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Ageing effects of social environments in 'non-social' insects. 非社会性 "昆虫的社会环境对衰老的影响。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0463
Lauren M Harrison, Emily R Churchill, Megan Fairweather, Claire H Smithson, Tracey Chapman, Amanda Bretman

It is increasingly clear that social environments have profound impacts on the life histories of 'non-social' animals. However, it is not yet well known how species with varying degrees of sociality respond to different social contexts and whether such effects are sex-specific. To survey the extent to which social environments specifically affect lifespan and ageing in non-social species, we performed a systematic literature review, focusing on invertebrates but excluding eusocial insects. We found 80 studies in which lifespan or ageing parameters were measured in relation to changes in same-sex or opposite-sex exposure, group size or cues thereof. Most of the studies focused on manipulations of adults, often reporting sex differences in lifespan following exposure to the opposite sex. Some studies highlighted the impacts of developmental environments or social partner age on lifespan. Several studies explored potential underlying mechanisms, emphasizing that studies on insects could provide excellent opportunities to interrogate the basis of social effects on ageing. We discuss what these studies can tell us about the social environment as a stressor, or trade-offs in resources prompted by different social contexts. We suggest fruitful avenues for further research of social effects across a wider and more diverse range of taxa.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

人们越来越清楚地认识到,社会环境对 "非社会性 "动物的生活史有着深远的影响。然而,人们对具有不同社会性的物种如何应对不同的社会环境,以及这种影响是否具有性别特异性还不甚了解。为了调查社会环境对非社会性物种的寿命和衰老的具体影响程度,我们进行了一次系统的文献综述,重点是无脊椎动物,但不包括雌性昆虫。我们发现有 80 项研究测量了寿命或衰老参数与同性或异性接触、群体大小或相关线索变化的关系。大多数研究的重点是对成年动物的操作,通常报告的是与异性接触后寿命的性别差异。一些研究强调了发展环境或社会伙伴年龄对寿命的影响。有几项研究探讨了潜在的内在机制,强调对昆虫的研究可以为探究社会效应对衰老的基础提供极好的机会。我们将讨论这些研究能告诉我们什么是作为压力源的社会环境,或不同社会环境所导致的资源权衡。我们提出了在更广泛、更多样的分类群中进一步研究社会效应的富有成效的途径。本文是讨论会议议题 "利用自然种群了解年龄与社会 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques. 早期生活逆境对猕猴整个生命周期的存活率有性别依赖性影响。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0456
Sam K Patterson, Ella Andonov, Alyssa M Arre, Melween I Martínez, Josué E Negron-Del Valle, Rachel M Petersen, Daniel Phillips, Ahaylee Rahman, Angelina Ruiz-Lambides, Isabella Villanueva, Amanda J Lea, Noah Snyder-Mackler, Lauren J N Brent, James P Higham

Exposure to early life adversity is linked to detrimental fitness outcomes across taxa. Owing to the challenges of collecting longitudinal data, direct evidence for long-term fitness effects of early life adversity from long-lived species remains relatively scarce. Here, we test the effects of early life adversity on male and female longevity in a free-ranging population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. We leveraged six decades of data to quantify the relative importance of 10 forms of early life adversity for 6599 macaques. Individuals that experienced more early life adversity died earlier than those that experienced less adversity. Mortality risk was highest during early life, defined as birth to 4 years old, but heightened mortality risk was also present in macaques that survived to adulthood. Females and males were affected differently by some forms of adversity, and these differences might be driven by varying energetic demands and dispersal patterns. Our results show that the fitness consequences of early life adversity are not uniform across individuals but vary as a function of the type of adversity, timing and social context, and thus contribute to our limited but growing understanding of the evolution of early life sensitivities.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

