The potentiality of native Trichoderma harzianum against damping off and foot rot of chilli caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively as well as its shelf life as formulated product in different storage conditions was evaluated. In dual culture, native T. harzianum inhibited the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii by 60.56% and F. oxysporum by 81.67% over control. In green house conditions, soil received both formulated T. harzianum (20 g/kg of soil) and T. harzianum suspension (2.45×107 CFU/mL) resulted reduced severity of damping off by 81.80% and foot rot by 84.61% over control; however, the combined application of both the treatments was also resulted the highest seed germination (70.28%). The formulated T. harzianum (@ 50 g/polyethylene bags) was stored in table top, wooden shelve, tin container, wooden locker at room temperature, and in refrigerator at 4 °C. The spore density was constantly increased from the initial amount (22×106 CFU/g) in all the treatments and reached the peak after 45 days in wooden locker (73×106 CFU/g) and tin container (66×106 CFU/g) where, it reached the peak at 60 days in table top (126.3×106 CFU/g), wooden shelve (109×106 CFU/g) and refrigerator (89.67×106 CFU/g). However, the maximum population density (126.3×106 CFU/g) was observed in table top storage at 60 days which also remained highest even after 120 days (51.67×106 CFU/g) in comparison to other treatments. The findings of the study revealed that the native T. harzianum can be exploited as an effective bio-control agent for the successful disease control program in chilli as it showed extended shelf life in common storage facility.
{"title":"Potentiality of native Trichoderma harzianum in controlling damping off and foot rot of chilli and its viability in different storage conditions","authors":"M. Islam","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1558","url":null,"abstract":"The potentiality of native Trichoderma harzianum against damping off and foot rot of chilli caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively as well as its shelf life as formulated product in different storage conditions was evaluated. In dual culture, native T. harzianum inhibited the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii by 60.56% and F. oxysporum by 81.67% over control. In green house conditions, soil received both formulated T. harzianum (20 g/kg of soil) and T. harzianum suspension (2.45×107 CFU/mL) resulted reduced severity of damping off by 81.80% and foot rot by 84.61% over control; however, the combined application of both the treatments was also resulted the highest seed germination (70.28%). The formulated T. harzianum (@ 50 g/polyethylene bags) was stored in table top, wooden shelve, tin container, wooden locker at room temperature, and in refrigerator at 4 °C. The spore density was constantly increased from the initial amount (22×106 CFU/g) in all the treatments and reached the peak after 45 days in wooden locker (73×106 CFU/g) and tin container (66×106 CFU/g) where, it reached the peak at 60 days in table top (126.3×106 CFU/g), wooden shelve (109×106 CFU/g) and refrigerator (89.67×106 CFU/g). However, the maximum population density (126.3×106 CFU/g) was observed in table top storage at 60 days which also remained highest even after 120 days (51.67×106 CFU/g) in comparison to other treatments. The findings of the study revealed that the native T. harzianum can be exploited as an effective bio-control agent for the successful disease control program in chilli as it showed extended shelf life in common storage facility.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44792355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbicides are chemicals that are widely and unconsciously used to control unwanted weeds. Herbicides do not only damage the target animals, but they also damage the off-target soil fauna. In our study, it was aimed to determine the mutational genotoxic consequences of commonly used Oxadiazon (OD) and Pendimethalin (PM) herbicides in agriculture fields on Eisenia hortensis (E. hortensis) species by using Comet and Micronucleus tests. Consequently, the LD50values for OD and PM herbicides were estimated at0.25 ppm and 0.24 ppm, respectively. Concentration series of OD and PM herbicides, ½ LD50, LD50, and 2 × LD50 were applied to E. hortensis for 48 h. As a negative control group, distilled water was used for both herbicides. An increase inthe concentration of damaged DNA and chromosomal aberration of E. hortensis coelomocytes was observed by both herbicides. Highest DNA damage (32.33 ± 2.51; 15.33 ± 1.15) was observed by the highest concentrations of OD (0.51 ppm) and PM (0.48 ppm), respectively. The negative control group had shown the least genotoxic effects. There was statistically significant (p <0.05) difference among different concentration values of OD and PM herbicides.
