The purpose of this study was to analyze milk producing traits, correlation between milk production and parities of Chinese Jersey cattle, and to make accurate prediction. For this purpose, samples for this study were taken from a large-scale breeding farm of Chinese Jersey cattle and chemically and statistically analyzed. The results of ANOVA and LSD showed that milk yield, protein percentage, somatic cell, urea nitrogen and other lactating traits of Jersey cattle of different parities were significantly different. LSD results explored that milk fat percentage decreased gradually, as the parity increased from second to third parity, while there was no difference in milk fat percentage in third and fourth parity. Similarly, protein percentage in milk was highest in second parity and then it decreased in third parity and lowest protein percentage was observed in fourth parity. Results of coefficient of variation explored that milk yield, protein and somatic cells reached the maximum value at parity 2, and the coefficient of variation of milk fat percentage and urea nitrogen reached the maximum value at parity 4. There was a significant negative correlation between milk yield and milk fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen in all parities. There was a positive correlation between milk fat percentage and protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen. There was a positive correlation between the protein rate and somatic cells, which was significant only at the 1st and 4th parity. There was a significant positive correlation between urea nitrogen and somatic cells at parity 1, and a negative correlation at parity 2, 3 and 4. Results of realistic estimates of achievable prediction accuracy of lactating traits showed that the amplitude of realistic estimate of prediction of milk yield, milk fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen in four parities were -0.65%-23.41%, -3.23%-3.92%, -3.19%-2.94%, -44.43%-29.81% and -7.83% ~ 3.97%, respectively. Based on results it is concluded that a complex correlation between the lactating traits of Jersey cattle exist and parities can significantly affect milk yield, milk protein, somatic cells and urea nitrogen of Chinese Jersey cattle
{"title":"An assessment and prediction of milk production traits of Chinese Jersey cattle at different parities","authors":"Lin-sen Zhao","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.794","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to analyze milk producing traits, correlation between milk production and parities of Chinese Jersey cattle, and to make accurate prediction. For this purpose, samples for this study were taken from a large-scale breeding farm of Chinese Jersey cattle and chemically and statistically analyzed. The results of ANOVA and LSD showed that milk yield, protein percentage, somatic cell, urea nitrogen and other lactating traits of Jersey cattle of different parities were significantly different. LSD results explored that milk fat percentage decreased gradually, as the parity increased from second to third parity, while there was no difference in milk fat percentage in third and fourth parity. Similarly, protein percentage in milk was highest in second parity and then it decreased in third parity and lowest protein percentage was observed in fourth parity. Results of coefficient of variation explored that milk yield, protein and somatic cells reached the maximum value at parity 2, and the coefficient of variation of milk fat percentage and urea nitrogen reached the maximum value at parity 4. There was a significant negative correlation between milk yield and milk fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen in all parities. There was a positive correlation between milk fat percentage and protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen. There was a positive correlation between the protein rate and somatic cells, which was significant only at the 1st and 4th parity. There was a significant positive correlation between urea nitrogen and somatic cells at parity 1, and a negative correlation at parity 2, 3 and 4. Results of realistic estimates of achievable prediction accuracy of lactating traits showed that the amplitude of realistic estimate of prediction of milk yield, milk fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen in four parities were -0.65%-23.41%, -3.23%-3.92%, -3.19%-2.94%, -44.43%-29.81% and -7.83% ~ 3.97%, respectively. Based on results it is concluded that a complex correlation between the lactating traits of Jersey cattle exist and parities can significantly affect milk yield, milk protein, somatic cells and urea nitrogen of Chinese Jersey cattle","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46185353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to study the effect of intercropped sweet potato in banana orchard on soil physical and chemical properties, the soil nutrients, temperature, humidity and enzyme activities of sweet potato intercropped and banana monocultured were compared by using Guijiao-1 and Pushu-32 as research materials. The soil temperature of sweet potato intercropped in the 5-20cm soil layer was 0.46-4.55℃ lower than that of banana monocultures in the hot summer, but in the 10 cm and 20 cm soil layers higher with 0.37-0.97℃ than that of monocultured in October and November. The water content in 5-20cm soil layer of sweet potato intercropped was 1.42-14.55% higher than that of banana monocultured. From May to September, the activities of soil sucrase, phosphatase, catalase and urease in sweet potato intercropped were significantly higher than those in banana monocultured. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and potassium were 10.64-37.11%, 16.35-32.04%, 4.15-9.55%, 25.39-32.15%, 3.56-8.29%, 31.16-171.04% higher than those in banana monoculture. Thus, there had positively effects on improving the soil physical and chemical properties and the activity of important metabolic enzyme in banana field by sweet potato intercropped.