在各种类群中,早期生命逆境与不利的健康结果有关。由于收集纵向数据的挑战,长寿物种早期逆境对长期健康影响的直接证据仍然相对较少。在这里,我们在波多黎各圣地亚哥卡约的猕猴(Macaca mulatta)自由放养种群中测试了早期逆境对雄性和雌性寿命的影响。我们利用六十年的数据,对 6599 只猕猴的 10 种早期生活逆境的相对重要性进行了量化。早期逆境经历较多的个体比逆境经历较少的个体死亡更早。猕猴早年(出生到4岁)的死亡风险最高,但存活到成年的猕猴死亡风险也较高。雌性和雄性在某些逆境中受到的影响不同,这些差异可能是由不同的能量需求和分散模式造成的。我们的研究结果表明,生命早期逆境对个体健康的影响并非千篇一律,而是因逆境的类型、时间和社会背景而异,因此有助于我们对生命早期敏感性进化的有限但不断增长的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Linking energy availability, movement and sociality in a wild primate (Papio ursinus). 将野生灵长类动物(Papio ursinus)的能量供应、运动和社会性联系起来。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0466
Ines Fürtbauer, Chloe Shergold, Charlotte Christensen, Anna M Bracken, Michael Heistermann, Marina Papadopoulou, M Justin O'Riain, Andrew J King

Proximate mechanisms of 'social ageing', i.e. shifts in social activity and narrowing of social networks, are understudied. It is proposed that energetic deficiencies (which are often seen in older individuals) may restrict movement and, in turn, sociality, but empirical tests of these intermediary mechanisms are lacking. Here, we study wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), combining measures of faecal triiodothyronine (fT3), a non-invasive proxy for energy availability, high-resolution GPS data (movement and social proximity) and accelerometry (social grooming durations). Higher (individual mean-centred) fT3 was associated with increased residency time (i.e. remaining in the same area longer), which, in turn, was positively related to social opportunities (i.e. close physical proximity). Individuals with more frequent social opportunities received more grooming, whereas for grooming given, fT3 moderated this effect, suggesting an energetic cost of giving grooming. While our results support the spirit of the energetic deficiencies hypothesis, the directionality of the relationship between energy availability and movement is unexpected and suggests that lower-energy individuals may use strategies to reduce the costs of intermittent locomotion. Thus, future work should consider whether age-related declines in sociality may be a by-product of a strategy to conserve energy.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

对 "社会老龄化 "的近似机制,即社会活动的转变和社会网络的缩小,研究不足。有研究认为,能量不足(通常出现在老年个体身上)可能会限制运动,进而限制社会性,但目前还缺乏对这些中间机制的实证检验。在这里,我们研究了野生查克马狒狒(Papio ursinus),将粪便中的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(fT3)、高分辨率全球定位系统数据(运动和社会接近度)和加速度测量(社会梳理持续时间)结合起来进行测量。更高的 fT3(以个体平均值为中心)与更长的驻留时间(即在同一区域停留更长时间)相关,而驻留时间又与社交机会(即身体接近程度)呈正相关。有更多社交机会的个体会得到更多的梳理,而对于给予的梳理,fT3则会调节这种效应,这表明给予梳理需要付出能量代价。虽然我们的结果支持能量不足假说的精神,但能量可用性与运动之间关系的方向性是出乎意料的,这表明能量较低的个体可能会使用策略来降低间歇性运动的成本。因此,未来的工作应该考虑与年龄相关的社会性下降是否可能是节约能量策略的副产品。
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引用次数: 0
More social species live longer, have longer generation times and longer reproductive windows. 社会性更强的物种寿命更长,世代时间更长,繁殖期也更长。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0459
Roberto Salguero-Gómez