{"title":"Genotoxic assessment of oxadiazon and pendimethalin herbicides on Eisenia hortensis by comet and micronucleus tests","authors":"İ. Ciğerci","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.9940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.9940","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicides are chemicals that are widely and unconsciously used to control unwanted weeds. Herbicides do not only damage the target animals, but they also damage the off-target soil fauna. In our study, it was aimed to determine the mutational genotoxic consequences of commonly used Oxadiazon (OD) and Pendimethalin (PM) herbicides in agriculture fields on Eisenia hortensis (E. hortensis) species by using Comet and Micronucleus tests. Consequently, the LD50values for OD and PM herbicides were estimated at0.25 ppm and 0.24 ppm, respectively. Concentration series of OD and PM herbicides, ½ LD50, LD50, and 2 × LD50 were applied to E. hortensis for 48 h. As a negative control group, distilled water was used for both herbicides. An increase inthe concentration of damaged DNA and chromosomal aberration of E. hortensis coelomocytes was observed by both herbicides. Highest DNA damage (32.33 ± 2.51; 15.33 ± 1.15) was observed by the highest concentrations of OD (0.51 ppm) and PM (0.48 ppm), respectively. The negative control group had shown the least genotoxic effects. There was statistically significant (p <0.05) difference among different concentration values of OD and PM herbicides.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42866059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real time soil moisture monitoring using sensors has potential to save irrigation water and improve water productivity. Field experiments were carried out for two successive years (2016-17 and 2017-18) to produce wheat crop at the Water Management Research Center, Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Field irrigation methods included flood irrigation (canvas pipe), perforated pipe irrigation, and drip irrigation under different planting geometries and irrigation designs. The sensor-based irrigation systems were developed using locally available material to minimize the cost of equipment development and energy consumption for crop irrigation. Seven wheat crop treatments used in this experiment were T1-flood irrigation flat sowing by rabi-drill, T2-flood irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.254 m furrow, T3-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.254 m furrow, T4-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.203 m furrow, T5- perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.152 m furrow, T6-drip irrigation flat with 0.914 m lateral spacing and T7- drip irrigation on beds with 0.914 m lateral spacing. An IT-based web server was developed for monitoring soil moisture status to serve as decision support system for applying irrigation to the crops. The developed sensors sent soil moisture signals on cloud for data storage, reuse and sharing purpose using coding. The irrigation was applied based on soil moisture status. The system based on micro-controller was tested for irrigating wheat crop. Raspberry Pi-3 (Model B) controlled hardware in distribution box (DB) made excellent use of indigenized soil moisture sensors for calibration and irrigation water management. Type-I (Single probe) and Type-II (Double probe) steel sensors performed best due to high R2 values of about 0.99 and RMSE in the range of 3.30% - 3.50% during calibration. The calibration further improved the accuracy of both steel and copper sensors. Since the sensors were designed, developed, and calibrated during the 1st year (2016-17) and properly installed in 2nd year (2017-18), therefore, have affected crop and soil parameters positively. Drip irrigation treatments (T6 = 359.56 mm and T7 = 358.65 mm) required significantly lowest mean amount of water than those by all the other treatments and the flood irrigation treatments (T1 = 431.55 mm and T2 = 424.95 mm) required significantly greatest (α = 0.05) amount of mean irrigation depth. Drip irrigation treatments (T6 and T7) produced high mean water productivity values (14.30 and 14.20) than those under flood irrigation treatments (T1 = 9.6 and T2 = 10.30) and perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3 = 12.66, T4 = 12.43 and T5 = 12.30). The mean yield of wheat grain over two years was greater under drip irrigation treatments (T6 = 5145.1 kg/ha and T7 = 5091 kg/ha) than those under flood (T1 = 4139 kg/ha, T2 = 4371 kg/ha) and perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T
