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Applications of ancestral sequence reconstruction for understanding the evolution of plant specialized metabolism. 应用祖先序列重建了解植物特化代谢的进化。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0348
Todd J Barkman

Studies of enzymes in modern-day plants have documented the diversity of metabolic activities retained by species today but only provide limited insight into how those properties evolved. Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is an approach that provides statistical estimates of ancient plant enzyme sequences which can then be resurrected to test hypotheses about the evolution of catalytic activities and pathway assembly. Here, I review the insights that have been obtained using ASR to study plant metabolism and highlight important methodological aspects. Overall, studies of resurrected plant enzymes show that (i) exaptation is widespread such that even low or undetectable levels of ancestral activity with a substrate can later become the apparent primary activity of descendant enzymes, (ii) intramolecular epistasis may or may not limit evolutionary paths towards catalytic or substrate preference switches, and (iii) ancient pathway flux often differs from modern-day metabolic networks. These and other insights gained from ASR would not have been possible using only modern-day sequences. Future ASR studies characterizing entire ancestral metabolic networks as well as those that link ancient structures with enzymatic properties should continue to provide novel insights into how the chemical diversity of plants evolved. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

对现代植物中酶的研究记录了当今物种所保留的代谢活动的多样性,但对这些特性是如何进化的了解却很有限。祖先序列重建(ASR)是一种提供古代植物酶序列统计估计值的方法,这种估计值可以用来检验催化活性和通路组装进化的假设。在此,我将回顾利用ASR研究植物新陈代谢所获得的启示,并强调重要的方法论方面。总体而言,对复活植物酶的研究表明:(i) 外适应是普遍存在的,因此即使是低水平或无法检测到的祖先底物活性,后来也可能成为后代酶的明显主要活性;(ii) 分子内外显性可能限制也可能不限制催化或底物偏好转换的进化路径;(iii) 古代途径通量往往不同于现代代谢网络。仅使用现代序列不可能从 ASR 中获得这些及其他见解。未来的 ASR 研究将描述整个祖先代谢网络的特征,并将古代结构与酶的特性联系起来,这些研究将继续为了解植物化学多样性的进化过程提供新的见解。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Plant terrestrialization: an environmental pull on the evolution of multi-sourced streptophyte phenolics. 植物陆生化:环境对多来源链格植物酚类化合物进化的影响。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0358
Cäcilia F Kunz, Sophie de Vries, Jan de Vries

Phenolic compounds of land plants are varied: they are chemodiverse, are sourced from different biosynthetic routes and fulfil a broad spectrum of functions that range from signalling phytohormones, to protective shields against stressors, to structural compounds. Their action defines the biology of land plants as we know it. Often, their roles are tied to environmental responses that, however, impacted already the algal progenitors of land plants, streptophyte algae. Indeed, many streptophyte algae successfully dwell in terrestrial habitats and have homologues for enzymatic routes for the production of important phenolic compounds, such as the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here, we synthesize what is known about the production of specialized phenolic compounds across hundreds of millions of years of streptophyte evolution. We propose an evolutionary scenario in which selective pressures borne out of environmental cues shaped the chemodiversity of phenolics in streptophytes. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

陆生植物的酚类化合物种类繁多:它们的化学成分多种多样,来自不同的生物合成途径,并具有广泛的功能,从植物激素信号到抵御压力的保护屏障,再到结构化合物。它们的作用决定了陆生植物的生物学特性。然而,它们的作用往往与环境反应有关,而环境反应已经影响到陆生植物的藻类祖先--链藻。事实上,许多链孢藻成功地生活在陆生栖息地中,并具有生产重要酚类化合物的酶途径的同源物,如苯丙氨酯途径。在此,我们综述了数亿年链格藻进化过程中有关特化酚类化合物生产的已知信息。我们提出了一种进化设想,即环境线索所产生的选择性压力塑造了链格植物酚类化合物的化学多样性。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding metabolic diversification in plants: branchpoints in the evolution of specialized metabolism. 了解植物代谢的多样化:特化代谢进化的分支点。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0359
Wenjuan Ji, Anne Osbourn, Zhenhua Liu

Plants are chemical engineers par excellence. Collectively they make a vast array of structurally diverse specialized metabolites. The raw materials for building new pathways (genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes) are commonly recruited directly or indirectly from primary metabolism. Little is known about how new metabolic pathways and networks evolve in plants, or what key nodes contribute to branches that lead to the biosynthesis of diverse chemicals. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of biosynthetic branchpoints. We also consider examples in which new metabolites are formed through the joining of precursor molecules arising from different biosynthetic routes, a scenario that greatly increases both the diversity and complexity of specialized metabolism. Given the emerging importance of metabolic gene clustering in helping to identify new enzymes and pathways, we further cover the significance of biosynthetic gene clusters in relation to metabolic networks and dedicated biosynthetic pathways. In conclusion, an improved understanding of the branchpoints between metabolic pathways will be key in order to be able to predict and illustrate the complex structure of metabolic networks and to better understand the plasticity of plant metabolism. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