The role of sociality in the demography of animals has become an intense focus of research in recent decades. However, efforts to understand the sociality-demography nexus have hitherto focused on single species or isolated taxonomic groups. Consequently, we lack generality regarding how sociality associates with demographic traits within the Animal Kingdom. Here, I propose a continuum of sociality, from solitary to tightly social, and test whether this continuum correlates with the key demographic properties of 152 species, from jellyfish to humans. After correction for body mass and phylogenetic relationships, I show that the sociality continuum is associated with key life history traits: more social species live longer, postpone maturity, have longer generation time and greater probability of achieving reproduction than solitary, gregarious, communal or colonial species. Contrary to the social buffering hypothesis, sociality does not result in more buffered populations. While more social species have a lower ability to benefit from disturbances, they display greater resistance than more solitary species. Finally, I also show that sociality does not shape reproductive or actuarial senescence rates. This cross-taxonomic examination of sociality across the demography of 13 taxonomic classes highlights key ways in which individual interactions shape most aspects of animal demography.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

近几十年来,社会性在动物人口统计中的作用已成为研究的重点。然而,迄今为止,了解社会性与人口统计之间关系的工作主要集中在单一物种或孤立的分类群上。因此,我们对动物王国中社会性如何与人口统计特征相关联缺乏普遍性。在这里,我提出了一个从独居到紧密社交的社交性连续体,并检验了这一连续体是否与从水母到人类的 152 个物种的主要人口统计特征相关。在对身体质量和系统发育关系进行校正后,我发现社会性连续体与关键的生活史特征相关:与独居、群居、群落或殖民地物种相比,社会性更强的物种寿命更长、成熟期更晚、世代时间更长、实现繁殖的概率更大。与社会性缓冲假说相反,社会性并不会导致缓冲能力更强的种群。虽然社会性较强的物种从干扰中获益的能力较低,但它们比独居物种表现出更强的抵抗力。最后,我还证明了社会性不会影响繁殖率或精算衰老率。这篇跨分类学的文章考察了社会性在 13 个分类学类别的人口统计学中的作用,突出了个体相互作用影响动物人口统计学大多数方面的关键方式。
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引用次数: 0
The ecology of ageing in wild societies: linking age structure and social behaviour. 野生社会的老龄化生态学:将年龄结构与社会行为联系起来。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0464
Joe P Woodman, Samin Gokcekus, Kristina B Beck, Jonathan P Green, Dan H Nussey, Josh A Firth

The age of individuals has consequences not only for their fitness and behaviour but also for the functioning of the groups they form. Because social behaviour often changes with age, population age structure is expected to shape the social organization, the social environments individuals experience and the operation of social processes within populations. Although research has explored changes in individual social behaviour with age, particularly in controlled settings, there is limited understanding of how age structure governs sociality in wild populations. Here, we synthesize previous research into age-related effects on social processes in natural populations, and discuss the links between age structure, sociality and ecology, specifically focusing on how population age structure might influence social structure and functioning. We highlight the potential for using empirical data from natural populations in combination with social network approaches to uncover pathways linking individual social ageing, population age structure and societal functioning. We discuss the broader implications of these insights for understanding the social impacts of anthropogenic effects on animal population demography and for building a deeper understanding of societal ageing in general.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

个体的年龄不仅对其体质和行为有影响,而且对其组成的群体的功能也有影响。由于社会行为通常会随着年龄的增长而改变,因此人口的年龄结构会影响社会组织、个体所经历的社会环境以及人口内部社会进程的运作。虽然研究已经探索了个体社会行为随年龄的变化,特别是在受控环境下的变化,但对年龄结构如何支配野生种群的社会性的了解还很有限。在此,我们综合了以往关于年龄对自然种群中社会过程的影响的研究,并讨论了年龄结构、社会性和生态学之间的联系,特别关注种群年龄结构如何影响社会结构和功能。我们强调了利用来自自然种群的经验数据结合社会网络方法来揭示个体社会老化、种群年龄结构和社会功能之间联系的潜力。我们讨论了这些见解对于理解人类活动对动物种群人口结构的社会影响以及深入理解社会老龄化的广泛意义。
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引用次数: 0
The life history of harvester ant colonies. 收割蚁群的生活史。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0332
Deborah M Gordon