{"title":"Application of indigenized soil moisture sensors for precise irrigation of wheat crop under various irrigation methods","authors":"Usman Iqbal","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.502","url":null,"abstract":"Real time soil moisture monitoring using sensors has potential to save irrigation water and improve water productivity. Field experiments were carried out for two successive years (2016-17 and 2017-18) to produce wheat crop at the Water Management Research Center, Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Field irrigation methods included flood irrigation (canvas pipe), perforated pipe irrigation, and drip irrigation under different planting geometries and irrigation designs. The sensor-based irrigation systems were developed using locally available material to minimize the cost of equipment development and energy consumption for crop irrigation. Seven wheat crop treatments used in this experiment were T1-flood irrigation flat sowing by rabi-drill, T2-flood irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.254 m furrow, T3-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.254 m furrow, T4-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.203 m furrow, T5- perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.152 m furrow, T6-drip irrigation flat with 0.914 m lateral spacing and T7- drip irrigation on beds with 0.914 m lateral spacing. An IT-based web server was developed for monitoring soil moisture status to serve as decision support system for applying irrigation to the crops. The developed sensors sent soil moisture signals on cloud for data storage, reuse and sharing purpose using coding. The irrigation was applied based on soil moisture status. The system based on micro-controller was tested for irrigating wheat crop. Raspberry Pi-3 (Model B) controlled hardware in distribution box (DB) made excellent use of indigenized soil moisture sensors for calibration and irrigation water management. Type-I (Single probe) and Type-II (Double probe) steel sensors performed best due to high R2 values of about 0.99 and RMSE in the range of 3.30% - 3.50% during calibration. The calibration further improved the accuracy of both steel and copper sensors. Since the sensors were designed, developed, and calibrated during the 1st year (2016-17) and properly installed in 2nd year (2017-18), therefore, have affected crop and soil parameters positively. Drip irrigation treatments (T6 = 359.56 mm and T7 = 358.65 mm) required significantly lowest mean amount of water than those by all the other treatments and the flood irrigation treatments (T1 = 431.55 mm and T2 = 424.95 mm) required significantly greatest (α = 0.05) amount of mean irrigation depth. Drip irrigation treatments (T6 and T7) produced high mean water productivity values (14.30 and 14.20) than those under flood irrigation treatments (T1 = 9.6 and T2 = 10.30) and perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3 = 12.66, T4 = 12.43 and T5 = 12.30). The mean yield of wheat grain over two years was greater under drip irrigation treatments (T6 = 5145.1 kg/ha and T7 = 5091 kg/ha) than those under flood (T1 = 4139 kg/ha, T2 = 4371 kg/ha) and perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43277352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan faces surface water and groundwater shortage which are the main reason for assessing more appropriate method of irrigation water use. Subsurface drip irrigation plays an important role to conserves irrigation water and enhances crop yields by reducing surface water evaporation in Pakistan. Two years (2019-20) trials were carried out at “Water Management Research Center” (WMRC), Mansoor Malangi road Faisalabad, under randomized complete block design (RCBD). Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid variety “YH-1898” was selected for this experiment with sandy loam soil. Sub-surface drip laterals were buried manually at different depths of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m. The results of subsurface drip irrigation for crop water productivity and maize grains yield were compared with surface drip and gravity irrigation methods (furrow-bed and furrowridge). The outcomes showed that maximum grain yield (8753 and 8860 kg/ha) was achieved in both the seasons in 2019 and 2020, respectively under sub-surface drip irrigation installed at a depth of 0.15 m. Similarly, the results of water productivity also revealed that the highest water productivity (2.074 and 2.085 kg/cm3 ) was concluded both the years in 2019-20, respectively under subsurface drip irrigation installed at a depth of 0.15 m. It is concluded that maximum grain yield and water productivity can be accomplished by the installation of sub-surface drip laterals at 0.15 m depth for maize crop in a semi-arid region of Pakistan.
