Shuangming Yue, Shichun Qiu, Zhenhua Xu, H. P. Jiao, Mingwu Tian
Mulberry (Morus spp.) of Moraceae family is regarded as a unique plant on this earth due to its broader geological distribution across the continents. It is well recognized as alternative feed resources for livestock due to high protein and energy contents as compared to other tree leaves and conventional forages. Furthermore, it can be stored for longer period for livestock in the form of silage and hay. Previous studies have explored that mulberry leaves can be ensiled with or without additive for longer periods without deteriorating quality of silage. Moreover, mulberry leaves had potential to be stored in the form of hay by different techniques. Both mulberry leaves silage and hay influence antioxidant capacity, immunity, milk yield, dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk and meat composition. This review will explore the potential positive effects of mulberry leaves in fresh and preserved forms on animal’s health and production parameters. Through this review paper, all the important nutritional characteristics of mulberry leaves both fresh and preserved form will prove that it is a novel alternative of conventional fodders or agricultural by products for livestock
{"title":"Potential of feeding fresh and conserved mulberry leaf in ruminants and its impact on dry matter intake, digestibility, milk production, milk composition and meat quality: A review","authors":"Shuangming Yue, Shichun Qiu, Zhenhua Xu, H. P. Jiao, Mingwu Tian","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1417","url":null,"abstract":"Mulberry (Morus spp.) of Moraceae family is regarded as a unique plant on this earth due to its broader geological distribution across the continents. It is well recognized as alternative feed resources for livestock due to high protein and energy contents as compared to other tree leaves and conventional forages. Furthermore, it can be stored for longer period for livestock in the form of silage and hay. Previous studies have explored that mulberry leaves can be ensiled with or without additive for longer periods without deteriorating quality of silage. Moreover, mulberry leaves had potential to be stored in the form of hay by different techniques. Both mulberry leaves silage and hay influence antioxidant capacity, immunity, milk yield, dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk and meat composition. This review will explore the potential positive effects of mulberry leaves in fresh and preserved forms on animal’s health and production parameters. Through this review paper, all the important nutritional characteristics of mulberry leaves both fresh and preserved form will prove that it is a novel alternative of conventional fodders or agricultural by products for livestock","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46316572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate the ecological, yield, physiological, and biochemical index of cultivated pinellia under different shade conditions and to analyze the influence of light intensity on Pinellia ternata’s ecological and physiological characteristics, our experiment employed four varieties of pinellia, Changde pinellia, Yuanling pinellia, Ziyang pinellia, and Bijie pinellia, as experiment materials, planted them under equivalent growing conditions, and placed them under different shade conditions (shade net settings of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% shade). The present study sought to determine the index changes of pinellia, including their morphology, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and yield, over a 100-day growth period. The results under 25% shade, compared with full light, revealed the following: pinellia plants reached heights of up to 20.04 cm, an increase of 43.35%; the maximum leaf area was 16.15 cm2, an increase of 34.78%; and the fresh weight of pinellia tubers decreased to varying degrees. Under shade treatment, the content of chlorophyll in pinellia leaves increased, the content of soluble protein and malondialdehyde decreased, and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes increased; these changes were overall consistent with the typical characteristics of shade plants, and the adaptability of pinellia to different shade conditions varied considerably. Moderate shade (25%–50% shade) could improve the physiological and ecological indicators of pinellia and reduce the threat of intense light exposure, but it would also reduce the tuber yield to varying extents
{"title":"Ecological and physiological characteristics of Pinellia ternata under different shade conditions","authors":"Zhao Na, Xu Qingguo, Wang Xu","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1017","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the ecological, yield, physiological, and biochemical index of cultivated pinellia under different shade conditions and to analyze the influence of light intensity on Pinellia ternata’s ecological and physiological characteristics, our experiment employed four varieties of pinellia, Changde pinellia, Yuanling pinellia, Ziyang pinellia, and Bijie pinellia, as experiment materials, planted them under equivalent growing conditions, and placed them under different shade conditions (shade net settings of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% shade). The present study sought to determine the index changes of pinellia, including their morphology, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and yield, over a 100-day growth period. The results under 25% shade, compared with full light, revealed the following: pinellia plants reached heights of up to 20.04 cm, an increase of 43.35%; the maximum leaf area was 16.15 cm2, an increase of 34.78%; and the fresh weight of pinellia tubers decreased to varying degrees. Under shade treatment, the content of chlorophyll in pinellia leaves increased, the content of soluble protein and malondialdehyde decreased, and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes increased; these changes were overall consistent with the typical characteristics of shade plants, and the adaptability of pinellia to different shade conditions varied considerably. Moderate shade (25%–50% shade) could improve the