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Zygospore formation in Zygnematophyceae predates several land plant traits. Zygnematophyceae 的子囊孢子形成早于陆生植物的几种特征。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0356
Charlotte Permann, Andreas Holzinger

Recent research on a special type of sexual reproduction and zygospore formation in Zygnematophyceae, the sister group of land plants, is summarized. Within this group, gamete fusion occurs by conjugation. Zygospore development in Mougeotia, Spirogyra and Zygnema is highlighted, which has recently been studied using Raman spectroscopy, allowing chemical imaging and detection of changes in starch and lipid accumulation. Three-dimensional reconstructions after serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) or focused ion beam SEM (FIB-SEM) made it possible to visualize and quantify cell wall and organelle changes during zygospore development. The zygospore walls undergo strong modifications starting from uniform thin cell walls to a multilayered structure. The mature cell wall is composed of a cellulosic endospore and exospore and a central mesospore built up by aromatic compounds. In Spirogyra, the exospore and endospore consist of thick layers of helicoidally arranged cellulose fibrils, which are otherwise only known from stone cells of land plants. While starch is degraded during maturation, providing building blocks for cell wall formation, lipid droplets accumulate and fill large parts of the ripe zygospores, similar to spores and seeds of land plants. Overall, data show similarities between streptophyte algae and embryophytes, suggesting that the genetic toolkit for many land plant traits already existed in their shared algal ancestor. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

本文概述了陆生植物姊妹类--裸子植物中一种特殊的有性生殖和子孢子形成的最新研究成果。在该类群中,配子融合是通过共轭作用进行的。重点介绍了毛果藻(Mougeotia)、螺藻(Spirogyra)和颧藻(Zygnema)的子囊孢子发育,最近利用拉曼光谱对其进行了研究,从而可以进行化学成像并检测淀粉和脂质积累的变化。通过连续块面扫描电子显微镜(SBF-SEM)或聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)进行三维重建,可以观察和量化子囊孢子发育过程中细胞壁和细胞器的变化。子囊孢子的细胞壁经历了从均匀的薄细胞壁到多层结构的强烈变化。成熟的细胞壁由纤维素内孢子和外孢子以及由芳香族化合物构成的中央中孢子组成。螺旋藻的外孢子和内孢子由厚层螺旋状排列的纤维素纤维组成,这种纤维素纤维只有陆生植物的石细胞才有。淀粉在成熟过程中降解,为细胞壁的形成提供了构件,而脂滴则在成熟的子囊孢子的大部分区域积聚和填充,这与陆生植物的孢子和种子相似。总体而言,数据显示链藻和胚状体之间存在相似性,表明它们共同的藻类祖先中已经存在许多陆地植物性状的遗传工具包。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of the regulatory subunits for the heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase. 乙酰-CoA羧化酶异构体调节亚基的进化。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0353
Ana Caroline Conrado, Gabriel Lemes Jorge, R S P Rao, Chunhui Xu, Dong Xu, Yonghua Li-Beisson, Jay J Thelen

The committed step for de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis is the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-coenzyme A catalysed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). In most plants, ACCase is a multi-subunit complex orthologous to prokaryotes. However, unlike prokaryotes, the plant and algal orthologues are comprised both catalytic and additional dedicated regulatory subunits. Novel regulatory subunits, biotin lipoyl attachment domain-containing proteins (BADC) and carboxyltransferase interactors (CTI) (both three-gene families in Arabidopsis) represent new effectors specific to plants and certain algal species. The evolutionary history of these genes in autotrophic eukaryotes remains elusive, making it an ongoing area of research. Analyses of potential protein-protein and co-occurrence interactions, informed by gene network patterns using the STRING database, in Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii unveil intricate gene associations with ACCase, suggesting a complex interplay between FA synthesis and other cellular processes. Among both species, a higher number of co-expressed genes was identified in Arabidopsis, indicating a wider potential regulatory network of ACCase in plants. This review investigates the extent to which these genes arose in autotrophic eukaryotes and provides insights into their evolutionary trajectory. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