{"title":"Efficacy of subsurface and surface drip irrigation regarding water productivity and yield of maize","authors":"M. Muneer","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.239","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan faces surface water and groundwater shortage which are the main reason for assessing more appropriate method of irrigation water use. Subsurface drip irrigation plays an important role to conserves irrigation water and enhances crop yields by reducing surface water evaporation in Pakistan. Two years (2019-20) trials were carried out at “Water Management Research Center” (WMRC), Mansoor Malangi road Faisalabad, under randomized complete block design (RCBD). Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid variety “YH-1898” was selected for this experiment with sandy loam soil. Sub-surface drip laterals were buried manually at different depths of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m. The results of subsurface drip irrigation for crop water productivity and maize grains yield were compared with surface drip and gravity irrigation methods (furrow-bed and furrowridge). The outcomes showed that maximum grain yield (8753 and 8860 kg/ha) was achieved in both the seasons in 2019 and 2020, respectively under sub-surface drip irrigation installed at a depth of 0.15 m. Similarly, the results of water productivity also revealed that the highest water productivity (2.074 and 2.085 kg/cm3 ) was concluded both the years in 2019-20, respectively under subsurface drip irrigation installed at a depth of 0.15 m. It is concluded that maximum grain yield and water productivity can be accomplished by the installation of sub-surface drip laterals at 0.15 m depth for maize crop in a semi-arid region of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49364308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A feeding trial of 90 days was conducted to check the effect of probiotic on the growth of Labeo rohita. Four different doses of feed T1 (0.5×107), T2 (1 ×107), T3 (1.5×107) and control were formulated. Fish were fed at the @3% body weight, twice a day total of 300 L. rohita having an average weight of 10-15 g were collected from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Ravi Campus, Pattoki (UVAS) fish ponds. Total 12 aquaria were used and 25 fish in each aquarium were stocked such as control, T1, T2 and T3. Initial weight and length of each fish were recorded before stocking. Water quality parameters were checked daily. On weekly basis weight and length was examined, at the end of the experimental trial; the final weight and length were resulted. Treatment T2 (57.11±0.51) growth parameters were recorded significantly, while T3 (42.28±0.35) and T1 (48.70±0.06) were recorded non-significant. Treatment T1 was a significant result of hematological parameters while T2 and T3 were recorded non-significantly. In all treated groups, the physico-chemical parameters were remained statistically non-significant throughout the experimental trial.
{"title":"Effect of probiotics on growth and health status of Labeo rohita","authors":"Kinza Asghar","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.660","url":null,"abstract":"A feeding trial of 90 days was conducted to check the effect of probiotic on the growth of Labeo rohita. Four different doses of feed T1 (0.5×107), T2 (1 ×107), T3 (1.5×107) and control were formulated. Fish were fed at the @3% body weight, twice a day total of 300 L. rohita having an average weight of 10-15 g were collected from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Ravi Campus, Pattoki (UVAS) fish ponds. Total 12 aquaria were used and 25 fish in each aquarium were stocked such as control, T1, T2 and T3. Initial weight and length of each fish were recorded before stocking. Water quality parameters were checked daily. On weekly basis weight and length was examined, at the end of the experimental trial; the final weight and length were resulted. Treatment T2 (57.11±0.51) growth parameters were recorded significantly, while T3 (42.28±0.35) and T1 (48.70±0.06) were recorded non-significant. Treatment T1 was a significant result of hematological parameters while T2 and T3 were recorded non-significantly. In all treated groups, the physico-chemical parameters were remained statistically non-significant throughout the experimental trial.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48189565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stomach lysozymes of ruminants play a paramount role in digestion and offer the chance to probe evolutionary changes in complex organisms on a biochemical basis. In this paper, we focus on the characterization of the catalytic properties of Tibetan ruminant (TR) stomach lysozymes and provide a comparative study of TR stomach lysozymes and nonplateau ruminant stomach lysozymes. The stomach lysozymes were purified with a Carboxymethyl (CM) Sepharose Fast Flow (FF) column and a Bio-Gel P-100 column. The purified stomach lysozymes were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate– polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDITOF) analyses. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar diffusion method, and the pH, ion strength, temperature, pepsin and trypsin effects on enzymatic activities were evaluated by normal biochemistry methods. The stomach lysozymes of TRs (cattle:TC, yak:TY, and sheep:TS) exhibit maximum activity at pH 5 and ionic strengths below 0.02. TC and TS stomach lysozymes are more resistant to higher temperatures than nonplateau lysozymes. Stomach lysozymes of TRs exhibit greater enzymatic activity than nonplateau lysozymes, in the presence of pepsin and trypsin. Stomach lysozymes from TS retain 86% of their initial enzymatic activity against pepsin inactivation. After trypsin treatment, the stomach lysozymal activities of TRs were significantly affected by trypsin inactivation, with the exception of TS, whose enzymatic activities in the presence of trypsin were 5- and 10-fold higher than those of nonplateau lysozymes. The stomach lysozymes of TRs are more resistant to environmental factors such as pH, temperature, pepsin, and trypsin than nonplateau lysozyme C.