{"title":"Effects of banana and sweet potato intercropped on soil physical and chemical properties","authors":"Li Pei","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.702","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the effect of intercropped sweet potato in banana orchard on soil physical and chemical properties, the soil nutrients, temperature, humidity and enzyme activities of sweet potato intercropped and banana monocultured were compared by using Guijiao-1 and Pushu-32 as research materials. The soil temperature of sweet potato intercropped in the 5-20cm soil layer was 0.46-4.55℃ lower than that of banana monocultures in the hot summer, but in the 10 cm and 20 cm soil layers higher with 0.37-0.97℃ than that of monocultured in October and November. The water content in 5-20cm soil layer of sweet potato intercropped was 1.42-14.55% higher than that of banana monocultured. From May to September, the activities of soil sucrase, phosphatase, catalase and urease in sweet potato intercropped were significantly higher than those in banana monocultured. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and potassium were 10.64-37.11%, 16.35-32.04%, 4.15-9.55%, 25.39-32.15%, 3.56-8.29%, 31.16-171.04% higher than those in banana monoculture. Thus, there had positively effects on improving the soil physical and chemical properties and the activity of important metabolic enzyme in banana field by sweet potato intercropped.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43470649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globally, climatic vulnerabilities and natural hazards adversely affect crop productivity and food security. The yield of major crops in Pakistan is badly affected by natural adversaries, which is a source of poverty. It is predicted that the near future food insecurity issue can prevail in Pakistan due to these hazards. Due to climatic and natural hazards, a decline in agricultural productivity affects the farming community, manufacturing, and business sectors through a multiplier effect. The study was designed during 2020 to assess the farmers’ perceptions regarding the impact of natural hazards on food crop production in the Rice-Wheat cropping zone of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 540 farmers using Multistage Random Sampling Technique (MRST). The study ranked natural hazards based on the mean score of the Likert Scale of farmers’ perceptions. Food productivity was adversely prone to flood, insect infestation, biological diseases, extreme heat, wind storms in summer, hailstorms, and heatwaves. However, there was a positive impact of humidity on food production. So, appropriate policies should be formulated to mitigate the antagonistic impact of natural hazards on rice-wheat production, ensuring food security via increasing food production (availability) and income (accessibility).
{"title":"Farmers’ Perception Regarding Natural Hazards and Impact on Food Productivity: Evidence from Rice-Wheat Cropping Zone of Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"M. Usman","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.376","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, climatic vulnerabilities and natural hazards adversely affect crop productivity and food security. The yield of major crops in Pakistan is badly affected by natural adversaries, which is a source of poverty. It is predicted that the near future food insecurity issue can prevail in Pakistan due to these hazards. Due to climatic and natural hazards, a decline in agricultural productivity affects the farming community, manufacturing, and business sectors through a multiplier effect. The study was designed during 2020 to assess the farmers’ perceptions regarding the impact of natural hazards on food crop production in the Rice-Wheat cropping zone of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 540 farmers using Multistage Random Sampling Technique (MRST). The study ranked natural hazards based on the mean score of the Likert Scale of farmers’ perceptions. Food productivity was adversely prone to flood, insect infestation, biological diseases, extreme heat, wind storms in summer, hailstorms, and heatwaves. However, there was a positive impact of humidity on food production. So, appropriate policies should be formulated to mitigate the antagonistic impact of natural hazards on rice-wheat production, ensuring food security via increasing food production (availability) and income (accessibility).","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43675556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soybean is considered among the crops that demand a plentiful water supply, particularly during the growth phase to achieve maximum production. The drought stress adversely reduces the productivity and yield of soybean as compared to other legumes crops. With the passage of time, the local varieties of soybean have declined their yield potential because they have no resistance against abiotic stresses. There is a need to explore the avenues that minimize the impact of drought on soybean plants. In this regard, a pot experiment was performed to assess the exogenously applied foliar supplementation of proline and glycine betaine osmolytes @10mM and 20mM on the various physical parameters, oxidative stress amelioration, and cessation of damaging lipid peroxidation that indicates the beneficial effects