A long-term study of a population of desert seed-eating ant colonies of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, in New Mexico, USA, shows that a colony can live for 20-30 years-the lifespan of its founding queen. A colony's collective behaviour shifts in the course of its life history. These changes, generated by social interactions within the colony, adjust the behaviour of the colony as it grows older and larger, in response to its environment and neighbouring colonies. A worker lives only a year and performs different tasks as it ages, in response to interactions with other workers and the local surroundings. A colony's behaviour changes-becoming more stable and consistent-as the colony grows older, with more ants to participate in social interactions. A neighbourhood of colonies, often of similar age, grows old together. Colonies differ in how they regulate foraging behaviour collectively to manage water loss. These differences influence how foragers of neighbouring colonies partition foraging area. In a harsh but stable environment, the gradual behavioural shifts over a colony's lifespan allow it to adjust to slow changes in the composition of its neighbourhood and in environmental conditions.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

对美国新墨西哥州一个沙漠食种蚁群--红收割蚁(Pogonomyrmex barbatus)--的长期研究表明,一个蚁群的寿命可达 20-30 年--这是其创始蚁后的寿命。蚁群的集体行为会在其生命历程中发生变化。这些变化是由蜂群内部的社会互动产生的,随着年龄的增长和规模的扩大,蜂群的行为也会随环境和邻近蜂群的变化而调整。一只工蚁的寿命只有一年,随着年龄的增长,它会执行不同的任务,以应对与其他工蚁和当地环境的互动。随着蚁群年龄的增长,有更多的蚂蚁参与社会互动,蚁群的行为也会发生变化,变得更加稳定和一致。蚁群的邻近地区通常蚁龄相近,它们会一起变老。蚁群在集体调节觅食行为以控制水分流失方面存在差异。这些差异会影响相邻蚁群的觅食者如何划分觅食区域。在一个严酷但稳定的环境中,蚁群在整个生命周期中逐渐发生的行为变化使其能够适应邻近蚁群组成和环境条件的缓慢变化。
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引用次数: 0
The concept of critical age group for density dependence: bridging the gap between demographers, evolutionary biologists and behavioural ecologists. 密度依赖的临界年龄组概念:缩小人口学家、进化生物学家和行为生态学家之间的差距。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0457
Marlène Gamelon, Yimen G Araya-Ajoy, Bernt-Erik Sæther

Density dependence plays an important role in population regulation in the wild. It involves a decrease in population growth rate when the population size increases. Fifty years ago, Charlesworth introduced the concept of 'critical age group', denoting the age classes in which variation in the number of individuals most strongly contributes to density regulation. Since this pioneering work, this concept has rarely been used. In light of Charlesworth's concept, we discuss the need to develop work between behavioural ecology, demography and evolutionary biology to better understand the mechanisms acting in density-regulated age-structured populations. We highlight demographic studies that explored age-specific contributions to density dependence and discuss the underlying evolutionary processes. Understanding competitive interactions among individuals is pivotal to identify the ages contributing most strongly to density regulation, highlighting the need to move towards behavioural ecology to decipher mechanisms acting in density-regulated age-structured populations. Because individual characteristics other than age can be linked to competitive abilities, expanding the concept of critical age to other structures (e.g. sex, dominance rank) offers interesting perspectives. Linking research fields based on the concept of the critical age group is key to move from a pattern-oriented view of density regulation to a process-oriented approach.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

