A. Ogwala, E. Onori, C. Ogabi, O. Ometan, K. Yusuf, E. Somoye, Janet Odewale
Ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray radiation are the primary causes of ionization that produce electron density in sufficient quantities to promote the propagation of satellite radio signals in the ionosphere. The electron densities suffer from spatio-temporal variations, and this poses different degrees of threats to satellite radio signals propagating through the ionosphere. We aimed to characterize the maximum electron density of the F2 layer (NmF2) in the middle-latitude ionosphere over Grahamstown, South Africa (Geographic latitude: 33.30°S, Geographic longitude: 26.50°E; Geomagnetic Latitude: 33.92°S, Geomagnetic Longitude: 89.37°E). The mean NmF2 data for solar cycle 23 (1998–2008) were used for the studies. The data were grouped into the high solar activity (HSA: 2000–2002), moderate solar activity (MSA: 1998–1999, 2003–2005), and low solar activity (LSA: 2006–2008) years. NmF2 variations were characterized based on the diurnal, seasonal, monthly, and annual data. Also, the correlation between NmF2 and the sunspot number was investigated. Results on diurnal and seasonal variations revealed that noontime bite-out of NmF2 was observed during the June solstice every year. However, it was not observed in the other three seasons. Equinoctial asymmetry is observed to show insignificant annual and solar cycle variations. The seasonal and annual variations of NmF2 with sunspot number were linear (exception: June solstice for MSA, the year 1999; HSA, years 2000–2001). The results reveal that the correlation between NmF2 and the sunspot number was insignificant under conditions of the annual, solar cycle, and latitudinal variations (exception: MSA, the year 2005; negative correlation (0.64)).
{"title":"Variations in the Maximum Electron Density of the F2 Layer (NmF2) over the Middle Latitude Station of Grahamstown, South Africa, during Solar Cycle 23","authors":"A. Ogwala, E. Onori, C. Ogabi, O. Ometan, K. Yusuf, E. Somoye, Janet Odewale","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204048","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray radiation are the primary causes of ionization that produce electron density in sufficient quantities to promote the propagation of satellite radio signals in the ionosphere. The electron densities suffer from spatio-temporal variations, and this poses different degrees of threats to satellite radio signals propagating through the ionosphere. We aimed to characterize the maximum electron density of the F2 layer (NmF2) in the middle-latitude ionosphere over Grahamstown, South Africa (Geographic latitude: 33.30°S, Geographic longitude: 26.50°E; Geomagnetic Latitude: 33.92°S, Geomagnetic Longitude: 89.37°E). The mean NmF2 data for solar cycle 23 (1998–2008) were used for the studies. The data were grouped into the high solar activity (HSA: 2000–2002), moderate solar activity (MSA: 1998–1999, 2003–2005), and low solar activity (LSA: 2006–2008) years. NmF2 variations were characterized based on the diurnal, seasonal, monthly, and annual data. Also, the correlation between NmF2 and the sunspot number was investigated. Results on diurnal and seasonal variations revealed that noontime bite-out of NmF2 was observed during the June solstice every year. However, it was not observed in the other three seasons. Equinoctial asymmetry is observed to show insignificant annual and solar cycle variations. The seasonal and annual variations of NmF2 with sunspot number were linear (exception: June solstice for MSA, the year 1999; HSA, years 2000–2001). The results reveal that the correlation between NmF2 and the sunspot number was insignificant under conditions of the annual, solar cycle, and latitudinal variations (exception: MSA, the year 2005; negative correlation (0.64)).","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125996176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noh-Hyun Lim, Yongjin Lee, Jieon Lee, Jong-Sung Kim
Due to recent global warming and climate change events, about 127 countries have declared themselves carbon neutral since the Paris Agreement was signed. Furthermore, agriculture is directly or indirectly affected by climate change. In particular, the importance of carbon neutrality is very high due to the high carbon absorption potential of forestry biomass. In the global beverage market, green tea is the second most consumed beverage after water, and the potential of tea tree biomass to absorb carbon during cultivation is quite high. Accordingly, major tea-producing countries such as China, Taiwan, India, and Sri Lanka are conducting life cycle assessment studies of tea which can be used to reference carbon neutrality in agriculture. In this study, net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life cycle of the Korean green tea industry were calculated by considering the changes in biomass carbon accumulation in green tea plantations according to the life cycle evaluation method and IPCC’s Gain-loss method. The net GHG emission of green tea in Korea varies widely, with biomass carbon absorption as high as 59% and as low as 3% per year due to agricultural land maintenance, which significantly impacts the net GHG emission result. In other words, it is important to maintain the cultivation area for carbon neutrality in the future because the changes in the green tea cultivation area have a significant effect on biomass carbon stock, affecting the whole net GHG emission process.