of osmolytes supplementation in drought-stressed soybean. The water stress was applied at 50% of field capacity sown with three different genotypes of soybean including Ajmeri, Rawal, and Faisal-Soy. This leads to the reduced morphological growth and physiological response in all three soybean genotypes in lieu of water stress conditions. The water stress also reduced the content of proline and glycine betaine and reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It also enhanced the process of lipid peroxidation in all genotypes of soybean. The osmolyte treatments enhanced the resistance against drought stress conditions by improving the physiological response and antioxidant enzymatic activity. It also decreased the degree of lipid peroxidation evaluated through MDA and H2O2 contents. The most significant results were found in the Ajmeri genotype as compared to other genotypes at 20mM foliar application of proline. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of exogenous osmolytes especially proline is helpful in enhancing soybean production and alleviating the drought stress effects
{"title":"Exogenous osmolytes supplementation improves the physiological characteristics, antioxidant enzymatic activity and lipid peroxidation alleviation in drought-stressed soybean","authors":"Irfan Iftikhar","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.923","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean is considered among the crops that demand a plentiful water supply, particularly during the growth phase to achieve maximum production. The drought stress adversely reduces the productivity and yield of soybean as compared to other legumes crops. With the passage of time, the local varieties of soybean have declined their yield potential because they have no resistance against abiotic stresses. There is a need to explore the avenues that minimize the impact of drought on soybean plants. In this regard, a pot experiment was performed to assess the exogenously applied foliar supplementation of proline and glycine betaine osmolytes @10mM and 20mM on the various physical parameters, oxidative stress amelioration, and cessation of damaging lipid peroxidation that indicates the beneficial effects of osmolytes supplementation in drought-stressed soybean. The water stress was applied at 50% of field capacity sown with three different genotypes of soybean including Ajmeri, Rawal, and Faisal-Soy. This leads to the reduced morphological growth and physiological response in all three soybean genotypes in lieu of water stress conditions. The water stress also reduced the content of proline and glycine betaine and reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It also enhanced the process of lipid peroxidation in all genotypes of soybean. The osmolyte treatments enhanced the resistance against drought stress conditions by improving the physiological response and antioxidant enzymatic activity. It also decreased the degree of lipid peroxidation evaluated through MDA and H2O2 contents. The most significant results were found in the Ajmeri genotype as compared to other genotypes at 20mM foliar application of proline. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of exogenous osmolytes especially proline is helpful in enhancing soybean production and alleviating the drought stress effects","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46664111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that significantly reduces seed cotton yield worldwide. Therefore, Drought tolerance is a complex phenomenon that comprises a combination of morphological and physiological parameters which results in the enhancement of drought tolerance in cotton. Therefore, in the present study 150 cotton genotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance by planting at two water regimes i.e., normal water and limited water conditions. Data were recorded for morphological and physiological parameters i.e. root fresh length (FRL), shoot fresh length (FSL), lateral root numbers (LRN), root fresh weight (FRW), shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), weight /length ratio(W), root dry weight (DRW), plant weight (PW), the difference in shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight (SDWR), stomatal conductance (SC), canopy temperature (CT), water potential (WP), osmotic potential (OP) and relative water contents (RWC) at the seedling stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) of seedling at normal water conditions explained PCA1 35.21% and PCA2 15.25% of the total variance. The cluster analysis of the recorded data for the morpho-physiological parameters grouped 150 genotypes into six clusters. First Cluster included 16 cotton genotypes, 2nd cluster having 44, clusters 3, 4, 5, and 6 contains 22, 52, 10, and 6 genotypes respectively. In water stress conditions PCA1 containing 18 cotton genotypes, 2nd cluster having of 32 cotton genotypes, clusters 3, 4, 5, and 6 contain 14, 35, 30, and 21 genotypes, respectively. The use of morpho-physiological seedling traits associated with drought resistance can facilitate breeding strategies to evolve cotton genotypes having tolerance against drought stress in the changing climatic conditions. Screening of available cotton genotypes for drought tolerance in controlled greenhouse conditions can shorten the duration with improvement in efficiency for screening.