physiological and ecological indicators of pinellia and reduce the threat of intense light exposure, but it would also reduce the tuber yield to varying extents","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47984865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The soil salinity causes physiological drought resulting in hindrance in the bio-availability of essential nutrients. The interaction between salinity and phosphorus uptake by plants is less explored. Two independent incubation experiments were conducted to study the distribution and transformation of various P fractions in normal and salt affected soils as influenced by various organic amendments application. In first experiment, three different levels of P (200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1 of soil) were applied in three soils differing in soil EC and SAR. Changes in various fractions of soil P (Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Olsen-P) were estimated at different time intervals. All three soils behaved differently for P distribution among various fractions. Maximum available P (12.18 mg kg-1 ) was found in PROKA soil (saline sodic) at 400 mg kg-1 of P applied. In 2nd experiment, various organic amendments [farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), crop residue (CR)] and sewage sludge (SS) were used, with and without adding P fertilizer @ 400 mg kg-1 to study their effect on changes in soil P, at different time intervals. Plant available Olsen-P fraction significantly increased after 90 days in all soils (normal, saline sodic, marginal saline sodic) with amendments FYM and PM but not as much with amendments CR and SS. Overall, increase in Olsen-P was higher with PM (23.2, 21.7 and 19.4 mg kg-1) and FYM (20.6, 17.6 and 20.6 mg kg-1) as compared with SS (14.3, 15.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1) and CR (12.9, 14.4 and 14.0 mg kg-1) in normal, saline sodic and marginal saline sodic soils, respectively. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that integration of PM and FYM with P level 400 mg kg-1 is an effective approach to mobilize more P available for plant uptake in normal and salt-affected soils with order of normal> saline sodic> marginal saline sodic.
{"title":"SOIL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION IN NORMAL AND SALT AFFECTED SOILS AS AFFECTED BY ORGANIC AMENDMENTS","authors":"M. Rashid","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/19.8083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/19.8083","url":null,"abstract":"The soil salinity causes physiological drought resulting in hindrance in the bio-availability of essential nutrients. The interaction between salinity and phosphorus uptake by plants is less explored. Two independent incubation experiments were conducted to study the distribution and transformation of various P fractions in normal and salt affected soils as influenced by various organic amendments application. In first experiment, three different levels of P (200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1 of soil) were applied in three soils differing in soil EC and SAR. Changes in various fractions of soil P (Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Olsen-P) were estimated at different time intervals. All three soils behaved differently for P distribution among various fractions. Maximum available P (12.18 mg kg-1 ) was found in PROKA soil (saline sodic) at 400 mg kg-1 of P applied. In 2nd experiment, various organic amendments [farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), crop residue (CR)] and sewage sludge (SS) were used, with and without adding P fertilizer @ 400 mg kg-1 to study their effect on changes in soil P, at different time intervals. Plant available Olsen-P fraction significantly increased after 90 days in all soils (normal, saline sodic, marginal saline sodic) with amendments FYM and PM but not as much with amendments CR and SS. Overall, increase in Olsen-P was higher with PM (23.2, 21.7 and 19.4 mg kg-1) and FYM (20.6, 17.6 and 20.6 mg kg-1) as compared with SS (14.3, 15.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1) and CR (12.9, 14.4 and 14.0 mg kg-1) in normal, saline sodic and marginal saline sodic soils, respectively. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that integration of PM and FYM with P level 400 mg kg-1 is an effective approach to mobilize more P available for plant uptake in normal and salt-affected soils with order of normal> saline sodic> marginal saline sodic.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43429350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced through pyrolysis of biological material under controlled conditions. An incubation experiment was carried out in a calcareous soil to determine the temporal effect of maize biochar produced at three different temperatures 300, 400, and 500°C on soil chemical properties and nutrient availability. The variations in potassium (K), phosphorus (P), mineral nitrogen (MN), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 + -N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 − -N), soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH was evaluated by adding biochar in soil @ 0, 1.0 and 1.5% for incubation period (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 weeks). Results revealed that soil pH was decreased with biochars (B300 and B400), particularly @ 1%. At the end of incubation, CEC was increased (12%) over control with B300 added @ 1%. The SOC and K contents significantly increased by increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar rate and incubation time. The highest increase in SOC (51%) and K (367%) was observed with B500 @ 1.5% over control. The N contents (NH4 + , NO3 − ) increased with increasing incubation time; highest NH4 + -N (97%) and NO3 − -N (118%) were observed @ 1.5% B300. Likewise, MN increased (107% over control) @ 1.5% B300. The available P increased in first 30 weeks but after that, it was decreased with increase in time. However, an increase of 65% in P over control was observed @1.5% B300. It is concluded that addition of B300 @ 1.5% improved the soil chemical properties and nutrient availability of the calcareous soil that needs to be verified further in field experiments.
