Performance enhancement and health最新文献_第4页

Lean body mass and maximal strength changes during physique contest preparation and recovery: A case series 体质竞赛准备和恢复期间瘦体质量和最大力量的变化：一个案例系列

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100404

Vebjørn Nettum , Therese F. Mathisen , Gary Slater , Olivier Seynnes , Gøran Paulsen

This study aimed to investigate changes in lean body mass (LBM) and maximal strength during preparation for a physique contest season and one month post-season. Three drug-free male physique athletes were observed. Laboratory tests were conducted at various intervals: immediately before starting weight loss, 2 months, 1 month, and 1 week before their first contest, 1 week before their last contest, and 1 month post-season. Body composition was assessed using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioimpedance (BIA), and skinfold (SK) measurements. Muscle thickness (MT) of the elbow flexors and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus lateralis were evaluated via ultrasound. Strength assessments (isometric and isokinetic peak torque) were measured using a dynamometer. Blood biomarkers and dietary intake were also tracked. During the preparation phase, LBM decreased in all athletes: 1.7–5.3 kg (DXA), 4.3–8.5 kg (BIA), and 7.0–9.5 kg (SK). One month into recovery, LBM rapidly increased: 2.5–3.4 kg (DXA), 4.1–4.6 kg (BIA), and 3.4–5.5 kg (SK). Both MT and CSA decreased during preparation but increased during recovery. Maximal strength performance remained within expected day-to-day variation for isometric peak torque and isokinetic peak torque at 60°/s, but isokinetic peak torque at 240°/s exceeded expected variation, only partially restored post-contest. Testosterone levels decreased and sex-hormone binding globulin increased during preparation, with varying recovery. Reductions in LBM, MT, and CSA during caloric restriction were followed by rapid increases post-contest, resulting in negligible net changes from baseline. This provides evidence that highly trained individuals are able to retain contractile tissue during substantial weight loss following a daily caloric deficit of 500 kcal.

本研究旨在探讨在体能比赛季前准备和季后一个月期间，运动员的瘦体质量（LBM）和最大力量的变化。对3名男性禁药体质运动员进行了观察。在不同的时间间隔进行实验室测试：刚开始减肥前，第一次比赛前2个月、1个月和1周，最后一次比赛前1周，以及赛季后1个月。采用双能x线吸收仪（DXA）、生物阻抗（BIA）和皮褶（SK）测量评估体成分。超声检查肘关节屈肌厚度（MT）和股外侧肌横截面积（CSA）。强度评估（等距和等速峰值扭矩）使用测功机测量。血液生物标志物和饮食摄入也被跟踪。在准备阶段，所有运动员的体重都有所下降：1.7-5.3 kg (DXA), 4.3-8.5 kg （BIA）和7.0-9.5 kg （SK）。恢复1个月后，LBM迅速增加：2.5-3.4 kg (DXA), 4.1-4.6 kg （BIA）和3.4-5.5 kg （SK）。MT和CSA在准备过程中下降，但在恢复过程中增加。最大强度表现保持在60°/s时的等距峰值扭矩和等速峰值扭矩的预期日常变化范围内，但240°/s时的等速峰值扭矩超出了预期变化范围，仅在比赛后部分恢复。在准备过程中，睾酮水平下降，性激素结合球蛋白增加，恢复程度不同。在热量限制期间，LBM、MT和CSA的减少随后在比赛后迅速增加，导致与基线相比可以忽略不计的净变化。这提供了证据，证明训练有素的人能够在每天热量不足500千卡的情况下，在体重大幅减轻的情况下保持收缩组织。

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引用次数: 0

The next chapter of editorial stewardship 编辑管理的下一章

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100411

Matthew Dunn , Joanna Wall Tweedie , Katinka van de Ven

引用次数: 0

The hidden cost of doping sanctions: examining the experiences of Kenyan athletes sanctioned for violating anti-doping rules 兴奋剂制裁的隐性成本：考察肯尼亚运动员因违反反兴奋剂规定而被制裁的经历

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100393

Byron O. Juma , Jules Woolf

Background

Doping sanctions serve as a key deterrent to ensure compliance, uphold sport integrity, and protect athletes’ health. However, they can also lead to significant psychological distress, social isolation, financial hardship, and forced retirement. Yet, such impacts remain underexplored despite approximately 1500 athletes being sanctioned worldwide annually. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the personal, social, and professional effects of sanctions.

Methods

This interpretivist, exploratory study involved interviews with ten sanctioned athletes (half had completed their sanctions) and three anti-doping officials. The data was analyzed using reflective thematic analysis.