植物是卓越的化学工程师。它们共同制造了大量结构各异的特殊代谢物。构建新途径的原材料(编码生物合成酶的基因)通常直接或间接地来自初级代谢。人们对植物中新的代谢途径和网络是如何演化的,或者是哪些关键节点促成了各种化学物质的生物合成分支知之甚少。在此,我们回顾了生物合成分支点产生的分子机制。我们还考虑了通过连接不同生物合成途径产生的前体分子而形成新的代谢物的例子,这种情况大大增加了专门代谢的多样性和复杂性。鉴于代谢基因簇在帮助识别新酶和新途径方面的重要性正在显现,我们进一步探讨了生物合成基因簇与代谢网络和专用生物合成途径的关系。总之,要预测和说明代谢网络的复杂结构,更好地理解植物代谢的可塑性,关键在于更好地理解代谢途径之间的分支点。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Conserved carotenoid pigmentation in reproductive organs of Charophyceae. 叶绿目动物生殖器官中保留的类胡萝卜素色素。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0372
Tim P Rieseberg, Anja Holzhausen, Maaike J Bierenbroodspot, Wanchen Zhang, Ilka N Abreu, Jan de Vries

Sexual reproduction in Charophyceae abounds in complex traits. Their gametangia develop as intricate structures, with oogonia spirally surrounded by envelope cells and richly pigmented antheridia. The red-probably protectant-pigmentation of antheridia is conserved across Charophyceae. Chara tomentosa is, however, unique in exhibiting this pigmentation and also in vegetative tissue. Here, we investigated the two sympatric species, C. tomentosa and Chara baltica, and compared their molecular chassis for pigmentation. Using reversed phase C30 high performance liquid chromatography (RP-C30-HPLC), we uncover that the major pigments are β-carotene, δ-carotene and γ-carotene; using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GC-MS), we pinpoint that the unusually large carotenoid pool in C. tomentosa gives rise to diverse volatile apocarotenoids, including abundant 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Based on transcriptome analyses, we uncover signatures of the unique biology of Charophycaee and genes for pigment production, including monocyclized carotenoids. The rich carotenoid pool probably serves as a substrate for diverse carotenoid-derived metabolites, signified not only by (i) the volatile apocarotenoids we detected but (ii) the high expression of a gene coding for a cytochrome P450 enzyme related to land plant proteins involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoid-derived hormones. Overall, our data shed light on a key protection strategy of sexual reproduction in the widespread group of macroalgae. The genetic underpinnings of this are shared across hundreds of millions of years of plant and algal evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

叶绿藻的有性生殖具有许多复杂的特征。它们的配子囊发育成复杂的结构,外胚乳被包膜细胞螺旋状包围,花药有丰富的色素。花药的红色--可能是保护色--在叶绿藻中是保留下来的。然而,Chara tomentosa在表现出这种色素沉着方面是独一无二的,在无性组织中也是如此。在这里,我们研究了两个同域物种:C. tomentosa 和 Chara baltica,并比较了它们的色素沉着分子底盘。利用反相 C30 高效液相色谱法(RP-C30-HPLC),我们发现主要的色素是β-胡萝卜素、δ-胡萝卜素和γ-胡萝卜素;利用顶空固相微萃取与配备质谱仪的气相色谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS),我们准确地指出,C. tomentosa 中异常庞大的类胡萝卜素池产生了多种挥发性类胡萝卜素,包括丰富的 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮。基于转录组分析,我们发现了茶红藻独特的生物学特征和色素生产基因,包括单环类胡萝卜素。丰富的类胡萝卜素池可能是多种类胡萝卜素衍生代谢物的底物,这不仅体现在(i)我们检测到的挥发性类胡萝卜素,还体现在(ii)一种编码细胞色素 P450 酶的基因的高表达,这种酶与参与类胡萝卜素衍生激素生物合成的陆地植物蛋白有关。总之,我们的数据揭示了大型藻类有性生殖的关键保护策略。在数亿年的植物和藻类进化过程中,其遗传基础是相同的。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of the biochemistry underpinning purine alkaloid metabolism in plants. 植物中嘌呤生物碱代谢的生物化学演变。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0366
Xinxin Jia, Shijie Luo, Xiali Ye, Lin Liu, Weiwei Wen