从头合成脂肪酸(FA)的关键步骤是乙酰-CoA 羧化酶(ACCase)催化的依赖 ATP 的乙酰辅酶 A 羧化。在大多数植物中,ACCase 是一种与原核生物同源的多亚基复合体。但与原核生物不同的是,植物和藻类的同源物由催化亚基和额外的专用调节亚基组成。新的调控亚基--含生物素脂酰附着结构域的蛋白(BADC)和羧基转移酶相互作用子(CTI)(拟南芥中均有三个基因家族)代表了植物和某些藻类特有的新效应物。这些基因在自养真核生物中的进化历史仍然难以捉摸,因此成为一个持续的研究领域。利用 STRING 数据库的基因网络模式分析了拟南芥和衣藻中潜在的蛋白质与蛋白质之间的相互作用和共生作用,揭示了与 ACCase 之间错综复杂的基因关联,表明 FA 合成与其他细胞过程之间存在着复杂的相互作用。在这两个物种中,拟南芥中发现了更多的共表达基因,这表明植物中 ACCase 的潜在调控网络更为广泛。这篇综述探讨了这些基因在自养真核生物中出现的程度,并对它们的进化轨迹提出了见解。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Plant sesquiterpene lactones. 植物倍半萜内酯
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0350
Olivia Agatha, Daniela Mutwil-Anderwald, Jhing Yein Tan, Marek Mutwil

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are a prominent group of plant secondary metabolites predominantly found in the Asteraceae family and have multiple ecological roles and medicinal applications. This review describes the evolutionary and ecological significance of STLs, highlighting their roles in plant defence mechanisms against herbivory and as phytotoxins, alongside their function as environmental signalling molecules. We also cover the substantial role of STLs in medicine and their mode of action in health and disease. We discuss the biosynthetic pathways and the various modifications that make STLs one of the most diverse groups of metabolites. Finally, we discuss methods for identifying and predicting STL biosynthesis pathways. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

倍半萜内酯(STLs)是主要存在于菊科植物中的一类重要的植物次级代谢产物,具有多种生态作用和药用价值。这篇综述介绍了 STL 在进化和生态学方面的重要意义,强调了 STL 在植物防御机制中对抗食草动物和作为植物毒素的作用,以及作为环境信号分子的功能。我们还介绍了 STL 在医学中的重要作用及其在健康和疾病中的作用模式。我们将讨论生物合成途径和各种修饰,这些因素使 STL 成为最多样化的代谢物之一。最后,我们讨论了识别和预测 STL 生物合成途径的方法。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The evolution of plant responses underlying specialized metabolism in host-pathogen interactions. 在宿主与病原体相互作用中,植物反应的进化是特化新陈代谢的基础。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0370
Astrid Agorio, Eilyn Mena, Mathias F Rockenbach, Inés Ponce De León

In the course of plant evolution from aquatic to terrestrial environments, land plants (embryophytes) acquired a diverse array of specialized metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and cuticle components, enabling adaptation to various environmental stresses. While embryophytes and their closest algal relatives share candidate enzymes responsible for producing some of these compounds, the complete genetic network for their biosynthesis emerged in embryophytes. In this review, we analysed genomic data from chlorophytes, charophytes and embryophytes to identify genes related to phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and cuticle biosynthesis. By integrating published research, transcriptomic data and metabolite studies, we provide a comprehensive overview on how these specialized metabolic pathways have contributed to plant defence responses to pathogens in non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants throughout evolution. The evidence suggests that these biosynthetic pathways have provided land plants with a repertoire of conserved and lineage-specific compounds, which have shaped immunity against invading pathogens. The discovery of additional enzymes and metabolites involved in bryophyte responses to pathogen infection will provide evolutionary insights into these versatile pathways and their impact on environmental terrestrial challenges.This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

在植物从水生环境向陆生环境进化的过程中,陆生植物(胚叶植物)获得了多种多样的特殊代谢物,包括苯丙酮类、黄酮类和角质层成分,从而能够适应各种环境压力。虽然胚状植物和它们的近亲藻类共享负责生产其中一些化合物的候选酶,但胚状植物出现了这些化合物生物合成的完整遗传网络。在这篇综述中,我们分析了叶绿体、藻类和胚状叶绿体的基因组数据,以确定与苯丙酮类、黄酮类和角质层生物合成有关的基因。通过整合已发表的研究、转录组数据和代谢物研究,我们全面概述了在整个进化过程中,这些专门的代谢途径是如何促进非维管束叶绿体和维管束植物对病原体的防御反应的。有证据表明,这些生物合成途径为陆生植物提供了一系列保守的、特定品系的化合物,从而形成了抵御病原体入侵的免疫力。发现更多参与叶绿体对病原体感染的反应的酶和代谢物,将为这些多用途途径及其对陆地环境挑战的影响提供进化见解。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of phosphate scouting in the terrestrial biosphere. 陆地生物圈中磷酸盐侦察的演变。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0355
Steffen Abel, Christin Naumann