Results

This study chronicles the profound personal, social, and professional impacts of sanctions. Many reported psychological struggles, including suicidal thoughts, with one requiring psychological intervention after a suicide attempt. Social stigma led to shame, isolation, and a loss of friendships, particularly within sports. At the family level, sanctions strained relationships, led to spousal separation, and, in some cases, alcohol abuse, with children often becoming “unseen victims”, raising concerns about their well-being. Professionally, athletes faced exclusion from sport, with sport stakeholders distancing themselves. However, some athletes also found opportunities for growth during this period. Strengthened family ties, increased anti-doping awareness, and engagement in entrepreneurship, farming, or education enabled them to redefine their identities beyond athletics.

Conclusions

The dual-faceted impacts of sanctions not only reveal the extent of their effects but also provide insights into how sports organizations can broaden their support to help sanctioned athletes reintegrate or separate from sport, thereby assisting them in rebuilding their lives.

兴奋剂制裁是确保合规、维护体育诚信和保护运动员健康的关键威慑手段。然而，它们也会导致严重的心理困扰、社会孤立、经济困难和被迫退休。然而，尽管全球每年约有1500名运动员受到处罚，但此类影响仍未得到充分研究。因此，本研究旨在探讨制裁对个人、社会和职业的影响。方法采用解释性、探索性的研究方法，对10名被处罚的运动员（其中一半已完成处罚）和3名反兴奋剂官员进行访谈。数据分析采用反思性专题分析。本研究记录了制裁对个人、社会和职业的深刻影响。许多人报告了心理挣扎，包括自杀念头，其中一人在自杀未遂后需要心理干预。社会污名导致羞耻、孤立和失去友谊，尤其是在体育界。在家庭一级，制裁使关系紧张，导致配偶分居，在某些情况下还导致酗酒，儿童往往成为“看不见的受害者”，引起对其福祉的担忧。在职业上，运动员被排斥在体育运动之外，体育利益相关者与他们保持距离。然而，一些运动员也在这一时期找到了成长的机会。加强家庭关系，提高反兴奋剂意识，参与创业、农业或教育，使他们能够重新定义自己在体育运动之外的身份。制裁的双重影响不仅揭示了其影响的程度，而且为体育组织如何扩大支持范围，帮助被制裁运动员重新融入或脱离体育运动，从而帮助他们重建生活提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Examining supplement use and sport supplement belief on doping susceptibility: Supplement type and moral identity matter 检查补充剂使用和运动补充剂信仰对兴奋剂敏感性的影响：补充剂类型和道德认同问题

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100387

Martin Chandler , Maria Kavussanu , Shuge Zhang , Philip Hurst

Evidence shows dietary supplement use is one of the strongest predictors of doping susceptibility and that the relationship is mediated by beliefs about the effectiveness of supplements for performance enhancement. Further evidence shows this indirect relationship is moderated by moral identity. However, other evidence suggests the relationship between supplement use and doping may be stronger in specific categories of supplement. In this study we examined whether the mediating effect of moral identity on the indirect relationship between supplements and doping via supplement beliefs varied across different categories of supplement. Competitive athletes (N = 550; 45.1% male) completed measures of supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, moral identity and doping susceptibility. Supplement use was grouped via factor analysis into three conceptually sound categories based on patterns of use. Supplement use was indirectly related to doping susceptibility for just two categories (‘muscle building’ and ‘stimulants’) and this relationship was moderated by moral identity. No such relationship existed for the third category (‘Wellbeing & Health’). Our results suggest that previously identified positive associations between supplement use and doping may be limited to a particular type of supplement user. Specifically, supplement users who use muscle building and/or stimulant supplements and have strong sport supplement beliefs and low moral identity are more susceptible to doping.

有证据表明，膳食补充剂的使用是兴奋剂易感性的最强预测因素之一，这种关系是由对补充剂提高成绩的有效性的信念所介导的。进一步的证据表明，这种间接关系受到道德认同的调节。然而，其他证据表明，补充剂使用和兴奋剂之间的关系可能在特定类别的补充剂中更强。在这项研究中，我们考察了道德认同对补充剂和兴奋剂之间的间接关系的中介作用，通过补充剂信念在不同类别的补充剂中有所不同。竞技运动员（N = 550, 45.1%为男性）完成了补充剂使用、运动补充剂信念、道德认同和兴奋剂敏感性的测量。通过因子分析将补充剂的使用分为基于使用模式的三个概念上合理的类别。补充剂的使用与兴奋剂易感性间接相关的只有两类（“增肌”和“兴奋剂”），这种关系被道德认同所调节。第三类（“幸福和健康”）则不存在这种关系。我们的研究结果表明，以前确定的补充剂使用和兴奋剂之间的积极联系可能仅限于特定类型的补充剂使用者。具体来说，那些使用增强肌肉和/或兴奋剂补充剂，并且有强烈的运动补充剂信仰和低道德认同的补充剂使用者更容易受到兴奋剂的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Reconceptualizing self-regulation in health behaviors: A dynamic perspective on the PAAM model 重新定义健康行为中的自我调节：PAAM模型的动态视角