{"title":"Genetic variability in diverse cotton germplasm for drought tolerance","authors":"M. Asif","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.531","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that significantly reduces seed cotton yield worldwide. Therefore, Drought tolerance is a complex phenomenon that comprises a combination of morphological and physiological parameters which results in the enhancement of drought tolerance in cotton. Therefore, in the present study 150 cotton genotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance by planting at two water regimes i.e., normal water and limited water conditions. Data were recorded for morphological and physiological parameters i.e. root fresh length (FRL), shoot fresh length (FSL), lateral root numbers (LRN), root fresh weight (FRW), shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), weight /length ratio(W), root dry weight (DRW), plant weight (PW), the difference in shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight (SDWR), stomatal conductance (SC), canopy temperature (CT), water potential (WP), osmotic potential (OP) and relative water contents (RWC) at the seedling stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) of seedling at normal water conditions explained PCA1 35.21% and PCA2 15.25% of the total variance. The cluster analysis of the recorded data for the morpho-physiological parameters grouped 150 genotypes into six clusters. First Cluster included 16 cotton genotypes, 2nd cluster having 44, clusters 3, 4, 5, and 6 contains 22, 52, 10, and 6 genotypes respectively. In water stress conditions PCA1 containing 18 cotton genotypes, 2nd cluster having of 32 cotton genotypes, clusters 3, 4, 5, and 6 contain 14, 35, 30, and 21 genotypes, respectively. The use of morpho-physiological seedling traits associated with drought resistance can facilitate breeding strategies to evolve cotton genotypes having tolerance against drought stress in the changing climatic conditions. Screening of available cotton genotypes for drought tolerance in controlled greenhouse conditions can shorten the duration with improvement in efficiency for screening.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41594542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The damaging potential of Alternaria alternata on different mungbean genotypes was accessed and its management was done under in vitro and in vivo conditions through suitable fungicides. Seeds of fifty different mungbean genotypes were sown in lines. There were fifteen replications for each line. The data on disease incidence and percent disease intensity were accessed on all the genotypes. Infection was observed on all genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. Fourteen lines were found to be the most susceptible (14114, 14117, 14128, 14198, 14203, 14205, 14250, 14265, 14266, 14295, 14305, 14306, 14368, 14438). Infection was observed on all genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. The maximum PDI (Percent Disease Intensity) was recorded 35.30% while minimum was 2.43%. For detached leaf assay, the conidial suspension of 105 conidia/mLwas prepared and sprayed on detached leaves. The results revealed that maximum infection percentage was observed in 14306, 14198 genotypes while minimum was observed in 14128, 14203. The lesion area was found to be maximum in 14306, 14198 (0.23, 0.22) while minimum in 14128 (0.12) respectively. For management experiments, different fungicides; Propiconazole (Tilt), Propineb (Antracol), Difenconazole (Score), Thiophanate methyl (Topsin M), Mancozeb (Dithane M45) were tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Significant decrease in mycelial growth with the increase in concentration of fungicides was observed. Percent inhibition of mycelial growth was maximum in Propiconazole at its highest concentration (1000 ppm) under in vitro conditions. A significant decline in disease incidence was observed as compared to control treatment. The minimum percent disease incidence was recorded in Propiconazole (10.34) with PDC (67.31) while the maximum percent disease incidence was observed in Thiophanate methyl (25.46). So, Propiconazole could be used successfully for the management of A. alternata under field conditions.