Chemistry assigns phosphorus and its most oxidized form, inorganic phosphate, unique roles for propelling bioenergetics and metabolism in all domains of life, possibly since its very origin on prebiotic Earth. For plants, access to the vital mineral nutrient profoundly affects growth, development and vigour, thus constraining net primary productivity in natural ecosystems and crop production in modern agriculture. Unlike other major biogenic elements, the low abundance and uneven distribution of phosphate in Earth's crust result from the peculiarities of phosphorus cosmochemistry and geochemistry. Here, we trace the chemical evolution of the element, the geochemical phosphorus cycle and its acceleration during Earth's history until the present (Anthropocene) as well as during the evolution and rise of terrestrial plants. We highlight the chemical and biological processes of phosphate mobilization and acquisition, first evolved in bacteria, refined in fungi and algae and expanded into powerful phosphate-prospecting strategies during land plant colonization. Furthermore, we review the evolution of the genetic and molecular networks from bacteria to terrestrial plants, which monitor intracellular and extracellular phosphate availabilities and coordinate the appropriate responses and adjustments to fluctuating phosphate supply. Lastly, we discuss the modern global phosphorus cycle deranged by human activity and the challenges imposed ahead. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution and diversity of plant metabolism'.

化学赋予磷及其最易氧化的形式--无机磷酸盐--独特的作用,以推动所有生命领域的生物能和新陈代谢,可能从地球上的前生物时期就开始了。对于植物来说,能否获得这种重要的矿物质养分会对其生长、发育和活力产生深远影响,从而制约自然生态系统中的净初级生产力和现代农业中的作物产量。与其他主要生物元素不同,磷在地壳中的低丰度和不均匀分布是磷的宇宙化学和地球化学的特殊性造成的。在此,我们将追溯磷元素的化学演变、地球化学磷循环及其在地球历史上的加速过程,直至现在(人类世),以及陆地植物的进化和崛起过程。我们重点介绍了磷酸盐动员和获取的化学和生物过程,这些过程最初在细菌中演化,在真菌和藻类中完善,并在陆地植物殖民过程中扩展为强大的磷酸盐探测策略。此外,我们还回顾了从细菌到陆生植物的遗传和分子网络的演变,这些网络监控细胞内和细胞外磷酸盐的可用性,并协调对磷酸盐供应波动的适当反应和调整。最后,我们讨论了因人类活动而失调的现代全球磷循环以及未来面临的挑战。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化与多样性 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The history of episodic memory. 外显记忆的历史
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0396
Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack

Over the course of his research, Endel Tulving offered a number of somewhat different characterizations of episodic memory. Do they indicate that he changed his mind over time as to what episodic memory is, or did his core understanding of the nature of episodic memory stay the same? In this article, we offer some support for the latter claim, and in particular for thinking that, throughout his life, Tulving took as a defining feature of episodic memory the distinctive awareness of the self in time it involves. We argue that it is easier to see the continuities rather than the discontinuities in Tulving's writings once their historical context is taken into account, where this involves both the authors who influenced his thinking, as well as the intellectual climate at the different times he was writing. We also discuss two recent bodies of work on episodic memory that take aspects of Tulving's writings as their point of departure, but try to factor out into separate ingredients what he arguably saw as a unitary phenomenon. Considering aspects of the dialectic between them and Tulving's view might shed further light on some of the motivations behind the latter.This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

在他的研究过程中,恩代尔-图尔温对外显记忆提出了许多不同的描述。这些表述是表明他随着时间的推移改变了对外显记忆的看法,还是表明他对外显记忆本质的核心理解保持不变?在这篇文章中,我们为后一种说法提供了一些支持,尤其是认为图尔温终其一生都将外显记忆的一个决定性特征--它所涉及的对时间中的自我的独特认识--作为外显记忆的一个决定性特征。我们认为,一旦考虑到图尔温著作的历史背景,就能更容易地发现他著作中的连续性而非不连续性,其中既包括影响他思想的作家,也包括他写作的不同时期的思想氛围。我们还讨论了最近两部关于外显记忆的著作,它们都以图尔温著作的某些方面为出发点,但却试图将图尔温认为是单一现象的东西分门别类。考虑它们与图尔温观点之间的辩证关系,或许能进一步揭示后者背后的某些动机。本文是主题 "外显记忆的要素:40 年研究的经验教训 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Travelling beyond time: shared brain system for self-projection in the temporal, political and moral domains. 超越时间的旅行:在时间、政治和道德领域自我投射的共享大脑系统。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0414
Amnon Dafni-Merom, Rotem Monsa, Meitar Benbaji, Adi Klein, Shahar Arzy