{"title":"TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN RESPONSE TO MAIZE BIOCHAR PRODUCED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES","authors":"M. Naeem","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/19.7192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/19.7192","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced through pyrolysis of biological material under controlled conditions. An incubation experiment was carried out in a calcareous soil to determine the temporal effect of maize biochar produced at three different temperatures 300, 400, and 500°C on soil chemical properties and nutrient availability. The variations in potassium (K), phosphorus (P), mineral nitrogen (MN), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 + -N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 − -N), soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH was evaluated by adding biochar in soil @ 0, 1.0 and 1.5% for incubation period (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 weeks). Results revealed that soil pH was decreased with biochars (B300 and B400), particularly @ 1%. At the end of incubation, CEC was increased (12%) over control with B300 added @ 1%. The SOC and K contents significantly increased by increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar rate and incubation time. The highest increase in SOC (51%) and K (367%) was observed with B500 @ 1.5% over control. The N contents (NH4 + , NO3 − ) increased with increasing incubation time; highest NH4 + -N (97%) and NO3 − -N (118%) were observed @ 1.5% B300. Likewise, MN increased (107% over control) @ 1.5% B300. The available P increased in first 30 weeks but after that, it was decreased with increase in time. However, an increase of 65% in P over control was observed @1.5% B300. It is concluded that addition of B300 @ 1.5% improved the soil chemical properties and nutrient availability of the calcareous soil that needs to be verified further in field experiments.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41396211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aflatoxin occurrence in poultry feed causes aflatoxicosis in birds and poses health hazards to the consumers. Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) is the most predominant and toxic metabolite that is controlled through addition of argillaceous clays as non-nutritive additives. Non-smectitic indigenous clay reserves need testing as AfB1 adsorbent. With detailed mineral and adsorption characteristics, three indigenous non-smectitic clays: (i) palygorskite, (ii) palygorskite-smectite mix, and (iii) interstratified smectite with hydroxy interlayered smectite were tested against 250 µg kg-1 AfB1 contamination in a poultry feeding trial with three replications at 1% and 2% (w/w) with positive and negative controls. A total of 330 Ross-308 male broiler chicks, initially reared on clean feed under controlled conditions of light and humidity, were distributed into eleven treatment combinations in a completely randomized design with 30 birds in each treatment on an equal weight basis with three replications at day 14 and fed on experimental feeds for three weeks. Three birds from each pen were randomly slaughtered at day 35 and for each replicated treatment, body weight gain, feed intake, and internal organs weight and morphology were recorded. AfB1 contamination reduced weight gain (p 0.0001), feed conversion ratio (p 0.0001) and feed intake (p 0.0001) while clays addition in the toxin feed effectively controlled AfB1 toxicity as suggested by improved body weight, weight gain rate and feed consumption compared to the toxin fed birds. The liver morphology was comparatively better in palygorskite-smectite mix treatment when applied at 1% and the darkish colour was also improved with addition of the clay in the toxin feed. AfB1 feeding caused a 75% reduction in weight gain compared to the clean feed. Palygorskite and palygorskite-smectite mix clays were better than interstratified clay in increasing weight gain and caused a 60% and 65% increase over toxin feed treatment when applied at 1% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, the indigenous clay sources overall and palygorskite-smectite mix in particular has the potential for use as a mycotoxin binder for controlling AfB1 incidence in poultry
