespan and healthspan. Yet data on patterns of ageing from wild primates remain relatively scarce, centred around a few populations of catarrhine species. Here, we introduce the white-faced capuchin, a long-lived platyrrhine primate, as a promising new model system for ageing research. Like humans, capuchins are highly social, omnivorous generalists, whose healthspan and lifespan relative to body size exceed that of other non-human primate model species. We review recent insights from capuchin ageing biology and outline our expanding, integrative research programme that combines metrics of the social and physical environments with physical, physiological and molecular hallmarks of ageing across the natural life courses of multiple longitudinally tracked individuals. By increasing the taxonomic breadth of well-studied primate ageing models, we generate new insights, increase the comparative value of existing datasets to geroscience and work towards the collective goal of developing accurate, non-invasive and reliable biomarkers with high potential for standardization across field sites and species, enhancing the translatability of primate studies.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

在动物模型中研究生物老化可以避免人类老化研究中出现的一些问题。非人类灵长类动物的老化研究为人类的寿命和健康范围提供了宝贵的见解。然而,有关野生灵长类动物衰老模式的数据仍然相对稀少,主要集中在少数几个白额灵长类动物种群中。在这里,我们将白面卷尾猴--一种长寿的长尾灵长类动物--介绍给大家,作为老龄化研究的一个很有前途的新模型系统。与人类一样,卷尾猴也是高度社会化的杂食性动物,其健康寿命和相对于体型的寿命都超过了其他非人灵长类模型物种。我们回顾了卷尾猴衰老生物学的最新研究成果,并概述了我们不断扩展的综合研究计划,该计划将社会和自然环境指标与多个纵向追踪个体自然生命历程中的物理、生理和分子衰老标志相结合。通过增加分类学广度的研究良好的灵长类动物老化模型,我们产生了新的见解,提高了现有数据集对通用科学的比较价值,并努力实现开发准确、非侵入性和可靠的生物标志物的集体目标,这些生物标志物在不同野外地点和物种之间具有很高的标准化潜力,提高了灵长类动物研究的可转化性。
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引用次数: 0
Age-dependent shaping of the social environment in a long-lived seabird: a quantitative genetic approach. 一种长寿海鸟社会环境的形成与年龄有关:一种定量遗传方法。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0465
Maria Moiron, Sandra Bouwhuis

Individual differences in social behaviour can result in fine-scale variation in spatial distribution and, hence, in the social environment experienced. Given the expected fitness consequences associated with differences in social environments, it is imperative to understand the factors that shape them. One potential such factor is age. Age-specific social behaviour-often referred to as 'social ageing'-has only recently attracted attention, requiring more empirical work across taxa. Here, we use 29 years of longitudinal data collected in a pedigreed population of long-lived, colonially breeding common terns (Sterna hirundo) to investigate sources of variation in, and quantitative genetic underpinnings of, an aspect of social ageing: the shaping of the social environment experienced, using the number of neighbours during breeding as a proxy. Our analyses reveal age-specific declines in the number of neighbours during breeding, as well as selective disappearance of individuals with a high number of neighbours. Moreover, we find this social trait, as well as individual variation in the slope of its age-specific decline, to be heritable. These results suggest that social ageing might underpin part of the variation in the overall multicausal ageing phenotype, as well as undergo microevolution, highlighting the potential role of social ageing as a facilitator for, or constraint of, the evolutionary potential of natural populations.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