{"title":"Detection of fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata associated with mungbean and its management","authors":"H. Abbas","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.942","url":null,"abstract":"The damaging potential of Alternaria alternata on different mungbean genotypes was accessed and its management was done under in vitro and in vivo conditions through suitable fungicides. Seeds of fifty different mungbean genotypes were sown in lines. There were fifteen replications for each line. The data on disease incidence and percent disease intensity were accessed on all the genotypes. Infection was observed on all genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. Fourteen lines were found to be the most susceptible (14114, 14117, 14128, 14198, 14203, 14205, 14250, 14265, 14266, 14295, 14305, 14306, 14368, 14438). Infection was observed on all genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. The maximum PDI (Percent Disease Intensity) was recorded 35.30% while minimum was 2.43%. For detached leaf assay, the conidial suspension of 105 conidia/mLwas prepared and sprayed on detached leaves. The results revealed that maximum infection percentage was observed in 14306, 14198 genotypes while minimum was observed in 14128, 14203. The lesion area was found to be maximum in 14306, 14198 (0.23, 0.22) while minimum in 14128 (0.12) respectively. For management experiments, different fungicides; Propiconazole (Tilt), Propineb (Antracol), Difenconazole (Score), Thiophanate methyl (Topsin M), Mancozeb (Dithane M45) were tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Significant decrease in mycelial growth with the increase in concentration of fungicides was observed. Percent inhibition of mycelial growth was maximum in Propiconazole at its highest concentration (1000 ppm) under in vitro conditions. A significant decline in disease incidence was observed as compared to control treatment. The minimum percent disease incidence was recorded in Propiconazole (10.34) with PDC (67.31) while the maximum percent disease incidence was observed in Thiophanate methyl (25.46). So, Propiconazole could be used successfully for the management of A. alternata under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41447458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sugarcane molasses on the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense). To explore this objective Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was harvested at the milking stage and well-chopped for making silage in the laboratory silos by using sugarcane molasses at the rate of 0, 1, 2, and 3%. Silage developed so, was analyzed for nutritive quality traits (dry matter, pH, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicelluloses and ash). Silage quality was also assessed by calculating digestible dry matter, dry matter intake, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and relative feed value. Flieg score was deliberated by using the pH and dry matter. The results of the research revealed that application of molasses improved dry matter (26.27%), crude protein (8.14) and ash contents (7.68) as compared to the control, but had lower values of pH (3.99), neutral detergent fiber (57.86), acid detergent fiber (30.74), lignin (3.72), cellulose (27.02) and hemicelluloses (27.13) in comparison with the untreated silage (control). Flieg score of treated silage was also in the category of very good. All these findings lead us to conclude that the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass can be considerably improved by the use of sugarcane molasses as an additive. Molasses addition at a rate of 3% can improve the nutritive value of sorghum-sudangrass silage to the maximum extent.
{"title":"Use of sugarcane molasses as an additive can improve the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid","authors":"H. Ramzan","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.522","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sugarcane molasses on the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense). To explore this objective Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was harvested at the milking stage and well-chopped for making silage in the laboratory silos by using sugarcane molasses at the rate of 0, 1, 2, and 3%. Silage developed so, was analyzed for nutritive quality traits (dry matter, pH, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicelluloses and ash). Silage quality was also assessed by calculating digestible dry matter, dry matter intake, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and relative feed value. Flieg score was deliberated by using the pH and dry matter. The results of the research revealed that application of molasses improved dry matter (26.27%), crude protein (8.14) and ash contents (7.68) as compared to the control, but had lower values of pH (3.99), neutral detergent fiber (57.86), acid detergent fiber (30.74), lignin (3.72), cellulose (27.02) and hemicelluloses (27.13) in comparison with the untreated silage (control). Flieg score of treated silage was also in the category of very good. All these findings lead us to conclude that the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass can be considerably improved by the use of sugarcane molasses as an additive. Molasses addition at a rate of 3% can improve the nutritive value of sorghum-sudangrass silage to the maximum extent.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48557373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The regulatory mechanisms controlling the ovary development in the Xiangxi cattle are still largely unknown, yet the growth and development of ovary is a complex process that plays a crucial role in reproduction. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis based on the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of Xiangxi cattle and Angus cattle tissue obtained from 8 months of age to identify which genes are differentially expressed and to investigate their temporal expression profiles. The results showed that a total of 165 differential genes were annotated, of which 58 were annotated in the GO database and 73 were annotated in the KEGG database. A total of 12 comparatively concentrated signal pathways were obtained. Among them, the osteoclast differentiation signaling pathway (ko04380) was the most involved in differentially expressed genes. The other signaling pathways were amphetamine addiction, herpes simplex infection, caffeine metabolism, cocaine addiction, pertussis, ECM-receptor interaction, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - ganglio series. Functional analysis also showed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in various Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. GO annotations indicated that the genes related to biological processes, and molecular events were significantly active. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the osteoclast differentiation signaling pathway in Xiangxi ovary transcriptome data, at the end ECM–receptor interaction pathways. Moreover, several novel pathways, were significantly enriched despite having no evident associations with the reproductive function. Our findings provide a molecular resource for further investigation of the general molecular mechanism of Xiangxi cattle ovary and offer new insights to understand comprehensively the specificity of local cattle breeds reproduction.