Purine alkaloids are naturally occurring nitrogenous methylated derivatives of purine nucleotide degradation products, having essential roles in medicine, food and various other aspects of our daily lives. They are generated through convergent evolution in different plant species. The pivotal reaction steps within the purine alkaloid metabolic pathways have been largely elucidated, and the convergent evolution of purine alkaloids has been substantiated through bioinformatic, biochemical and other research perspectives within S-adenosyl-ʟ-methionine-dependent N-methyltransferases. Currently, the biological and ecological roles of purine alkaloids, further refinement of the purine alkaloid metabolic pathways and the investigation of purine alkaloid adaptive evolutionary mechanisms continue to attract widespread research interest. The exploration of the purine alkaloid metabolic pathways also enhances our comprehension of the biochemical mechanism, providing insights into inter-species interactions and adaptive evolution and offering potential value in drug development and agricultural applications. Here, we review the progress of research in the distribution, metabolic pathway elucidation and regulation, evolutionary mechanism and ecological roles of purine alkaloids in plants. The opportunities and challenges involved in elucidating the biochemical basis and evolutionary mechanisms of the purine alkaloid metabolic pathways, as well as other research aspects, are also discussed. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant meta-bolism'.

嘌呤生物碱是嘌呤核苷酸降解产物的天然含氮甲基化衍生物,在医药、食品和日常生活的各个方面都发挥着重要作用。它们是通过不同植物物种的趋同进化产生的。嘌呤生物碱代谢途径中的关键反应步骤已基本阐明,S-腺苷-ʟ-蛋氨酸依赖性 N-甲基转移酶的生物信息学、生物化学和其他研究也证实了嘌呤生物碱的趋同进化。目前,嘌呤生物碱的生物学和生态学作用、嘌呤生物碱代谢途径的进一步完善以及嘌呤生物碱适应性进化机制的研究仍受到广泛关注。对嘌呤生物碱代谢途径的探索还能加深我们对生物化学机制的理解,为物种间相互作用和适应性进化提供见解,并为药物开发和农业应用提供潜在价值。在此,我们回顾了嘌呤生物碱在植物中的分布、代谢途径阐明和调控、进化机制和生态作用等方面的研究进展。文章还讨论了阐明嘌呤生物碱代谢途径的生化基础和进化机制所面临的机遇和挑战,以及其他研究方面的问题。本文是主题 "植物元生物的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Cytochromes P450 evolution in the plant terrestrialization context. 植物陆地化背景下的细胞色素 P450 进化。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0363
Danièle Werck-Reichhart, David R Nelson, Hugues Renault

Plants started to colonize land around 500 million years ago. It meant dealing with new challenges like absence of buoyancy, water and nutrients shortage, increased light radiation, reproduction on land, and interaction with new microorganisms. This obviously required the acquisition of novel functions and metabolic capacities. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases form the largest superfamily of enzymes and are present to catalyse critical and rate-limiting steps in most plant-specific pathways. The different families of CYP enzymes are typically associated with specific functions. CYP family emergence and evolution in the green lineage thus offer the opportunity to obtain a glimpse into the timing of the evolution of the critical functions that were required (or became dispensable) for the plant transition to land. Based on the analysis of currently available genomic data, this review provides an evolutionary history of plant CYPs in the context of plant terrestrialization and describes the associated functions in the different lineages. Without surprise it highlights the relevance of the biosynthesis of antioxidants and UV screens, biopolymers, and critical signalling pathways. It also points to important unsolved questions that would deserve to be answered to improve our understanding of plant adaptation to challenging environments and the management of agricultural traits. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

大约 5 亿年前,植物开始在陆地上定居。这意味着要应对新的挑战,如缺乏浮力、水和养分短缺、光辐射增加、陆地繁殖以及与新微生物的相互作用。这显然需要获得新的功能和代谢能力。细胞色素 P450(CYP)单加氧酶是最大的酶超家族,在大多数植物特有的途径中催化关键和限速步骤。不同的 CYP 酶家族通常具有特定的功能。因此,绿色植物中 CYP 家族的出现和进化为了解植物向陆地过渡所需的(或变得可有可无的)关键功能的进化时间提供了机会。基于对现有基因组数据的分析,本综述介绍了植物陆生化背景下植物 CYPs 的进化历史,并描述了不同品系中的相关功能。它毫无意外地强调了抗氧化剂和紫外线屏障的生物合成、生物聚合物和关键信号通路的相关性。文章还指出了一些尚未解决的重要问题,这些问题值得我们去解答,以提高我们对植物适应挑战性环境和农业性状管理的认识。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The evolution of flavonoid biosynthesis. 类黄酮生物合成的演变。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0361
Kevin M Davies, Christelle M Andre, Samarth Kulshrestha, Yanfei Zhou, Kathy E Schwinn, Nick W Albert, David Chagné, John W van Klink, Marco Landi, John L Bowman