社会行为的个体差异会导致空间分布的细微差别,进而导致所经历的社会环境的细微差别。鉴于与社会环境差异相关的预期健康后果,了解形成这些差异的因素势在必行。其中一个潜在的因素就是年龄。年龄特异性的社会行为--通常被称为 "社会老化"--最近才引起人们的注意,需要更多跨类群的实证研究。在这里,我们利用在一个长寿、殖民繁殖的普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo)血统种群中收集到的 29 年纵向数据,研究了社会老化的一个方面的变异来源和定量遗传基础:以繁殖期间的邻居数量为代表,对所经历的社会环境的塑造。我们的分析揭示了繁殖期间邻居数量随年龄的下降,以及邻居数量多的个体的选择性消失。此外,我们还发现这一社会特征及其年龄特异性下降斜率的个体差异是可遗传的。这些结果表明,社会老龄化可能是整体多因果老龄化表型的部分变异的基础,也可能经历微观进化,突出了社会老龄化作为自然种群进化潜力的促进因素或制约因素的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Population age structure shapes selection on social behaviour in a long-lived insect. 种群年龄结构决定了长寿昆虫社会行为的选择。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0331
Phoebe A Cook, Robin A Costello, Edmund D Brodie Iii, Vincent Formica

Social traits are expected to experience highly context-dependent selection, but we know little about the contextual factors that shape selection on social behaviours. We hypothesized that the fitness consequences of social interactions will depend on the age of social partners, and therefore that population age structure will shape evolutionary pressures on sociality. Here, we investigate the consequences of age variation at multiple levels of social organization for both individual fitness and sexual selection on social network traits. We experimentally manipulated the age composition of populations of the forked fungus beetle Bolitotherus cornutus, creating 12 replicate populations with either young or old age structures. We found that fitness is associated with variance in age at three different levels of organization: the individual, interacting social partners, and the population. Older individuals have higher reproductive success, males pay a fitness cost when they interact with old males and females achieve lower fitness in older populations. In addition to influencing fitness, population age structure also altered the selection acting on social network position in females. Female sociality is under positive selection only in old populations. Our results highlight age structure as an understudied demographic variable shaping the landscape of selection on social behaviour.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

社交特征预计会经历高度依赖环境的选择,但我们对影响社交行为选择的环境因素知之甚少。我们假设,社会互动的适应性后果将取决于社会伙伴的年龄,因此种群年龄结构将决定社会性的进化压力。在这里,我们研究了多层次社会组织的年龄变化对个体适应性和社会网络特征性选择的影响。我们通过实验操纵了叉尾真菌甲虫(Bolitotherus cornutus)种群的年龄组成,创建了 12 个具有年轻或年老年龄结构的重复种群。我们发现,在个体、相互作用的社会伙伴和种群这三个不同的组织层次上,健康状况与年龄的差异有关。年龄较大的个体繁殖成功率较高,雄性个体在与年龄较大的雄性个体互动时要付出一定的适应性代价,而雌性个体在年龄较大的种群中适应性较低。除了影响适应性,种群年龄结构还改变了对雌性社会网络地位的选择。只有在老龄种群中,雌性的社会性才会受到正向选择。我们的研究结果突出表明,年龄结构是一个未被充分研究的人口变量,它影响着社会行为的选择状况。本文是 "利用自然种群了解年龄与社会 "讨论会议议题的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
From lab to life: challenges and perspectives of fNIRS for haemodynamic-based neurofeedback in real-world environments. 从实验室到生活:fNIRS 在真实世界环境中用于基于血流动力学的神经反馈的挑战和前景。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Epub Date: 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0087
Franziska Klein, Simon H Kohl, Michael Lührs, David M A Mehler, Bettina Sorger

Neurofeedback allows individuals to monitor and self-regulate their brain activity, potentially improving human brain function. Beyond the traditional electrophysiological approach using primarily electroencephalography, brain haemodynamics measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and more recently, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have been used (haemodynamic-based neurofeedback), particularly to improve the spatial specificity of neurofeedback. Over recent years, especially fNIRS has attracted great attention because it offers several advantages over fMRI such as increased user accessibility, cost-effectiveness and mobility-the latter being the most distinct feature of fNIRS. The next logical step would be to transfer haemodynamic-based neurofeedback protocols that have already been proven and validated by fMRI to mobile fNIRS. However, this undertaking is not always easy, especially since fNIRS novices may miss important fNIRS-specific methodological challenges. This review is aimed at researchers from different fields who seek to exploit the unique capabilities of fNIRS for neurofeedback. It carefully addresses fNIRS-specific challenges and offers suggestions for possible solutions. If the challenges raised are addressed and further developed, fNIRS could emerge as a useful neurofeedback technique with its own unique application potential-the targeted training of brain activity in real-world environments, thereby significantly expanding the scope and scalability of haemodynamic-based neurofeedback applications.This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.