{"title":"Efficacy of clay minerals for controlling aflatoxin B1 toxicity in commercial broilers","authors":"Saba Akbar","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1060","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxin occurrence in poultry feed causes aflatoxicosis in birds and poses health hazards to the consumers. Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) is the most predominant and toxic metabolite that is controlled through addition of argillaceous clays as non-nutritive additives. Non-smectitic indigenous clay reserves need testing as AfB1 adsorbent. With detailed mineral and adsorption characteristics, three indigenous non-smectitic clays: (i) palygorskite, (ii) palygorskite-smectite mix, and (iii) interstratified smectite with hydroxy interlayered smectite were tested against 250 µg kg-1 AfB1 contamination in a poultry feeding trial with three replications at 1% and 2% (w/w) with positive and negative controls. A total of 330 Ross-308 male broiler chicks, initially reared on clean feed under controlled conditions of light and humidity, were distributed into eleven treatment combinations in a completely randomized design with 30 birds in each treatment on an equal weight basis with three replications at day 14 and fed on experimental feeds for three weeks. Three birds from each pen were randomly slaughtered at day 35 and for each replicated treatment, body weight gain, feed intake, and internal organs weight and morphology were recorded. AfB1 contamination reduced weight gain (p 0.0001), feed conversion ratio (p 0.0001) and feed intake (p 0.0001) while clays addition in the toxin feed effectively controlled AfB1 toxicity as suggested by improved body weight, weight gain rate and feed consumption compared to the toxin fed birds. The liver morphology was comparatively better in palygorskite-smectite mix treatment when applied at 1% and the darkish colour was also improved with addition of the clay in the toxin feed. AfB1 feeding caused a 75% reduction in weight gain compared to the clean feed. Palygorskite and palygorskite-smectite mix clays were better than interstratified clay in increasing weight gain and caused a 60% and 65% increase over toxin feed treatment when applied at 1% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, the indigenous clay sources overall and palygorskite-smectite mix in particular has the potential for use as a mycotoxin binder for controlling AfB1 incidence in poultry","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47685456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mechanized harvesting is one of the components of agricultural mechanization used to overcome grain losses and enhance the production compared to the conventional harvesting. Power tiller operated reapers are quite effective for harvesting practices in small fields and especially in mountainous regions where the crops are grown on terraces. Compared to the tractor mount reaper and combine harvester, it saves fuel and cuts the maximum straw to produce the fodder of almost 4000 kg ha-1 after the threshing operation. Thus, in case of wheat crop, it helps to save a significant energy of 1,524,000 kcal ha-1 avoiding the environmental pollution by infield burn of the straw. However, un-optimized use of power tiller operated reaper may result in high maintenance cost, low efficiency and distress among the small land holding farmers. The main objective of this study was to quantify the optimum cutting knife dynamics by optimizing the performance parameters of power tiller operated reaper like cutting speed, operating speed, cutting index, field capacity and fuel consumption. A combination of forward speed at 2.82 km h -1 and cutting speed at 3.42 km h-1 with cutting index of 1.21 was found to be most effective for a minimum grain harvesting loss of 101.33±1.0 kg ha-1 at a fuel consumption of 6.27±0.030 L ha-1 . A higher field efficiency of 71% was also recorded at cutting index of 1.21 for the same combination of forward and cutting speeds. Locus of cutter bar knife for the optimum combination of forward and cutting speeds helped to examine the operation of crank and cutter bar, prolonging the life of cutting mechanism. Thus, optimized performance of power tiller operated reaper will help to attain higher field efficiency at low fuel consumption and low maintenance.