反刍动物的胃溶菌酶在消化过程中起着至关重要的作用，并为在生化基础上探索复杂生物体的进化变化提供了机会。本文主要对西藏反刍动物胃溶菌酶的催化性能进行了表征，并对其与非高原反刍动物胃溶菌酶进行了比较研究。采用羧甲基(CM) Sepharose Fast Flow (FF)柱和Bio-Gel P-100柱对胃溶菌酶进行纯化。通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间(MALDITOF)分析对纯化的胃溶菌酶进行了表征。采用琼脂扩散法评价其抑菌活性，采用常规生化方法评价pH、离子强度、温度、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶对酶活性的影响。TRs(牛:TC，牦牛:TY，羊:TS)胃溶菌酶在pH为5，离子强度低于0.02时活性最大。TC和TS胃溶菌酶比非平台溶菌酶更耐高温。在胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的存在下，胃溶菌酶比非平台溶菌酶表现出更大的酶活性。来自TS的胃溶菌酶在胃蛋白酶失活时保留了86%的初始酶活性。胰蛋白酶处理后，TRs的胃溶菌酶活性受到胰蛋白酶失活的显著影响，但TS的酶活性在胰蛋白酶存在下比非平台溶菌酶高5倍和10倍。与非平台溶菌酶C相比，TRs的胃溶菌酶对pH、温度、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶等环境因素的抗性更强。
{"title":"Comparative study of catalytic properties in three Tibetan ruminant stomach lysozymes","authors":"Guo Xia","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1149","url":null,"abstract":"The stomach lysozymes of ruminants play a paramount role in digestion and offer the chance to probe evolutionary changes in complex organisms on a biochemical basis. In this paper, we focus on the characterization of the catalytic properties of Tibetan ruminant (TR) stomach lysozymes and provide a comparative study of TR stomach lysozymes and nonplateau ruminant stomach lysozymes. The stomach lysozymes were purified with a Carboxymethyl (CM) Sepharose Fast Flow (FF) column and a Bio-Gel P-100 column. The purified stomach lysozymes were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate– polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDITOF) analyses. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar diffusion method, and the pH, ion strength, temperature, pepsin and trypsin effects on enzymatic activities were evaluated by normal biochemistry methods. The stomach lysozymes of TRs (cattle:TC, yak:TY, and sheep:TS) exhibit maximum activity at pH 5 and ionic strengths below 0.02. TC and TS stomach lysozymes are more resistant to higher temperatures than nonplateau lysozymes. Stomach lysozymes of TRs exhibit greater enzymatic activity than nonplateau lysozymes, in the presence of pepsin and trypsin. Stomach lysozymes from TS retain 86% of their initial enzymatic activity against pepsin inactivation. After trypsin treatment, the stomach lysozymal activities of TRs were significantly affected by trypsin inactivation, with the exception of TS, whose enzymatic activities in the presence of trypsin were 5- and 10-fold higher than those of nonplateau lysozymes. The stomach lysozymes of TRs are more resistant to environmental factors such as pH, temperature, pepsin, and trypsin than nonplateau lysozyme C.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48648369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani were found to have an association with damping-off and complex wilt and root rot symptoms of tomato seedling plants gathered from various greenhouses in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. The acquired isolates were found virulent enough to attack tomato plants (cv. Tres Cantos) causing complex wilt/rot diseases as well as pre and post emergence of damping-off diseases. These isolates present more virulence in the pathogenicity tests. Huwa-San TR50, a hydrogen peroxide solution that has been stabilized by adding a small amount of silver and has been used extensively as a germicide. Biocide agent Huwa-San TR50 (hydrogen peroxide with 3% silver), was examined for biological control of root wilt/rot and damping-off as well as growth augmentation of tomato plants in vitro and in vivo. The hostile biocide agent hampered growth of the tested morbific fungi and recorded highest inhibited growth in vitro. Under growth chamber condition, all treatments notably decreased root rot/wilt and damping-off intensity and resulted into an increase in the number of surviving plants. Moreover, under growth chamber conditions, these remedies caused an increase in growth parameters (height of plants, and weights when fresh and dry) of the surviving plants which were kept in pots rather than in control conditions. Tomato soil drenching with Huwa-San TR50 in concentration 12000, 14000 and 16000 ppm achieved the ideal results for combating root wilt/rot and damping-off diseases, as well as the highest growth parameters were recorded in growth chamber conditions with the addition of enhanced plant growth and higher yield constituents