神经反馈可让个人监控和自我调节大脑活动,从而改善人脑功能。除了主要使用脑电图的传统电生理方法外,人们还使用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)和最近的功能近红外光谱(fNIRS)测量脑血流动力学(基于血流动力学的神经反馈),尤其是为了提高神经反馈的空间特异性。近年来,fNIRS 尤其引起了人们的极大关注,因为与 fMRI 相比,fNIRS 具有一些优势,如更易于用户使用、成本效益高和移动性强--后者是 fNIRS 的最显著特点。下一个合乎逻辑的步骤是将已通过 fMRI 验证的基于血流动力学的神经反馈方案转移到移动 fNIRS 上。然而,这项工作并非易事,尤其是 fNIRS 新手可能会忽略 fNIRS 特有的重要方法学挑战。本综述面向不同领域的研究人员,他们希望利用 fNIRS 的独特功能进行神经反馈。它仔细探讨了 fNIRS 特有的挑战,并就可能的解决方案提出了建议。如果所提出的挑战得到解决和进一步发展,那么 fNIRS 将成为一种有用的神经反馈技术,具有其独特的应用潜力--在真实世界环境中有针对性地训练大脑活动,从而显著扩大基于血流动力学的神经反馈应用的范围和可扩展性。
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引用次数: 0
Inducing representational change in the hippocampus through real-time neurofeedback. 通过实时神经反馈诱导海马体的表象变化
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Epub Date: 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0091
Kailong Peng, Jeffrey D Wammes, Alex Nguyen, Coraline Rinn Iordan, Kenneth A Norman, Nicholas B Turk-Browne

When you perceive or remember something, other related things come to mind, affecting how these competing items are subsequently perceived and remembered. Such behavioural consequences are believed to result from changes in the overlap of neural representations of these items, especially in the hippocampus. According to multiple theories, hippocampal overlap should increase (integration) when there is high coactivation between cortical representations. However, prior studies used indirect proxies for coactivation by manipulating stimulus similarity or task demands. Here, we induce coactivation in visual cortex more directly using closed-loop neurofeedback from real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While viewing one object, participants were rewarded for activating the representation of another object as strongly as possible. Across multiple real-time fMRI sessions, participants succeeded in using this neurofeedback to increase coactivation. Compared with a baseline of untrained objects, this protocol led to memory integration in behaviour and the brain: the trained objects became harder for participants to discriminate behaviourally in a categorical perception task and harder to discriminate neurally from patterns of fMRI activity in their hippocampus as a result of losing unique features. These findings demonstrate that neurofeedback can be used to alter and combine memories.This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.

当你感知或记住某件事情时,其他相关的事物也会浮现在脑海中,从而影响这些相互竞争的事物随后被感知和记忆的方式。这种行为后果被认为是这些项目的神经表征重叠发生变化的结果,尤其是在海马体中。根据多种理论,当大脑皮层表象之间存在高度共激活时,海马体的重叠应该会增加(整合)。然而,之前的研究都是通过操纵刺激相似性或任务要求来间接替代共激活。在这里,我们利用实时功能磁共振成像(fMRI)的闭环神经反馈,更直接地诱导视觉皮层的共激活。在观察一个物体时,参与者会因尽可能强烈地激活另一个物体的表征而获得奖励。在多个实时 fMRI 会话中,参与者成功地利用这种神经反馈增加了共激活。与未经训练的物体基线相比,该方案导致了行为和大脑的记忆整合:在分类感知任务中,受试者在行为上更难分辨出训练过的物体,而从海马体的 fMRI 活动模式来看,由于失去了独特的特征,神经上也更难分辨出训练过的物体。这些研究结果表明,神经反馈可用于改变和组合记忆。本文是 "神经反馈:内源性神经调节的新领域和神经认知机制 "专题的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation. 神经反馈:内源性神经调节的新领域和神经认知机制。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Epub Date: 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0081
James Sulzer, T Dorina Papageorgiou, Rainer Goebel, Talma Hendler