The flavonoid pathway is characteristic of land plants and a central biosynthetic component enabling life in a terrestrial environment. Flavonoids provide tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses and facilitate beneficial relationships, such as signalling to symbiont microorganisms, or attracting pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The biosynthetic pathway shows great diversity across species, resulting principally from repeated biosynthetic gene duplication and neofunctionalization events during evolution. Such events may reflect a selection for new flavonoid structures with novel functions that enable occupancy of varied ecological niches. However, the biochemical and genetic diversity of the pathway also likely resulted from evolution along parallel trends across land plant lineages, producing variant compounds with similar biological functions. Analyses of the wide range of whole-plant genome sequences now available, particularly for archegoniate plants, have enabled proposals on which genes were ancestral to land plants and which arose within the land plant lineages. In this review, we discuss the emerging proposals for how the flavonoid pathway may have evolved and diversified. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

类黄酮途径是陆生植物的特征,也是陆地环境中生命的核心生物合成成分。黄酮类化合物能够耐受非生物和生物压力,并促进有益的关系,例如向共生微生物发出信号,或吸引授粉者和种子传播者。生物合成途径在不同物种间表现出极大的多样性,这主要是由于生物合成基因在进化过程中反复复制和新功能化事件造成的。这些事件可能反映了对具有新功能的新黄酮类化合物结构的选择,从而使其能够占据不同的生态位。不过,该途径的生化和遗传多样性也可能是陆生植物各系间平行进化的结果,产生了具有类似生物功能的变异化合物。通过对现有的大量全植物基因组序列,特别是原生植物基因组序列进行分析,可以提出哪些基因是陆生植物的祖先,哪些基因是陆生植物系内产生的。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论关于类黄酮途径如何进化和多样化的新建议。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Overlooked and misunderstood: can glutathione conjugates be clues to understanding plant glutathione transferases? 被忽视和误解:谷胱甘肽共轭物能否成为了解植物谷胱甘肽转移酶的线索?
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0365
Nikola Micic, Asta Holmelund Rønager, Mette Sørensen, Nanna Bjarnholt

Plant glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute a large and diverse family of enzymes that are involved in plant stress response, metabolism and defence, yet their physiological functions remain largely elusive. Consistent with the traditional view on GSTs across organisms as detoxification enzymes, in vitro most plant GSTs catalyse glutathionylation, conjugation of the tripeptide glutathione (GSH; γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) onto reactive molecules. However, when it comes to elucidating GST functions, it remains a key challenge that the endogenous plant glutathione conjugates (GS-conjugates) that would result from such glutathionylation reactions are rarely reported. Furthermore, GSTs often display high substrate promiscuity, and their proposed substrates are prone to spontaneous chemical reactions with GSH; hence, single-gene knockouts rarely provide clear chemotypes or phenotypes. In a few cases, GS-conjugates are demonstrated to be biosynthetic intermediates that are rapidly further metabolized towards a pathway end product, explaining their low abundance and rare detection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant GST functions and how and possibly why evolution has resulted in a broad and extensive expansion of the plant GST family. Finally, we demonstrate that endogenous GS-conjugates are more prevalent in plants than assumed and suggest they are overlooked as clues towards the identification of plant GST functions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

植物谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTs)是一个庞大而多样的酶家族,参与植物的胁迫反应、新陈代谢和防御,但其生理功能在很大程度上仍然难以捉摸。与传统上认为生物体内的 GSTs 是解毒酶的观点一致,大多数植物 GSTs 在体外催化谷胱甘肽化作用,将三肽谷胱甘肽(GSH;γ-Glu-Cys-Gly)与活性分子共轭。然而,在阐明谷胱甘肽功能方面,一个关键的挑战仍然是,很少有报道称这种谷胱甘肽化反应会产生内源性植物谷胱甘肽共轭物(GS-共轭物)。此外,谷胱甘肽通常具有高度的底物杂合性,而且它们提出的底物容易与谷胱甘肽发生自发的化学反应;因此,单基因敲除很少能提供明确的化学型或表型。在少数情况下,GS-共轭物被证明是生物合成的中间产物,可迅速进一步代谢为途径的终产物,这也是它们丰度低和很少被检测到的原因。在这篇综述中,我们总结了目前有关植物 GST 功能的知识,以及进化如何并可能为何导致植物 GST 家族的广泛扩展。最后,我们证明了内源 GS-共轭物在植物中比想象的更为普遍,并建议将它们作为鉴定植物 GST 功能的线索。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Zygospore formation in Zygnematophyceae predates several land plant traits. Zygnematophyceae 的子囊孢子形成早于陆生植物的几种特征。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0356
Charlotte Permann, Andreas Holzinger