密度依赖在野生动物的种群调节中发挥着重要作用。当种群数量增加时,种群增长率就会下降。50 年前,查尔斯沃斯提出了 "临界年龄组 "的概念,即个体数量变化对密度调节作用最大的年龄组。自这一开创性工作以来,这一概念很少被使用。根据查尔斯沃斯的概念,我们讨论了在行为生态学、人口学和进化生物学之间开展工作的必要性,以便更好地理解密度调节年龄结构种群的作用机制。我们重点介绍了探讨特定年龄对密度依赖性贡献的人口学研究,并讨论了其背后的进化过程。了解个体间的竞争互动对于确定对密度调节贡献最大的年龄至关重要,这突出表明需要转向行为生态学,以破译密度调节年龄结构种群的作用机制。由于年龄以外的个体特征也可能与竞争能力有关,因此将临界年龄的概念扩展到其他结构(如性别、优势等级)提供了有趣的视角。将基于临界年龄组概念的研究领域联系起来,是将密度调节从模式导向的观点转变为过程导向的方法的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding age and society using natural populations. 利用自然种群了解年龄和社会。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0469
Josh A Firth, Gregory F Albery, Sandra Bouwhuis, Lauren J N Brent, Roberto Salguero-Gómez

Ageing affects almost all aspects of life and therefore is an important process across societies, human and non-human animal alike. This article introduces new research exploring the complex interplay between individual-level ageing and demography, and the consequences this interplay holds for the structure and functioning of societies across various natural populations. We discuss how this Special Issue provides a foundation for integrating perspectives from evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology and demography to provide new insights into how ageing shapes individuals' social behaviour and social associations, and how this in turn impacts social networks, social processes (such as disease or information transfer) and fitness. Through examining these topics across taxa, from invertebrates to birds and mammals, we outline how contemporary studies are using natural populations to advance our understanding of the relationship between age and society in innovative ways. We highlight key emerging research themes from this Special Issue, such as how sociality affects lifespan and health, the genetic and ecological underpinnings of social ageing and the adaptive strategies employed by different species. We conclude that this Special Issue underscores the importance of studying social ageing using diverse systems and interdisciplinary approaches for advancing evolutionary and ecological insights into both ageing and sociality more generally.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations '.

老龄化几乎影响到生活的方方面面,因此是人类和非人类动物社会的一个重要过程。这篇文章介绍了探索个体层面老龄化与人口学之间复杂相互作用的新研究,以及这种相互作用对各种自然种群的社会结构和功能所产生的影响。我们讨论了本特刊如何为整合进化生物学、行为生态学和人口学的观点奠定基础,从而为深入了解老龄化如何塑造个体的社会行为和社会关联,以及这反过来又如何影响社会网络、社会过程(如疾病或信息传递)和健康状况提供新的视角。通过研究从无脊椎动物到鸟类和哺乳动物等不同类群的这些主题,我们概述了当代研究如何以创新的方式利用自然种群来促进我们对年龄与社会之间关系的理解。我们强调了本特刊中新出现的关键研究主题,如社会性如何影响寿命和健康、社会老龄化的遗传和生态基础以及不同物种采用的适应策略。最后,我们认为本特刊强调了利用不同的系统和跨学科方法研究社会老龄化的重要性,从而推进对老龄化和社会性的进化和生态学认识。
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引用次数: 0
Social ageing and higher-order interactions: social selectiveness can enhance older individuals' capacity to transmit knowledge. 社会老龄化与高阶互动:社会选择性可提高老年人传播知识的能力。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0461
Matthew J Hasenjager, Nina H Fefferman

In long-lived organisms, experience can accumulate with age, such that older individuals may act as repositories of ecological and social knowledge. Such knowledge is often beneficial and can spread via social transmission, leading to the expectation that ageing individuals will remain socially well-integrated. However, social ageing involves multiple processes that modulate the relationship between age and social connectivity in complex ways. We developed a generative model to explore how social ageing may drive changes in social network position and shape older individuals' capacity to transmit knowledge to others. We further employ novel hypernetwork analyses that capture higher-order interactions (i.e. involving ≥ 3 participants) to reveal potential relationships between age and sociality that conventional dyadic networks may overlook. We find that older individuals in our simulations effectively facilitate transmission across a range of scenarios, especially when transmission resembles a complex contagion or when social selectivity (i.e. prioritization of key relationships) rapidly emerges with age. These patterns result from the formation of tight-knit sets of older associates that co-occur in multiple groups, thereby reinforcing one another's capacity to transmit knowledge. Our findings suggest key avenues for future empirical work and illustrate the use of hypernetworks in advancing the study of social behaviour.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