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100394

Darko Jekauc , Ines Pfeffer , Tilo Strobach , Chris Englert

Health behavior change and maintenance are essential for preventing chronic diseases and promoting well-being. However, a persistent intention-behavior gap highlights the complexity of sustaining health-promoting behaviors over time. The Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance (PAAM) model 1.0, based on in dual-process theories, provides a framework for understanding the interaction between explicit (reflective) and implicit (automatic) processes in physical activity (PA) regulation. Recent evidence suggests that PA behaviors and their determinants are more dynamic than previously conceptualized, necessitating an updated framework. This paper introduces the PAAM model 2.0, which expands upon its predecessor by incorporating intraindividual variability in key constructs such as intention and self-control. The revised model also underscores the role of anticipated affect in intention formation and behavior regulation. While originally designed for PA, the PAAM model 2.0 offers a generalized framework applicable to other repetitive health behaviors, including medication adherence, dietary regulation, and sleep routines. The model’s implications for research and practice are discussed, emphasizing the need for dynamic assessments and tailored interventions. By integrating state-like fluctuations and integrated regulatory processes, the PAAM model 2.0 advances our understanding of long-term health behavior change and provides a foundation for effective, evidence-based interventions.

改变和保持健康行为对预防慢性疾病和促进福祉至关重要。然而，持续存在的意向-行为差距凸显了长期维持健康促进行为的复杂性。基于双过程理论的PAAM （Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance）模型1.0为理解身体活动调节中显性（反思）和隐性（自动）过程之间的相互作用提供了一个框架。最近的证据表明，PA行为及其决定因素比以前概念化的更动态，需要更新框架。本文介绍了PAAM模型2.0，它通过在关键结构（如意图和自我控制）中纳入个体内部可变性来扩展其前身。修正后的模型还强调了预期影响在意向形成和行为调节中的作用。虽然最初是为PA设计的，但PAAM模型2.0提供了一个适用于其他重复性健康行为的通用框架，包括药物依从性、饮食调节和睡眠习惯。讨论了该模型对研究和实践的影响，强调需要动态评估和量身定制的干预措施。通过整合状态波动和综合监管过程，PAAM模型2.0促进了我们对长期健康行为改变的理解，并为有效的循证干预提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Commentary on “Protein powders, painkillers, and pleasure: Reasons for exercise and the use of dietary supplements and analgesics among recreational half-marathoners” 对“蛋白粉、止痛药和快乐：娱乐性半程马拉松运动员运动和使用膳食补充剂和止痛药的原因”的评论

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100367

Parth Aphale, Shashank Dokania, Himanshu Shekhar

This commentary presents a scholarly critique of the article titled “Protein powders, painkillers, and pleasure: Reasons for exercise and the use of dietary supplements and analgesics among recreational half-marathoners” by Havermans et al. While the original study provides valuable insights into the motivations for supplement and analgesic use among recreational runners, several conceptual and methodological limitations merit further discussion. Key concerns include the reliance on self-reported data without biochemical validation, potential seasonal bias due to timing of data collection, and an oversimplified framework for understanding exercise motivation. Additionally, the underexplored role of peer influence and health literacy in shaping supplement and analgesic use behaviors is highlighted. This commentary advocates for more nuanced, multi-dimensional research designs incorporating psychosocial variables, risk perception, and longitudinal assessment to better capture the complex factors influencing health-related behaviors in recreational athletes.

这篇评论对Havermans等人发表的题为“蛋白粉、止痛药和快乐：休闲半程马拉松运动员运动和使用膳食补充剂和止痛药的原因”的文章进行了学术评论。虽然最初的研究为休闲跑步者使用补品和止痛药的动机提供了有价值的见解，但一些概念和方法上的局限性值得进一步讨论。主要问题包括依赖自我报告的数据而没有生化验证，由于数据收集时间的潜在季节性偏差，以及理解运动动机的过于简化的框架。此外，同伴影响和健康素养在塑造补充剂和镇痛药使用行为中的作用尚未得到充分探讨。这篇评论提倡更细致、多维度的研究设计，包括社会心理变量、风险感知和纵向评估，以更好地捕捉影响休闲运动员健康相关行为的复杂因素。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring variations in sports motivation across menstrual cycle phases: Insights from a longitudinal within-subjects study with active females 探索月经周期阶段运动动机的变化：来自活跃女性纵向研究的见解

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100372

Laura Reusch , Beate Zunner , Susanne Tittlbach , Melinda Herfet

Background

Inactivity, as one of the leading risk factors for global mortality, highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how to foster sports motivation. Given the hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle phases, it has been suggested that sports motivation may vary as sex hormones impact other areas such as training, emotions, and perception. However, there are inconsistencies in previous studies attributed to varying methodologies in menstrual phase classification and verification. Hence, the main aim of this study was to explore variations in sports motivation across menstrual cycle phases using recommended methods.