{"title":"Carbon Footprint Study of Korean Green Tea Industry Using the Methods of the Life Cycle Assessment and Calculating Carbon Absorption in Agricultural Land","authors":"Noh-Hyun Lim, Yongjin Lee, Jieon Lee, Jong-Sung Kim","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204047","url":null,"abstract":"Due to recent global warming and climate change events, about 127 countries have declared themselves carbon neutral since the Paris Agreement was signed. Furthermore, agriculture is directly or indirectly affected by climate change. In particular, the importance of carbon neutrality is very high due to the high carbon absorption potential of forestry biomass. In the global beverage market, green tea is the second most consumed beverage after water, and the potential of tea tree biomass to absorb carbon during cultivation is quite high. Accordingly, major tea-producing countries such as China, Taiwan, India, and Sri Lanka are conducting life cycle assessment studies of tea which can be used to reference carbon neutrality in agriculture. In this study, net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life cycle of the Korean green tea industry were calculated by considering the changes in biomass carbon accumulation in green tea plantations according to the life cycle evaluation method and IPCC’s Gain-loss method. The net GHG emission of green tea in Korea varies widely, with biomass carbon absorption as high as 59% and as low as 3% per year due to agricultural land maintenance, which significantly impacts the net GHG emission result. In other words, it is important to maintain the cultivation area for carbon neutrality in the future because the changes in the green tea cultivation area have a significant effect on biomass carbon stock, affecting the whole net GHG emission process.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123014835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Around 1600 AD the carbon dioxide content of the earth’s atmosphere started to rise, even whilst according to the Milankovitch [1] astronomical theory of climate variation it was due to fall. On the natural earth the carbon dioxide count of the atmosphere is a delayed response and an enhancing feedback on the basic cause of the Milankovitch astronomical cycle, the intensity of the June sunshine. If the Milankovitch cycle had continued its natural course, the medevial cold period known as the little ice age. Human interference with the earth has abolished or delayed the next ice age but overdosing with carbon dioxide emissions could have catastrophic consequences.
{"title":"Human Interference with the Earth Has Abolished the Next Ice Age but Overdosing with Carbon Dioxide Emissions Could Have Catastrophic Consequences","authors":"A. Heesterman","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204046","url":null,"abstract":"Around 1600 AD the carbon dioxide content of the earth’s atmosphere started to rise, even whilst according to the Milankovitch [1] astronomical theory of climate variation it was due to fall. On the natural earth the carbon dioxide count of the atmosphere is a delayed response and an enhancing feedback on the basic cause of the Milankovitch astronomical cycle, the intensity of the June sunshine. If the Milankovitch cycle had continued its natural course, the medevial cold period known as the little ice age. Human interference with the earth has abolished or delayed the next ice age but overdosing with carbon dioxide emissions could have catastrophic consequences.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133273495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of resource depletion and global warming, the energy transition has become a necessity. To provide a basis for analysis and to support countries in this transition, it is necessary to better understand this transition. The creation of a good measurement tool could help. This paper proposes a measure of national resilience through an analogy to kinetic energy. Preliminary results show that some countries have strong potential for resilience in the energy transition. Inequalities exist and still exist in terms of accessibility to energy but the energy transition could generate an interesting catch-up for the most vulnerable countries. Finally, the impulse of the transition seems to be easier than the completion of this transition.