在沙特阿拉伯卡西姆地区的多个温室中发现番茄根丝核菌和枯萎菌与番茄幼苗的枯枯和复杂的枯萎和根腐病症状有关。发现获得的分离株毒力足以攻击番茄植株(cv。引起复杂的枯萎病/腐病，以及出现之前和之后的抑制疾病。这些分离株在致病性试验中表现出更强的毒力。Huwa-San TR50是一种过氧化氢溶液，通过添加少量银来稳定，并被广泛用作杀菌剂。在离体和体内试验中，研究了杀菌剂huva - san TR50(过氧化氢加3%银)对番茄根系枯萎病的生物防治效果，以及对番茄植株的增长作用。拮抗生物杀灭剂对病原菌的生长有抑制作用，对病原菌体外生长的抑制作用最高。在生长室条件下，所有处理均显著降低了根腐病和枯败强度，使成活植株数量增加。此外，在生长室条件下，这些补救措施使保存在盆中而不是对照条件下的存活植物的生长参数(植物的高度和新鲜和干燥时的重量)增加。用浓度为12000、14000和16000 ppm的“花三TR50”对番茄土壤进行淋洗，可以达到防治根腐病和抗旱的理想效果，并且在添加了促进植株生长和提高产量成分的生长室条件下，记录了最高的生长参数
{"title":"Soil drenching with Huwa-San TR50 for controlling Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) and Fusarium solani (Marti) causing damping-off disease in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill)","authors":"K. E. Hamed","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.86","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani were found to have an association with damping-off and complex wilt and root rot symptoms of tomato seedling plants gathered from various greenhouses in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. The acquired isolates were found virulent enough to attack tomato plants (cv. Tres Cantos) causing complex wilt/rot diseases as well as pre and post emergence of damping-off diseases. These isolates present more virulence in the pathogenicity tests. Huwa-San TR50, a hydrogen peroxide solution that has been stabilized by adding a small amount of silver and has been used extensively as a germicide. Biocide agent Huwa-San TR50 (hydrogen peroxide with 3% silver), was examined for biological control of root wilt/rot and damping-off as well as growth augmentation of tomato plants in vitro and in vivo. The hostile biocide agent hampered growth of the tested morbific fungi and recorded highest inhibited growth in vitro. Under growth chamber condition, all treatments notably decreased root rot/wilt and damping-off intensity and resulted into an increase in the number of surviving plants. Moreover, under growth chamber conditions, these remedies caused an increase in growth parameters (height of plants, and weights when fresh and dry) of the surviving plants which were kept in pots rather than in control conditions. Tomato soil drenching with Huwa-San TR50 in concentration 12000, 14000 and 16000 ppm achieved the ideal results for combating root wilt/rot and damping-off diseases, as well as the highest growth parameters were recorded in growth chamber conditions with the addition of enhanced plant growth and higher yield constituents","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43666079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The human population is becoming concentrated in cities worldwide and urban public greenspaces provide the chance to interact with the natural environment having healthy well-being. The lack of the natural environment may have negative effects, this present study focused on getting a perception of the people about the benefits of urban greenspaces. The objective of the study was to investigate the strength of the relationship between greenspaces and common public health. This correlation was examined for sex, age groups, literacy, and economic status in two study sites. The data was collected through a survey of randomly selected respondents in greenspaces. A questionnaire was designed and filled through interviewing the 292 visitors to investigate the role of greenspaces in medicine reduction, overall curative impact in different diseases, and psychological health benefits. The results so obtained were interpreted by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 19 with a chi-square test. Greenspace seems to be more than just a luxury because they provide a goldmine for population health promotion. Greenspaces provided a positive association between living habitat and perceived common health of the people. They provided the affordable, easily assessable, and reasonable choice for tackling different ailments wiz diabetes, obesity, muscular fatigue, and also added psychological effects in one’s daily life.