Mental time travel (MTT), a cornerstone of human cognition, enables individuals to mentally project themselves into their past or future. It was shown that this self-projection may extend beyond the temporal domain to the spatial and social domains. What about higher cognitive domains? Twenty-eight participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while self-projecting to different political, moral and temporal perspectives. For each domain, participants were asked to judge their relationship to various people (politicians, moral figures, personal acquaintances) from their actual or projected self-location. Findings showed slower, less accurate responses during self-projection across all domains. fMRI analysis revealed self-projection elicited brain activity at the precuneus, medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and anterior insula, bilaterally and right lateral temporal cortex. Notably, 23.5% of active voxels responded to all three domains and 27% to two domains, suggesting a shared brain system for self-projection. For ordinality judgement (self-reference), 52.5% of active voxels corresponded to the temporal domain specifically. Self-projection activity overlapped mostly with the frontoparietal control network, followed by the default mode network, while self-reference showed a reversed pattern, demonstrating MTT's implication in spontaneous brain activity. MTT may thus be regarded as a 'mental-experiential travel', with self-projection as a domain-general construct and self-reference related mostly to time. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

心理时空旅行(MTT)是人类认知的基石,它能让人在心理上将自己投射到过去或未来。研究表明,这种自我投射可能超越时间领域,延伸到空间和社会领域。那么更高的认知领域呢?28 名参与者在对不同的政治、道德和时间视角进行自我投射时,接受了功能磁共振成像(fMRI)检查。在每个领域,参与者都被要求根据实际或投射的自我位置来判断自己与不同的人(政治家、道德人物、熟人)之间的关系。fMRI 分析显示,自我投射会引起楔前叶、内侧和背外侧前额叶皮层、颞顶交界处、双侧前岛叶和右侧外侧颞叶皮层的大脑活动。值得注意的是,23.5% 的活跃体素对所有三个领域都有反应,27% 的活跃体素对两个领域都有反应,这表明大脑有一个共同的自我投射系统。在常模判断(自我参照)方面,52.5%的活跃体素专门对应颞叶域。自我投射活动主要与前顶叶控制网络重叠,其次是默认模式网络,而自我参照则呈现出相反的模式,这表明 MTT 与自发的大脑活动有关。因此,MTT可被视为一种 "心理-经验旅行",自我投射是一种领域性的构造,而自我参照则主要与时间有关。本文是主题 "外显记忆的要素:40 年研究的经验教训 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Children's mental time travel into the future: a functional perspective. 儿童对未来的心理时空旅行:功能性视角。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0399
Gladys Ayson, Cristina Atance

Children's episodic future-thinking is typically assessed using experimental tasks that measure whether children select an item with future utility. Although these tasks-inspired by Tulving's seminal 'spoon test' (Tulving E. 2005 Episodic memory and autonoesis: uniquely human? In The missing link in cognition: origins of self-reflective consciousness [eds HS Terrace, J Metcalfe], pp. 3-56. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161564.001.0001])-are passed around age 4, they tell us little about the functional significance of children's episodic future-thinking in their day-to-day lives. We highlight how a naturalistic approach can shed light on this issue, and present a small study where we recruited mothers to report on their children's (N = 12, 3- and 4-year-olds and 6- and 7-year-olds) future-thinking over a 7-day period. We used a thematic analysis to understand why children express future thoughts and derived the following themes: (1) expressing future desires and/or intentions, (2) future-oriented information-seeking, (3) connecting present actions with future outcomes, and (4) predicting future mental/physiological states. We compare these themes with recent accounts of the functional significance of future-thinking in adults and conclude that children largely express their future-thinking verbally to request information or support from their parent-likely because they do not yet possess enough control/autonomy to independently act for their own future. Our findings both complement and extend an experimental approach and further elucidate the functional significance of mental time travel in children. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

儿童的外显未来思维通常是通过实验任务来评估的,这些任务测量儿童是否选择了具有未来效用的项目。尽管这些任务是受 Tulving 的开创性 "勺子测试"(Tulving E. 2005 Episodic memory and autonoesis: uniquely human?见《认知中缺失的一环:自我反思意识的起源》[HS Terrace、J Metcalfe 编辑],第 3-56 页。英国牛津:牛津大学出版社。[虽然儿童在 4 岁左右就会通过 "外显未来思维"(episodic future-thinking),但它对儿童在日常生活中的功能意义却知之甚少。我们通过一项小型研究,招募母亲报告她们的孩子(12 人,3 岁和 4 岁以及 6 岁和 7 岁)在 7 天内的未来思维。我们采用主题分析法来了解儿童表达未来想法的原因,并得出以下主题:(1) 表达未来的愿望和/或意图,(2) 面向未来的信息搜寻,(3) 将现在的行动与未来的结果联系起来,以及 (4) 预测未来的心理/生理状态。我们将这些主题与最近关于未来思维在成人中的功能意义的论述进行了比较,并得出结论:儿童主要是通过口头表达他们的未来思维来请求父母提供信息或支持--这可能是因为他们还没有足够的控制权/自主权来独立为自己的未来采取行动。我们的发现既是对实验方法的补充和扩展,也进一步阐明了儿童心理时空旅行的功能意义。本文是主题 "外显记忆的要素:40 年研究的经验教训 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? 类外显记忆和外显记忆一样吗?
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0397
James R Davies, Nicola S Clayton