{"title":"Vulnerability and Resilience: An Attempt to Theorize","authors":"Fiona Bénard","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204045","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of resource depletion and global warming, the energy transition has become a necessity. To provide a basis for analysis and to support countries in this transition, it is necessary to better understand this transition. The creation of a good measurement tool could help. This paper proposes a measure of national resilience through an analogy to kinetic energy. Preliminary results show that some countries have strong potential for resilience in the energy transition. Inequalities exist and still exist in terms of accessibility to energy but the energy transition could generate an interesting catch-up for the most vulnerable countries. Finally, the impulse of the transition seems to be easier than the completion of this transition.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"323 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122629021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the massive increase in polymer manufacture, there has been a remarkable increase in plastic waste. With fewer landfills being used to dump plastic waste each year, it is becoming increasingly important to use effective recycling methods for plastic waste decomposition. In the present work, waste polystyrene was degraded in the presence of natural clay (K0.02, Ca0.15 [Mg0.25, Al0.69, Fe0.06], [Si2.0, Al0.6] O6.8 (O10) nH2O). The waste polymer was pyrolyzed at different heating rates i.e., 5, 10, 15 and 20°C min-1 in an inert environment using nitrogen within the temperature range of 40 to 600°C. Thermogravimetric data were interpreted using various models, including fitting kinetic methods i.e., Coats-Redfern and model-free methods i.e., Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman method. The activation energy determined by Coats-Redfern, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman models were in the range of 83.22-150.37, 74.52-133.71, 73.16-131.23, and 78.40-140.67 kJmol-1, respectively. Among them, the lowest activation energy for polystyrene degradation was observed using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. The calculated kinetic parameters would be useful in determining the reaction mechanism of the solid-state reactions in a real system.
{"title":"Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Pyrolysis of Waste Polystyrene over Natural Clay","authors":"Ghulam Ali, J. Nisar","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204044","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the massive increase in polymer manufacture, there has been a remarkable increase in plastic waste. With fewer landfills being used to dump plastic waste each year, it is becoming increasingly important to use effective recycling methods for plastic waste decomposition. In the present work, waste polystyrene was degraded in the presence of natural clay (K0.02, Ca0.15 [Mg0.25, Al0.69, Fe0.06], [Si2.0, Al0.6] O6.8 (O10) nH2O). The waste polymer was pyrolyzed at different heating rates i.e., 5, 10, 15 and 20°C min-1 in an inert environment using nitrogen within the temperature range of 40 to 600°C. Thermogravimetric data were interpreted using various models, including fitting kinetic methods i.e., Coats-Redfern and model-free methods i.e., Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman method. The activation energy determined by Coats-Redfern, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman models were in the range of 83.22-150.37, 74.52-133.71, 73.16-131.23, and 78.40-140.67 kJmol-1, respectively. Among them, the lowest activation energy for polystyrene degradation was observed using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. The calculated kinetic parameters would be useful in determining the reaction mechanism of the solid-state reactions in a real system.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125345515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Thevathasan, A. Gordon, A. Bazrgar, Moira M Ijzerman
Carbon (C) storage potential was quantified for four tree species which are commonly incorporated into tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems and compared with conventional agricultural systems in southern Ontario, Canada. In the 31-year-old TBI system at the University of Guelph’s Agroforestry Research Station, Norway spruce (Picea abies), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), black walnut (Juglans nigra) and red oak (Quercus rubra) were planted in tree rows, intercropped with soybean (Glycine max). In the conventional agricultural field, soybean was grown in a monocropping system. Above and belowground tree and crop C content, soil organic C (SOC) and system level C was quantified for each tree species as well as the conventional agricultural system. Red oak TBI systems had the highest SOC followed by black walnut, Norway spruce and white cedar with values of 93.2, 83.9, 78.1, and 72.2 t C ha-1, respectively. Red oak TBI systems also had the highest mean tree C content, followed by black walnut, Norway spruce and white cedar, with values of 299.7, 285.8, 255.4 and 70.1 kg C tree-1, respectively. Total system level C, which incorporated SOC, tree C content and tree planting densities was 134.8, 126.4, 115.7, 95.6 and 75.6 t C ha-1 respectively for spruce, oak, walnut and cedar TBI systems and the agricultural field. TBI systems provide higher C sequestration potentials than conventional agricultural fields, and Norway spruce and red oak should be included into TBI systems in southern Ontario to maximize C sequestration benefits.