{"title":"Performance optimization and knife dynamics of power tiller operated reaper during wheat harvesting","authors":"M. Yamin","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1406","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanized harvesting is one of the components of agricultural mechanization used to overcome grain losses and enhance the production compared to the conventional harvesting. Power tiller operated reapers are quite effective for harvesting practices in small fields and especially in mountainous regions where the crops are grown on terraces. Compared to the tractor mount reaper and combine harvester, it saves fuel and cuts the maximum straw to produce the fodder of almost 4000 kg ha-1 after the threshing operation. Thus, in case of wheat crop, it helps to save a significant energy of 1,524,000 kcal ha-1 avoiding the environmental pollution by infield burn of the straw. However, un-optimized use of power tiller operated reaper may result in high maintenance cost, low efficiency and distress among the small land holding farmers. The main objective of this study was to quantify the optimum cutting knife dynamics by optimizing the performance parameters of power tiller operated reaper like cutting speed, operating speed, cutting index, field capacity and fuel consumption. A combination of forward speed at 2.82 km h -1 and cutting speed at 3.42 km h-1 with cutting index of 1.21 was found to be most effective for a minimum grain harvesting loss of 101.33±1.0 kg ha-1 at a fuel consumption of 6.27±0.030 L ha-1 . A higher field efficiency of 71% was also recorded at cutting index of 1.21 for the same combination of forward and cutting speeds. Locus of cutter bar knife for the optimum combination of forward and cutting speeds helped to examine the operation of crank and cutter bar, prolonging the life of cutting mechanism. Thus, optimized performance of power tiller operated reaper will help to attain higher field efficiency at low fuel consumption and low maintenance.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42318127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During winter season, when the environmental temperature goes below the thermoneutral zone, it affects the performance of dairy cows. The objective of current study was to evaluate the influence of various types of housing systems on productive and physiological performance of Sahiwal cows in winter season. For this purpose, Twelve Sahiwal cows almost same weight (363±5kg), milk yield (6±0.5Lday-1 ) and 2nd parity (mid-lactation) were assigned to three experimental groups with four cows in each group. These groups are specified as; conventional barn (CB), open shed+curtain (O+C) and open shed (O) reared cows. Temperature-humidity index values were 63.8, 61.1 and 57.9 in CB, O+C and O groups respectively. Results showed that various types of housing systems had a significant effect on the performance of Sahiwal cows. The intake of dry matter was significantly higher in O reared cows (11.2 kg day-1 ) followed by the O+C (10.3 kg day-1 ) and CB reared cows (10.2 kg day-1 ). The intake of water was maximum in CB reared cows (17.7 L day-1 ) and was minimum in open shed reared O reared cows(14.4 L day-1 ) cows. Similarly, milk yield was maximum in CB readed cows (7.8 L day-1 ) and was minimum in O reared cows(5.2 L day-1 ) cows. No differences were observed in the composition of milk in CB, O+C and O reared cows. The rectal temperature (101.6 °F) was significantly lower in O reared cows followed by O+C and CB reared cows. Similarly, respiration rate was also lower (17.06 breaths min-1 ) in O reared cows followed by O+C and CB reared cows. Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher (21.1 ng/ml) in O reared cows as compared to other dietary treatments. It was concluded that production performance and physiological norms of indigenous Sahiwal cows can be improved by keeping them in conventional closed barn during the winter season.