Episodic memory involves the conscious recollection of personally experienced events and when absent, results in profound losses to the typical human conscious experience. Over the last 2.5 decades, the debate surrounding whether episodic memory is unique to humans has seen a lot of controversy and accordingly has received significant research attention. Various behavioural paradigms have been developed to test episodic-like memory; a term designed to reflect the behavioural characteristics of episodic memory in the absence of evidence for consciously experienced recall. In this review, we first outline the most influential paradigms that have been developed to assess episodic-like memory across a variety of non-human taxa (including mammals, birds and cephalopods), namely the what-where-when memory, incidental encoding and unexpected question, and source memory paradigms. Then, we examine whether various key features of human episodic memory are conceptually represented in episodic-like memory across phylogenetically and neurologically diverse taxa, identifying similarities, differences and gaps in the literature. We conclude that the evidence is mixed, and as episodic memory encompasses a variety of cognitive structures and processes, research on episodic-like memory in non-humans should follow this multifaceted approach and assess evidence across various behavioural paradigms that each target different aspects of human episodic memory.This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

外显记忆涉及对亲身经历事件的有意识回忆,一旦缺失,就会对典型的人类有意识体验造成严重损失。在过去的二十五年里,围绕外显记忆是否是人类独有记忆的争论一直不绝于耳,因此也受到了大量研究的关注。人们开发了各种行为范式来测试类外显记忆;这一术语旨在反映在缺乏有意识经验回忆证据的情况下外显记忆的行为特征。在这篇综述中,我们首先概述了为评估各种非人类类群(包括哺乳动物、鸟类和头足类动物)的类表观记忆而开发的最具影响力的范式,即 "何时何地 "记忆、偶然编码和意外问题以及源记忆范式。然后,我们研究了人类外显记忆的各种关键特征是否在系统发育和神经系统不同类群的外显记忆中得到了概念上的体现,找出了文献中的相似之处、不同之处和空白之处。我们的结论是,证据参差不齐,由于外显记忆包含各种认知结构和过程,因此对非人类的类外显记忆的研究应遵循这种多方面的方法,并评估各种行为范式的证据,这些范式分别针对人类外显记忆的不同方面。
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引用次数: 0
The function of episodic memory in animals. 动物外显记忆的功能。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0403
Susan D Healy, T Andrew Hurly, Jeanne Godard, Maria Tello-Ramos

The best-known example of episodic memory in animals came from food-storing birds. One of the beauties of the food-storing system was that inherent in the behaviour were the elements that (at the time) made up episodic memory: what, where and when. While there were then already plenty of data on animals' ability to put together what and where, the addition of the time element in animals' memory and its testing was one that was both new and experimentally challenging. It has, however, led to an increasing variety of examples showing that animals can put together all three informational components. If episodic memories can be described as those memories that make any one of us who we are, why should non-human animals have such memories? Here, we argue that episodic memories play a significant functional role in the lives of real animals, in particular, enabling them to make decisions about how they might or should act in their future. We support our argument with data from a range of examples, focussing on data from the field.This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

最著名的动物外显记忆例子来自于贮存食物的鸟类。食物储存系统的妙处之一在于,其行为本身就包含了(当时)构成外显记忆的要素:内容、地点和时间。虽然当时已经有大量数据表明动物有能力把 "什么 "和 "在哪里 "组合在一起,但在动物记忆中加入时间元素并对其进行测试,这既是一个新课题,也是一项具有挑战性的实验。然而,越来越多的实例表明,动物能够将所有三个信息要素组合在一起。如果外显记忆可以被描述为使我们成为我们的那些记忆,那么为什么非人类动物会有这样的记忆呢?在这里,我们认为,外显记忆在真实动物的生活中发挥着重要的功能性作用,尤其是使它们能够就未来可能或应该如何行动做出决定。本文是主题 "外显记忆的要素:40 年研究的经验教训 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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