Neurofeedback (NF) is endogenous neuromodulation of circumscribed brain circuitry. While its use of real-time brain activity in a closed-loop system is similar to brain-computer interfaces, instead of controlling an external device like the latter, the goal of NF is to change a targeted brain function. In this special issue on NF, we present current and future methods for extracting and manipulating neural function, how these methods may reveal new insights about brain function, applications, and rarely discussed ethical considerations of guiding and interpreting the brain activity of others. Together, the articles in this issue outline the possibilities of NF use and impact in the real world, poising to influence the development of more effective and personalized NF protocols, improving the understanding of underlying psychological and neurological mechanisms and enhancing treatment precision for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.

神经反馈(NF)是对限定脑回路的内源性神经调节。虽然在闭环系统中使用实时大脑活动与脑机接口类似,但神经反馈的目标是改变目标大脑功能,而不是像脑机接口那样控制外部设备。在本期有关 NF 的特刊中,我们将介绍当前和未来提取和操纵神经功能的方法、这些方法如何揭示有关大脑功能的新见解、应用,以及在指导和解释他人大脑活动时鲜有讨论的伦理问题。本期文章共同勾勒了神经反馈在现实世界中的应用和影响,有望影响更有效和个性化的神经反馈方案的开发,增进对潜在心理和神经机制的了解,提高各种神经和精神疾病的治疗精度。
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引用次数: 0
Neurofeedback: potential for abuse and regulatory frameworks in the United States. 神经反馈:滥用的可能性和美国的监管框架。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Epub Date: 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0099
Fiona Furnari, Haesoo Park, Gideon Yaffe, Michelle Hampson

Neurofeedback is a brain-training technique that continues to develop via ongoing innovations, and that has broadening potential impact. Once confined primarily to clinical and research settings, it is increasingly being used in the general population. Such development raises concerns about the current regulatory mechanisms and their adequacy in protecting patterns of economic and political decision-making from the novel technology. As studies have found neurofeedback to change subjects' preferences and mental associations covertly, there is a possibility it will be abused for political and commercial gains. Current regulatory practices (including disclaimer requirements, unfair and deceptive trade practice statutes and undue influence law) may be avenues from which to regulate neurofeedback influence. They are, however, limited. Regulating neurofeedback will face the line-drawing problem of determining when it induces an unacceptable level of influence. We suggest experiments that will clarify how the parameters of neurofeedback training affect its level of influence. In addition, we assert that the reactive nature of the traditional models of regulation will be inadequate against this and other rapidly transforming technologies. An integrated and proactive regulatory system designed for flexibility must be adopted to protect society in this era of modern technological advancement. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.

神经反馈是一种通过不断创新而持续发展的大脑训练技术,其潜在影响日益广泛。它曾经主要局限于临床和研究环境,现在正越来越多地被用于普通人群。这种发展引起了人们对现行监管机制及其是否足以保护经济和政治决策模式免受新技术影响的担忧。研究发现,神经反馈技术可以暗中改变受试者的偏好和心理联想,因此有可能被滥用于政治和商业利益。目前的监管措施(包括免责声明要求、不公平和欺骗性交易行为法规以及不当影响法)可能是监管神经反馈影响的途径。然而,这些途径是有限的。监管神经反馈将面临一个划线问题,即确定神经反馈何时会产生不可接受的影响。我们建议通过实验来阐明神经反馈训练的参数如何影响其影响程度。此外,我们还断言,传统监管模式的被动性将不足以应对这种技术和其他快速变革的技术。在现代技术不断进步的时代,必须采用灵活设计的综合主动监管系统来保护社会。本文是 "神经反馈:内源性神经调节的新领域和神经认知机制 "主题刊物的一部分。
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