{"title":"Productive performance and serum cortisol level of Sahiwal cows under different housing systems during Winter season","authors":"Ghayyoor Ahmad","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1439","url":null,"abstract":"During winter season, when the environmental temperature goes below the thermoneutral zone, it affects the performance of dairy cows. The objective of current study was to evaluate the influence of various types of housing systems on productive and physiological performance of Sahiwal cows in winter season. For this purpose, Twelve Sahiwal cows almost same weight (363±5kg), milk yield (6±0.5Lday-1 ) and 2nd parity (mid-lactation) were assigned to three experimental groups with four cows in each group. These groups are specified as; conventional barn (CB), open shed+curtain (O+C) and open shed (O) reared cows. Temperature-humidity index values were 63.8, 61.1 and 57.9 in CB, O+C and O groups respectively. Results showed that various types of housing systems had a significant effect on the performance of Sahiwal cows. The intake of dry matter was significantly higher in O reared cows (11.2 kg day-1 ) followed by the O+C (10.3 kg day-1 ) and CB reared cows (10.2 kg day-1 ). The intake of water was maximum in CB reared cows (17.7 L day-1 ) and was minimum in open shed reared O reared cows(14.4 L day-1 ) cows. Similarly, milk yield was maximum in CB readed cows (7.8 L day-1 ) and was minimum in O reared cows(5.2 L day-1 ) cows. No differences were observed in the composition of milk in CB, O+C and O reared cows. The rectal temperature (101.6 °F) was significantly lower in O reared cows followed by O+C and CB reared cows. Similarly, respiration rate was also lower (17.06 breaths min-1 ) in O reared cows followed by O+C and CB reared cows. Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher (21.1 ng/ml) in O reared cows as compared to other dietary treatments. It was concluded that production performance and physiological norms of indigenous Sahiwal cows can be improved by keeping them in conventional closed barn during the winter season.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46862998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various sowing times on flowering, pollen viability and seed yield of zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cultivars ‘Lilliput᾿ and ‘Super Yoga᾿ under Faisalabad, Pakistan conditions. Seeds of both Zinnia cultivars were sown in 128-cell plug trays at 20 days interval from March 14 to August 20, during 2019. Seedlings were transplanted in thoroughly prepared field beds after 15 days of each sowing, according to factorial arranged randomized complete block design, with three replications. Data were recorded for various growths, flowering traits, pollen viability and seed related parameters. Super Yoga excelled over Lilliput for most the studied traits except number of lateral shoots, flowers per plant, unopened flower buds, pollen viability and seed yield per plant; values of these traits were higher for Lilliput than Super Yoga. Significant variation among various sowing times was recorded in both cultivars. Seeds sown on March 14, 2019 performed best compared to later sowing times for plant height, number of lateral shoots per plant, length of the lateral shoots, leaf area, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, pollen viability, seed yield per plant and seed viability. However, total number of un-opened flower buds, seed weight per flower and 100-seed weight were more in April 03 sowing, although statistically similar to March 14 sowing. Seed yield declined gradually with delay in sowing; 66% less seed yield in June 20 sowing. Further delay in sowing did not produce seed. It was concluded that Zinnia should be sown by mid-March for getting high seed yield of good quality; later sowing, even during first week of April, resulted in 17.5% decrease in seed yield.
{"title":"Sowing times affect flowering, pollen viability and seed yield of Zinnia elegans cvs. ‘Lilliput’ and ‘Super Yoga","authors":"Rimsha Asghar","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.466","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various sowing times on flowering, pollen viability and seed yield of zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cultivars ‘Lilliput᾿ and ‘Super Yoga᾿ under Faisalabad, Pakistan conditions. Seeds of both Zinnia cultivars were sown in 128-cell plug trays at 20 days interval from March 14 to August 20, during 2019. Seedlings were transplanted in thoroughly prepared field beds after 15 days of each sowing, according to factorial arranged randomized complete block design, with three replications. Data were recorded for various growths, flowering traits, pollen viability and seed related parameters. Super Yoga excelled over Lilliput for most the studied traits except number of lateral shoots, flowers per plant, unopened flower buds, pollen viability and seed yield per plant; values of these traits were higher for Lilliput than Super Yoga. Significant variation among various sowing times was recorded in both cultivars. Seeds sown on March 14, 2019 performed best compared to later sowing times for plant height, number of lateral shoots per plant, length of the lateral shoots, leaf area, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, pollen viability, seed yield per plant and seed viability. However, total number of un-opened flower buds, seed weight per flower and 100-seed weight were more in April 03 sowing, although statistically similar to March 14 sowing. Seed yield declined gradually with delay in sowing; 66% less seed yield in June 20 sowing. Further delay in sowing did not produce seed. It was concluded that Zinnia should be sown by mid-March for getting high seed yield of good quality; later sowing, even during first week of April, resulted in 17.5% decrease in seed yield.