在加拿大安大略省南部，对四种常被纳入树木间作系统的树种的碳(C)储存潜力进行了量化，并与传统农业系统进行了比较。在Guelph大学农林业研究站的31年TBI系统中，挪威云杉(Picea abies)、白雪松(Thuja occidentalis)、黑胡桃(Juglans nigra)和红橡树(Quercus rubra)成行种植，间作大豆(Glycine max)。在传统农业领域，大豆是单作种植。定量分析了各树种及常规农业系统上、地下树木和作物碳含量、土壤有机碳(SOC)和系统水平C。红橡树TBI系统SOC最高，其次是黑核桃、挪威云杉和白雪松，分别为93.2、83.9、78.1和72.2 t C ha-1。红橡树TBI体系的平均树C含量最高，其次是黑核桃、挪威云杉和白雪松，分别为299.7、285.8、255.4和70.1 kg。云杉、橡树、核桃和雪松TBI系统和农田的总系统水平C(含有机碳、树碳含量和植树密度)分别为134.8、126.4、115.7、95.6和75.6 t C ha-1。TBI系统比传统农田具有更高的碳固存潜力，为了最大限度地提高碳固存效益，应将挪威云杉和红橡树纳入安大略省南部的TBI系统。
{"title":"Quantification of the Carbon Sequestration Potential of a 31-year-old Tree-based Intercropping System in Southern Ontario, Canada","authors":"N. Thevathasan, A. Gordon, A. Bazrgar, Moira M Ijzerman","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204043","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon (C) storage potential was quantified for four tree species which are commonly incorporated into tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems and compared with conventional agricultural systems in southern Ontario, Canada. In the 31-year-old TBI system at the University of Guelph’s Agroforestry Research Station, Norway spruce (Picea abies), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), black walnut (Juglans nigra) and red oak (Quercus rubra) were planted in tree rows, intercropped with soybean (Glycine max). In the conventional agricultural field, soybean was grown in a monocropping system. Above and belowground tree and crop C content, soil organic C (SOC) and system level C was quantified for each tree species as well as the conventional agricultural system. Red oak TBI systems had the highest SOC followed by black walnut, Norway spruce and white cedar with values of 93.2, 83.9, 78.1, and 72.2 t C ha-1, respectively. Red oak TBI systems also had the highest mean tree C content, followed by black walnut, Norway spruce and white cedar, with values of 299.7, 285.8, 255.4 and 70.1 kg C tree-1, respectively. Total system level C, which incorporated SOC, tree C content and tree planting densities was 134.8, 126.4, 115.7, 95.6 and 75.6 t C ha-1 respectively for spruce, oak, walnut and cedar TBI systems and the agricultural field. TBI systems provide higher C sequestration potentials than conventional agricultural fields, and Norway spruce and red oak should be included into TBI systems in southern Ontario to maximize C sequestration benefits.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129297866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In August 2021 Hurricane Ida devastated southeast Louisiana. On the basis of numerous pertinent meteorological-oceanographic (met-ocean) information including datasets and graphics as supplied by various public agencies, several unique topics related to marine meteorology and air-sea-land interactions are investigated. It is found that a newly proposed revised relation between minimum sea-level pressure and maximum sustained wind speed is verified during Ida. Characteristics of the rapid intensification, defined as an increase in the sustained winds of a tropical cyclone (TC) of at least 30 knots in a 24-hour period, is presented. Severe wave steepness (≥1/20) was measured continuously for approximately 3 hours when the wind speed ranged between 35 to 45 m s-1 at 38 m and the wave direction was from the east. Estimations for the wind stress on the wind-seas and a coastal wetland are presented. Finally, hydro-meteorological phenomena related to the Mississippi River flow reversal and the storm surges along the river levees are also revealed. For operational use, estimation methods and forecast formulas related to above topics are also provided.