{"title":"A Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Ovary Transcriptome in Locally Adopted Xiangxi and Angus Cattle","authors":"Deng Huifen","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.765","url":null,"abstract":"The regulatory mechanisms controlling the ovary development in the Xiangxi cattle are still largely unknown, yet the growth and development of ovary is a complex process that plays a crucial role in reproduction. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis based on the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of Xiangxi cattle and Angus cattle tissue obtained from 8 months of age to identify which genes are differentially expressed and to investigate their temporal expression profiles. The results showed that a total of 165 differential genes were annotated, of which 58 were annotated in the GO database and 73 were annotated in the KEGG database. A total of 12 comparatively concentrated signal pathways were obtained. Among them, the osteoclast differentiation signaling pathway (ko04380) was the most involved in differentially expressed genes. The other signaling pathways were amphetamine addiction, herpes simplex infection, caffeine metabolism, cocaine addiction, pertussis, ECM-receptor interaction, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - ganglio series. Functional analysis also showed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in various Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. GO annotations indicated that the genes related to biological processes, and molecular events were significantly active. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the osteoclast differentiation signaling pathway in Xiangxi ovary transcriptome data, at the end ECM–receptor interaction pathways. Moreover, several novel pathways, were significantly enriched despite having no evident associations with the reproductive function. Our findings provide a molecular resource for further investigation of the general molecular mechanism of Xiangxi cattle ovary and offer new insights to understand comprehensively the specificity of local cattle breeds reproduction.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45370474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was carried out to assess the DRAINMOD model in predicting the role of Controlled Drainage strategies and Drain Spacing scenarios in the paddy field. The DRAINMOD model was simulated for the current (2018), Near Future 2021 to 2060 and Far Future 2061 to 2099 in the Kunshan region, China. Potential Evapotranspiration was estimated by the Thornthwaite method. The model performed good agreement in predicting paddy’s water balance for the period of 2017-18. Also, Projections of the future climate in the Kunshan region, showed that there will be a decrease in the annual precipitation during rice-growing seasons for both Near Future (2021-2060) and Far Future (2061-2099). The DRAINMOD model was utilized to evaluate the impact of such a future decrease in precipitation on ground Water Tables Depth. Compared to the rice-growing season of 2018, DRAINMOD simulations showed that future Water Table Depths will drop by 38% to 40% for both the Near Future and Far Future under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Such future remarkable drop in Water Table Depths may affect rice yield in the study region. The future water balance in the study area was re-simulated after replacing conventional drainage with Controlled Drainage and an increase in the drain spacing. Simulations revealed that practicing Controlled Drainage and an increase in drain spacing mitigated the future drop in Water Table Depths, thus ensuring better soil moisture conditions for rice. Therefore, Controlled Drainage approaches have the potential to cope with the adverse impacts of climate changes in the paddy fields.