{"title":"Impact of urban greenspaces on the health of people subjected to different ailments","authors":"Muhammad Faizan Farooq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.914","url":null,"abstract":"The human population is becoming concentrated in cities worldwide and urban public greenspaces provide the chance to interact with the natural environment having healthy well-being. The lack of the natural environment may have negative effects, this present study focused on getting a perception of the people about the benefits of urban greenspaces. The objective of the study was to investigate the strength of the relationship between greenspaces and common public health. This correlation was examined for sex, age groups, literacy, and economic status in two study sites. The data was collected through a survey of randomly selected respondents in greenspaces. A questionnaire was designed and filled through interviewing the 292 visitors to investigate the role of greenspaces in medicine reduction, overall curative impact in different diseases, and psychological health benefits. The results so obtained were interpreted by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 19 with a chi-square test. Greenspace seems to be more than just a luxury because they provide a goldmine for population health promotion. Greenspaces provided a positive association between living habitat and perceived common health of the people. They provided the affordable, easily assessable, and reasonable choice for tackling different ailments wiz diabetes, obesity, muscular fatigue, and also added psychological effects in one’s daily life.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43642887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the current study was to determine the silage quality of mixed rice straw silage inoculated with different concentration of Aspergillus niger. For this purpose, four experimental treatments were carried out that were based on different concentrations of Aspergillus niger per kilogram of mixed silage (80% straw + 18 wheat bran + 2% sucrose). In treatment 1, 50 mL of Aspergillus niger + 150 mL of sterile water was inoculated on mix rice straw silage (50 MRS), in treatment two, 100 mL of Aspergillus niger + 100 mL of sterile water was inoculated on mix rice straw silage (100 MRS), in treatment three, 150 mL of Aspergillus niger + 50 mL of sterile water was added on mix rice straw silage (150 MRS), while in treatment four, 200 ml of Aspergillus niger inoculant was added on mix rice straw silage (200 MRS). In control group only 200 ml of sterile water was added on mix rice straw silage (0 MRS). In all experimental treatments, the concentration of Aspergillus niger was 5.68 × 106 CFU ·mL-1. After 30 days of ensiling, all the ensiled bags of silage were opened for chemical analysis. The results showed that experimental treatments significantly increased water-soluble carbohydrate contents, dry matter, lactic acid and acetic acid (P<0.05), and reduced the pH and NH3-N/TN contents of mixed silage(P<0.05). The concentration of 100 MRS, 150 MRS, and 200 MRS significantly reduced neutral detergent fiber, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin content of mixed silage (P<0.05). Enzyme activity results explored that carboxymethylcellulase, manganese peroxidase, laccase and xylanase enzyme activity decreased as the time of fermentation time increased. Based on the current study, it could be recommended that 100 MRS could be used to ensile rice straw because it is as efficient as other experimental treatment and it could decrease the cost of ensiling
{"title":"Effects of adding different concentrations of Aspergillus Niger inoculant on the quality of mixed rice straw silage","authors":"L. Xiong","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.8947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.8947","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the current study was to determine the silage quality of mixed rice straw silage inoculated with different concentration of Aspergillus niger. For this purpose, four experimental treatments were carried out that were based on different concentrations of Aspergillus niger per kilogram of mixed silage (80% straw + 18 wheat bran + 2% sucrose). In treatment 1, 50 mL of Aspergillus niger + 150 mL of sterile water was inoculated