在长寿生物中,经验会随着年龄的增长而积累,因此年长个体可能会成为生态和社会知识的宝库。这些知识通常是有益的,并能通过社会传播而扩散,因此人们期望老龄个体能保持良好的社会融合。然而,社会老龄化涉及多个过程,这些过程会以复杂的方式调节年龄与社会连通性之间的关系。我们建立了一个生成模型,以探索社会老龄化如何推动社会网络地位的变化,以及如何塑造老年人向他人传播知识的能力。我们进一步采用新颖的超网络分析,捕捉高阶互动(即涉及≥ 3 个参与者),以揭示年龄与社会性之间的潜在关系,而传统的二元网络可能会忽略这一点。我们发现,在我们的模拟中,年龄较大的个体有效地促进了各种情况下的传播,尤其是当传播类似于复杂的传染或当社会选择性(即关键关系的优先化)随着年龄的增长而迅速出现时。这些模式的形成是由于在多个群体中共同出现的年长伙伴形成了紧密的联系,从而加强了彼此传播知识的能力。我们的研究结果为未来的实证工作提出了关键途径,并说明了超网络在推进社会行为研究中的应用。本文是讨论会议议题 "利用自然人群了解年龄与社会 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Social ageing can protect against infectious disease in a group-living primate. 群居灵长类动物的社会老龄化可预防传染病。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0462
Erin R Siracusa, Melissa A Pavez-Fox, Josué E Negron-Del Valle, Daniel Phillips, Michael L Platt, Noah Snyder-Mackler, James P Higham, Lauren J N Brent, Matthew J Silk

The benefits of social living are well established, but sociality also comes with costs, including infectious disease risk. This cost-benefit ratio of sociality is expected to change across individuals' lifespans, which may drive changes in social behaviour with age. To explore this idea, we combine data from a group-living primate for which social ageing has been described with epidemiological models to show that having lower social connectedness when older can protect against the costs of a hypothetical, directly transmitted endemic pathogen. Assuming no age differences in epidemiological characteristics (susceptibility to, severity and duration of infection), older individuals suffered lower infection costs, which was explained largely because they were less connected in their social networks than younger individuals. This benefit of 'social ageing' depended on epidemiological characteristics and was greatest when infection severity increased with age. When infection duration increased with age, social ageing was beneficial only when pathogen transmissibility was low. Older individuals benefited most from having a lower frequency of interactions (strength) and network embeddedness (closeness) and benefited less from having fewer social partners (degree). Our study provides a first examination of the epidemiology of social ageing, demonstrating the potential for pathogens to influence the evolutionary dynamics of social ageing in natural populations.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

社交生活的益处已得到公认,但社交也有成本,包括传染病风险。社交的成本效益比预计会随着个体寿命的增长而变化,这可能会推动社交行为随着年龄的增长而变化。为了探讨这一观点,我们将一种群居灵长类动物的数据与流行病学模型结合起来,结果表明,年老时较低的社会联系可以抵御一种假定的、直接传播的地方性病原体所带来的代价。假设流行病学特征(感染易感性、严重程度和持续时间)不存在年龄差异,老年个体的感染成本较低,这主要是因为他们的社会网络联系比年轻人少。社会老龄化 "的这种益处取决于流行病学特征,当感染严重程度随年龄增加时,这种益处最大。当感染持续时间随着年龄的增长而延长时,只有当病原体传播性较低时,社会老龄化才会带来益处。老年人从较低的互动频率(强度)和网络嵌入性(亲密度)中获益最多,而从较少的社会伙伴(程度)中获益较少。我们的研究首次考察了社会老龄化的流行病学,表明病原体有可能影响自然人群中社会老龄化的进化动态。
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