2021年8月，飓风艾达摧毁了路易斯安那州东南部。在许多相关的气象-海洋学(气象-海洋)信息的基础上，包括各种公共机构提供的数据集和图形，研究了与海洋气象和海陆空相互作用有关的几个独特主题。发现Ida期间新提出的最小海平面气压与最大持续风速的修正关系得到了验证。给出了快速增强的特征，定义为一个热带气旋(TC)的持续风速在24小时内增加至少30节。在风速为35 ~ 45 m s-1，风速为38 m，波浪方向为东向时，连续约3 h测得巨浪陡度(≥1/20)。给出了风海和滨海湿地的风应力估计。最后，揭示了与密西西比河逆流和河堤风暴潮有关的水文气象现象。为了便于操作，还提供了与上述主题相关的估计方法和预测公式。
{"title":"Some Aspects of Marine Meteorology and Air-Sea-Wetland-River Interactions During Hurricane Ida (2021)","authors":"S. Hsu","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204042","url":null,"abstract":"In August 2021 Hurricane Ida devastated southeast Louisiana. On the basis of numerous pertinent meteorological-oceanographic (met-ocean) information including datasets and graphics as supplied by various public agencies, several unique topics related to marine meteorology and air-sea-land interactions are investigated. It is found that a newly proposed revised relation between minimum sea-level pressure and maximum sustained wind speed is verified during Ida. Characteristics of the rapid intensification, defined as an increase in the sustained winds of a tropical cyclone (TC) of at least 30 knots in a 24-hour period, is presented. Severe wave steepness (≥1/20) was measured continuously for approximately 3 hours when the wind speed ranged between 35 to 45 m s-1 at 38 m and the wave direction was from the east. Estimations for the wind stress on the wind-seas and a coastal wetland are presented. Finally, hydro-meteorological phenomena related to the Mississippi River flow reversal and the storm surges along the river levees are also revealed. For operational use, estimation methods and forecast formulas related to above topics are also provided.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121611296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Vásquez, M. Gómez-Caicedo, Mercedes Gaitán-Ángulo, Luís Manuel-Navas, Rodrigo Ramírez-Pisco, R. Acevedo, José Nieto
Because of climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased, leading to the implementation of energy transition policies. Countries have adopted the Paris Agreement to curb the effects of climate change. The emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 led to the application of different measures to stop its transmission. This study evaluated the effects of COVID-19-related restrictions (such as quarantine and mobility restriction) in Chile during the first wave on compliance with the country's energy transition policies and the goals toward a decarbonized energy matrix by 2050. For this, the main GHG contributors were evaluated. According to updated Chile's fourth biennial climate change report, the main GHG contributor is the energy sector (during the generation and transportation of electricity). In addition, the country’s economic growth during the same period was evaluated by analyzing the quarterly GDP data presented by the Central Bank of Chile. The results indicated a decrease in GHG emissions compared with the same period of the previous 2 years. Because the energy sector contributes 77% of emissions, the fulfillment of the established goals is possible by targeting this sector. However, the COVID-19-related restrictions slowed down the country's economy, as indicated by the significant decreases in quarterly GDP during the study period.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Chile's Energy Transition Policies and Goals","authors":"C. Vásquez, M. Gómez-Caicedo, Mercedes Gaitán-Ángulo, Luís Manuel-Navas, Rodrigo Ramírez-Pisco, R. Acevedo, José Nieto","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204041","url":null,"abstract":"Because of climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased, leading to the implementation of energy transition policies. Countries have adopted the Paris Agreement to curb the effects of climate change. The emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 led to the application of different measures to stop its transmission. This study evaluated the effects of COVID-19-related restrictions (such as quarantine and mobility restriction) in Chile during the first wave on compliance with the country's energy transition policies and the goals toward a decarbonized energy matrix by 2050. For this, the main GHG contributors were evaluated. According to updated Chile's fourth biennial climate change report, the main GHG contributor is the energy sector (during the generation and transportation of electricity). In addition, the country’s economic growth during the same period was evaluated by analyzing the quarterly GDP data presented by the Central Bank of Chile. The results indicated a decrease in GHG emissions compared with the same period of the previous 2 years. Because the energy sector contributes 77% of emissions, the fulfillment of the established goals is possible by targeting this sector. However, the COVID-19-related restrictions slowed down the country's economy, as indicated by the significant decreases in quarterly GDP during the study period.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123994784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims at one of the most important economic and environmental problems - the elimination of the consequences in case of emergency spills while cleaning petroleum products. The objectives of the study include the development and production of new biological products and biosorbents based on carbon-oxidizing microorganisms, testing the developed technologies for environmental risk management to eliminate the consequences of emergency petroleum product spills, creating an algorithm for conducting preliminary studies in vitro for their subsequent use in situ. A biological product and a biosorbent were developed to clean soils and water from hydrocarbon pollution were developed based on the developed consortiums of strains of carbon-oxidizing microorganisms. Biogeochemical technologies for producing and applying new biological products and biosorbents have been developed. The natural biogeochemical structure of the ecosystems is restored, and this is revealed by studying the species composition of the microbiocenosis or by analyzing the enzymatic activity of the microorganisms in soil or water. Finally, the effectiveness of the risk management method based on biogeochemical and, in particular, microbial engineering methods under conditions of oil pollution has been proven.