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49433510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grain discoloration affects grain quality, quantity, and yield of rice crop worldwide. Herein, morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterizations of the pathogen causing rice grain discoloration were performed. A set of 20 rice genotypes were scored for disease infestation in field and scanned with 12 unlinked polymorphic SSR primer pairs for genetic diversity assay. Pathogens from the discolored rice panicles were isolated to investigate the disease-causing pathogen on DNA sequencing basis. The universal primer pairs were used for DNA sequencing of the isolated pathogen. Furthermore, the new pathogen was reconfirmed morphologically by using Koch’s postulates. The bacterial species Bacillus licheniformis was identified as a major pathogen causing grain discoloration disease in rice. The genotypes found to be resistant to rice grain discoloration include Super-basmati, Rondo, Gulfmont, KSK-133 and L-203 which can be used as potential genetic resources for breeding rice grain discoloration resistant cultivars. The study provided information to the researchers and farmers for managing and controlling rice grain disease by the adoption of Bacillus licheniformis. The study is equally beneficial both for researchers and scientific community to start up a new research program by utilization of this study
{"title":"Identifying and characterizing the main causal pathogen responsible for rice grain discoloration in Pakistan","authors":"M. Ashfaq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.281","url":null,"abstract":"Grain discoloration affects grain quality, quantity, and yield of rice crop worldwide. Herein, morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterizations of the pathogen causing rice grain discoloration were performed. A set of 20 rice genotypes were scored for disease infestation in field and scanned with 12 unlinked polymorphic SSR primer pairs for genetic diversity assay. Pathogens from the discolored rice panicles were isolated to investigate the disease-causing pathogen on DNA sequencing basis. The universal primer pairs were used for DNA sequencing of the isolated pathogen. Furthermore, the new pathogen was reconfirmed morphologically by using Koch’s postulates. The bacterial species Bacillus licheniformis was identified as a major pathogen causing grain discoloration disease in rice. The genotypes found to be resistant to rice grain discoloration include Super-basmati, Rondo, Gulfmont, KSK-133 and L-203 which can be used as potential genetic resources for breeding rice grain discoloration resistant cultivars. The study provided information to the researchers and farmers for managing and controlling rice grain disease by the adoption of Bacillus licheniformis. The study is equally beneficial both for researchers and scientific community to start up a new research program by utilization of this study","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42558330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suborder Oribatida is land-dwelling group of mites distributed across different geographic regions of the world. This study shows the assessment of diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance of families of Oribatid from uncultivated and cultivated soils collected from ten different localities of Punjab, Pakistan. Overall, 9 families of Oribatida were observed in both soil types having Oribatellidae, Oppiidae, and Scheloribatidae as dominating families. Uncultivated soil had more richness (S=07), abundance (46.01 ± 2.61) and Shannon diversity index (H’=1.77 ± 0.03) compared to cultivated soil with richness (S=5), abundance (25.35 ± 1.14) and Shannon index (H’= 1.47 ± 0.03). Maximum abundance value of oribatid mites (62 ± 11.87) was recorded from Murree for uncultivated soil while in case of cultivated soil, it was recorded from Faisalabad (29.83 ± 7.28). The maximum family richness of Oribatid mites was observed in Faisalabad and Chakwal (S=07) while minimum family richness (S=05) was observed from T.T. Singh.
{"title":"Diversity of soil inhabiting oribatida (Acari) under cultivated and uncultivated land types from Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Ahmad Kamran Khan","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.948","url":null,"abstract":"Suborder Oribatida is land-dwelling group of mites distributed across different geographic regions of the world. This study shows the assessment of diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance of families of Oribatid from uncultivated and cultivated soils collected from ten different localities of Punjab, Pakistan. Overall, 9 families of Oribatida were observed in both soil types having Oribatellidae, Oppiidae, and Scheloribatidae as dominating families. Uncultivated soil had more richness (S=07), abundance (46.01 ± 2.61) and Shannon diversity index (H’=1.77 ± 0.03) compared to cultivated soil with richness (S=5), abundance (25.35 ± 1.14) and Shannon index (H’= 1.47 ± 0.03). Maximum abundance value of oribatid mites (62 ± 11.87) was recorded from Murree for uncultivated soil while in case of cultivated soil, it was recorded from Faisalabad (29.83 ± 7.28). The maximum family richness of Oribatid mites was observed in Faisalabad and Chakwal (S=07) while minimum family richness (S=05) was observed from T.T. Singh.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45300320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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