on mix rice straw silage (50 MRS), in treatment two, 100 mL of Aspergillus niger + 100 mL of sterile water was inoculated on mix rice straw silage (100 MRS), in treatment three, 150 mL of Aspergillus niger + 50 mL of sterile water was added on mix rice straw silage (150 MRS), while in treatment four, 200 ml of Aspergillus niger inoculant was added on mix rice straw silage (200 MRS). In control group only 200 ml of sterile water was added on mix rice straw silage (0 MRS). In all experimental treatments, the concentration of Aspergillus niger was 5.68 × 106 CFU ·mL-1. After 30 days of ensiling, all the ensiled bags of silage were opened for chemical analysis. The results showed that experimental treatments significantly increased water-soluble carbohydrate contents, dry matter, lactic acid and acetic acid (P<0.05), and reduced the pH and NH3-N/TN contents of mixed silage(P<0.05). The concentration of 100 MRS, 150 MRS, and 200 MRS significantly reduced neutral detergent fiber, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin content of mixed silage (P<0.05). Enzyme activity results explored that carboxymethylcellulase, manganese peroxidase, laccase and xylanase enzyme activity decreased as the time of fermentation time increased. Based on the current study, it could be recommended that 100 MRS could be used to ensile rice straw because it is as efficient as other experimental treatment and it could decrease the cost of ensiling","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44010455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial wilt is a serious disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by the soil-borne pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. Detecting changes in protein abundance in potato plants in response to R. solanacearum is a pivotal step in uncovering the molecular interactions of plant pathogens. In this study, using the disease-resistant cultivar ‘Zhongshu 3’, we analyzed protein expression in potato seedlings inoculated with R. solanacearum every 12 h for a total of 72 h using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomics. Our results indicate that pathogenesis-related proteins, stressrelated proteins, non-specific lipid transfer proteins, small heat shock proteins, and osmotin-like proteins were up-regulated in response to pathogen infection at different time points. The accumulation of these proteins in response to biotic stress suggests that these proteins play an important role in pathogen resistance. Our findings will provide an important basis for characterizing the role of these proteins in increasing plant resistance to pathogens and in breeding bacterial wilt-resistant plants.
{"title":"ITRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis of The Response to Ralstonia solanacearum in Potato","authors":"Jinlin Feng","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1347","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial wilt is a serious disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by the soil-borne pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. Detecting changes in protein abundance in potato plants in response to R. solanacearum is a pivotal step in uncovering the molecular interactions of plant pathogens. In this study, using the disease-resistant cultivar ‘Zhongshu 3’, we analyzed protein expression in potato seedlings inoculated with R. solanacearum every 12 h for a total of 72 h using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomics. Our results indicate that pathogenesis-related proteins, stressrelated proteins, non-specific lipid transfer proteins, small heat shock proteins, and osmotin-like proteins were up-regulated in response to pathogen infection at different time points. The accumulation of these proteins in response to biotic stress suggests that these proteins play an important role in pathogen resistance. Our findings will provide an important basis for characterizing the role of these proteins in increasing plant resistance to pathogens and in breeding bacterial wilt-resistant plants.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44531069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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