Recent research on a special type of sexual reproduction and zygospore formation in Zygnematophyceae, the sister group of land plants, is summarized. Within this group, gamete fusion occurs by conjugation. Zygospore development in Mougeotia, Spirogyra and Zygnema is highlighted, which has recently been studied using Raman spectroscopy, allowing chemical imaging and detection of changes in starch and lipid accumulation. Three-dimensional reconstructions after serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) or focused ion beam SEM (FIB-SEM) made it possible to visualize and quantify cell wall and organelle changes during zygospore development. The zygospore walls undergo strong modifications starting from uniform thin cell walls to a multilayered structure. The mature cell wall is composed of a cellulosic endospore and exospore and a central mesospore built up by aromatic compounds. In Spirogyra, the exospore and endospore consist of thick layers of helicoidally arranged cellulose fibrils, which are otherwise only known from stone cells of land plants. While starch is degraded during maturation, providing building blocks for cell wall formation, lipid droplets accumulate and fill large parts of the ripe zygospores, similar to spores and seeds of land plants. Overall, data show similarities between streptophyte algae and embryophytes, suggesting that the genetic toolkit for many land plant traits already existed in their shared algal ancestor. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

本文概述了陆生植物姊妹类--裸子植物中一种特殊的有性生殖和子孢子形成的最新研究成果。在该类群中,配子融合是通过共轭作用进行的。重点介绍了毛果藻(Mougeotia)、螺藻(Spirogyra)和颧藻(Zygnema)的子囊孢子发育,最近利用拉曼光谱对其进行了研究,从而可以进行化学成像并检测淀粉和脂质积累的变化。通过连续块面扫描电子显微镜(SBF-SEM)或聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)进行三维重建,可以观察和量化子囊孢子发育过程中细胞壁和细胞器的变化。子囊孢子的细胞壁经历了从均匀的薄细胞壁到多层结构的强烈变化。成熟的细胞壁由纤维素内孢子和外孢子以及由芳香族化合物构成的中央中孢子组成。螺旋藻的外孢子和内孢子由厚层螺旋状排列的纤维素纤维组成,这种纤维素纤维只有陆生植物的石细胞才有。淀粉在成熟过程中降解,为细胞壁的形成提供了构件,而脂滴则在成熟的子囊孢子的大部分区域积聚和填充,这与陆生植物的孢子和种子相似。总体而言,数据显示链藻和胚状体之间存在相似性,表明它们共同的藻类祖先中已经存在许多陆地植物性状的遗传工具包。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary conservation and metabolic significance of autophagy in algae. 藻类自噬的进化保护和代谢意义
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0368
Juliette Laude, Matteo Scarsini, Charlotte Nef, Chris Bowler

Autophagy is a highly conserved 'self-digesting' mechanism used in eukaryotes to degrade and recycle cellular components by enclosing them in a double membrane compartment and delivering them to lytic organelles (lysosomes or vacuoles). Extensive studies in plants have revealed how autophagy is intricately linked to essential aspects of metabolism and growth, in both normal and stress conditions, including cellular and organelle homeostasis, nutrient recycling, development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, senescence and cell death. However, knowledge regarding autophagic processes in other photosynthetic organisms remains limited. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of autophagy in algae from a metabolic, molecular and evolutionary perspective. We focus on the composition and conservation of the autophagy molecular machinery in eukaryotes and discuss the role of autophagy in metabolic regulation, cellular homeostasis and stress adaptation in algae. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的 "自我消化 "机制,通过将细胞成分封闭在双层膜隔室中并将其送到溶酶体(溶酶体或液泡)来降解和回收细胞成分。对植物的广泛研究揭示了自噬如何在正常和胁迫条件下与新陈代谢和生长的重要方面错综复杂地联系在一起,包括细胞和细胞器的平衡、营养循环、发育、对生物和非生物胁迫的反应、衰老和细胞死亡。然而,有关其他光合生物自噬过程的知识仍然有限。在这篇综述中,我们试图从代谢、分子和进化的角度总结目前对藻类自噬的认识。我们将重点放在真核生物中自噬分子机制的组成和保存上,并讨论自噬在藻类代谢调节、细胞稳态和应激适应中的作用。本文是主题 "植物新陈代谢的进化 "的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
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