{"title":"Controlled drainage, to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change on paddy field’s hydrology: a simulation study using the drainmod model, Kunshan, China","authors":"Anis Ur Rehman Khalil","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.13","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out to assess the DRAINMOD model in predicting the role of Controlled Drainage strategies and Drain Spacing scenarios in the paddy field. The DRAINMOD model was simulated for the current (2018), Near Future 2021 to 2060 and Far Future 2061 to 2099 in the Kunshan region, China. Potential Evapotranspiration was estimated by the Thornthwaite method. The model performed good agreement in predicting paddy’s water balance for the period of 2017-18. Also, Projections of the future climate in the Kunshan region, showed that there will be a decrease in the annual precipitation during rice-growing seasons for both Near Future (2021-2060) and Far Future (2061-2099). The DRAINMOD model was utilized to evaluate the impact of such a future decrease in precipitation on ground Water Tables Depth. Compared to the rice-growing season of 2018, DRAINMOD simulations showed that future Water Table Depths will drop by 38% to 40% for both the Near Future and Far Future under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Such future remarkable drop in Water Table Depths may affect rice yield in the study region. The future water balance in the study area was re-simulated after replacing conventional drainage with Controlled Drainage and an increase in the drain spacing. Simulations revealed that practicing Controlled Drainage and an increase in drain spacing mitigated the future drop in Water Table Depths, thus ensuring better soil moisture conditions for rice. Therefore, Controlled Drainage approaches have the potential to cope with the adverse impacts of climate changes in the paddy fields.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44819647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lijing Xing, Gokul Gaudel, Fiston Bizimana, Peter Semba Mosongo, Yuming Zhang, Z. A. Sahito, Lijuan Zhang
Micro sensors have large potential to measure soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, because of its low sensitivity to get the electrical signals on soil with low moisture content, little research has been conducted in semi-arid agro-ecosystem. Moreover, the use of N2O microelectrode studies were largely focused on the marshy fields, paddy fields and waste waters with high soil moisture content. In order to characterize the boundary of the sensor signal (upper and lower), purified water without N2O is usually used as the calibration medium to calibrate the electrode. However, the physical and chemical properties of purified water and soil leaching solutions are very different. In this study, we improved and verified a microelectrode calibration method based on selecting appropriate media and optimal electrolyte concentration. In addition, we applied the improved microelectrode calibration method to continuously observe N2O flux from the soil column in a 30-day-long incubation experiment. The results pointed to noteworthy improvement of the microelectrode calibration compared to the current method, with soil solution validated as a calibration medium at optimal electrolytic concentration of 7:1-8:1, expressed as water/soil ratio. The emission of N2O from soil with different soil fertility were also significantly different. Our research is beneficial to establish the microelectrode calibration method of N2O emission under low moisture conditions from soil microenvironment, and also points on management practices of agro-ecosystem for N2O mitigation strategies
{"title":"The improved N2O microelectrode calibration method significantly improves the sensitivity of the sensor","authors":"Lijing Xing, Gokul Gaudel, Fiston Bizimana, Peter Semba Mosongo, Yuming Zhang, Z. A. Sahito, Lijuan Zhang","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.130","url":null,"abstract":"Micro sensors have large potential to measure soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, because of its low sensitivity to get the electrical signals on soil with low moisture content, little research has been conducted in semi-arid agro-ecosystem. Moreover, the use of N2O microelectrode studies were largely focused on the marshy fields, paddy fields and waste waters with high soil moisture content. In order to characterize the boundary of the sensor signal (upper and lower), purified water without N2O is usually used as the calibration medium to calibrate the electrode. However, the physical and chemical properties of purified water and soil leaching solutions are very different. In this study, we improved and verified a microelectrode calibration method based on selecting appropriate media and optimal electrolyte concentration. In addition, we applied the improved microelectrode calibration method to continuously observe N2O flux from the soil column in a 30-day-long incubation experiment. The results pointed to noteworthy improvement of the microelectrode calibration compared to the current method, with soil solution validated as a calibration medium at optimal electrolytic concentration of 7:1-8:1, expressed as water/soil ratio. The emission of N2O from soil with different soil fertility were also significantly different. Our research is beneficial to establish the microelectrode calibration method of N2O emission under low moisture conditions from soil microenvironment, and also points on management practices of agro-ecosystem for N2O mitigation strategies","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48025464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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