{"title":"Biogeochemical Engineering: Technologies for Managing Environmental Risks","authors":"V. Bashkin","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204040","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims at one of the most important economic and environmental problems - the elimination of the consequences in case of emergency spills while cleaning petroleum products. The objectives of the study include the development and production of new biological products and biosorbents based on carbon-oxidizing microorganisms, testing the developed technologies for environmental risk management to eliminate the consequences of emergency petroleum product spills, creating an algorithm for conducting preliminary studies in vitro for their subsequent use in situ. A biological product and a biosorbent were developed to clean soils and water from hydrocarbon pollution were developed based on the developed consortiums of strains of carbon-oxidizing microorganisms. Biogeochemical technologies for producing and applying new biological products and biosorbents have been developed. The natural biogeochemical structure of the ecosystems is restored, and this is revealed by studying the species composition of the microbiocenosis or by analyzing the enzymatic activity of the microorganisms in soil or water. Finally, the effectiveness of the risk management method based on biogeochemical and, in particular, microbial engineering methods under conditions of oil pollution has been proven.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"162 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120909578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in 2022 were 67.8 million (M) tonnes (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e), amounting to 12.9% of total emissions. Erupted methane (CH4) from ruminant animals comprised 42% of agricultural emissions. By 2030, the Australian Government aims to reduce total emissions by 43% from the 2005 level. The primary policy instrument for achieving this reduction is the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) in which there are two main pathways for agriculture – emission avoidance through suppression of CH4 emissions and soil carbon sequestration (SCS) through approved projects. Although agriculture since 2014 has promised 15.2 Mt of abatement, by April 2022 it has delivered only 1.1 Mt. Examples are given of potential abatement by SCS for pasture and cropping land in different rainfall zones. Methods of suppressing CH4 emissions have yet to be scaled up commercially and proven for grazing animals. The main constraints on SCS are the unreliability of Australian rainfall, the high cost of project management relative to the value of a C credit, and the opportunity cost of maintaining an approved land management for at least 25 years.
{"title":"The Role of Agriculture in the Australian Government’s Emission Reduction Fund","authors":"R. White","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2204039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204039","url":null,"abstract":"Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in 2022 were 67.8 million (M) tonnes (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e), amounting to 12.9% of total emissions. Erupted methane (CH4) from ruminant animals comprised 42% of agricultural emissions. By 2030, the Australian Government aims to reduce total emissions by 43% from the 2005 level. The primary policy instrument for achieving this reduction is the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) in which there are two main pathways for agriculture – emission avoidance through suppression of CH4 emissions and soil carbon sequestration (SCS) through approved projects. Although agriculture since 2014 has promised 15.2 Mt of abatement, by April 2022 it has delivered only 1.1 Mt. Examples are given of potential abatement by SCS for pasture and cropping land in different rainfall zones. Methods of suppressing CH4 emissions have yet to be scaled up commercially and proven for grazing animals. The main constraints on SCS are the unreliability of Australian rainfall, the high cost of project management relative to the value of a C credit, and the opportunity cost of maintaining an approved land management for at least 25 years.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126020805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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