Methods

This longitudinal within-subjects study investigated 17 healthy active females (mean age: 28.1 ± 5.3, body mass index: 22.5 ± 2.5 kg/m²) across three menstrual cycles. Using the mPath App, participants completed daily questionnaires that assessed their sports motivation, menstrual cycle day, and sports program. To determine menses and ovulation during the participant’s menstrual cycle, calendar-based counting and luteinizing hormone testing were employed.

Results

Motivation scores were highest during mid-follicular days and periovulatory days, although the overall differences between the menstrual cycle phases were insignificant. Positive correlations were found between periovulatory sports motivation and sport session frequency, and negative between periovulatory sport session intensity and frequency.

Conclusion

This study offers new insights for sports motivation and menstrual cycle research, suggesting that there are no significant differences in sports motivation across the hormonal events of the menstrual cycle. Additional factors like coaching, social support, and enjoyment of exercise may also exert influence and therefore warrant further investigation through mixed-method strategies to investigate these psychosocial factors alongside to the menstrual cycle. Future research should replicate these findings using more precise measurements of progesterone and estrogen to enhance methodological accuracy and reliability.

运动作为全球死亡的主要危险因素之一，突出了对如何培养运动动机有更深入了解的必要性。考虑到月经周期阶段的荷尔蒙波动，有人认为，运动动机可能会随着性激素对训练、情绪和感知等其他方面的影响而变化。然而，由于经期分类和验证的方法不同，以往的研究存在不一致性。因此，本研究的主要目的是使用推荐的方法探索月经周期阶段运动动机的变化。方法对17名平均年龄28.1±5.3岁，体重指数22.5±2.5 kg/m2的健康运动女性进行3个月经周期的纵向研究。使用mPath应用程序，参与者每天完成问卷调查，评估他们的运动动机、月经周期和运动计划。为了确定月经和排卵在参与者的月经周期，基于日历计数和黄体生成素测试被采用。结果动机得分在卵泡中期和排卵期最高，但月经周期各阶段的总体差异不显著。排卵期运动动机与运动次数呈正相关，运动强度与运动次数呈负相关。结论本研究为运动动机与月经周期的研究提供了新的见解，表明运动动机在月经周期的激素事件中没有显著差异。其他因素，如教练、社会支持和运动的乐趣也可能产生影响，因此需要通过混合方法策略进一步调查这些心理社会因素以及月经周期。未来的研究应该使用更精确的黄体酮和雌激素测量来重复这些发现，以提高方法的准确性和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Boosting the human brain: The potential of neuroenhancement for health and human functioning 增强人类大脑：神经增强对健康和人类功能的潜力

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100381

Armani Porter , Laura Y. Cabrera , Francisco Javier Lopez Frias

引用次数: 0

Can the enhanced games be defended, and are they a good idea? 增强型游戏是否值得辩护？它们是个好主意吗？

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100373

Verner Møller

In the wake of the 1998 Festina affair, which exposed widespread doping in professional cycling, sports organizations, led by the International Olympic Committee, established a global anti-doping program. This initiative aimed to combat doping, which was seen as a threat to both the integrity and economic viability of sports. The alternative approach—legalizing performance-enhancing drugs—was dismissed as unrealistic and unworthy of serious consideration. Its advocates, if not outright ignored, were criticized as irresponsible attention-seekers who would turn sports into a spectacle.

Today, a quarter of a century after the founding of the World Anti-Doping Agency, a group of wealthy investors has begun efforts to turn this once-dismissed idea into reality by organizing a competition where drug use is permitted. This paper critically examines the proposed Enhanced Games, evaluating whether a sporting event that allows performance-enhancing drugs can be ethically and practically justified. It explores arguments both in favor of and against this model, addressing issues related to technological and biomedical enhancement, fairness, athlete health, and regulatory feasibility. The objective is to assess whether such a competition can be defended within the broader ethical and institutional framework of sports and, ultimately, to determine if it makes sense at all.

1998年费斯蒂纳事件暴露了职业自行车运动中普遍存在的兴奋剂问题，此后，以国际奥委会（International Olympic Committee）为首的体育组织建立了一个全球反兴奋剂计划。这一举措旨在打击兴奋剂，兴奋剂被视为对体育诚信和经济可行性的威胁。另一种方法——使提高成绩的药物合法化——被认为不切实际，不值得认真考虑。它的支持者，如果不是完全被忽视，被批评为不负责任的关注者，他们会把体育变成一场奇观。今天，在世界反兴奋剂机构（World Anti-Doping Agency）成立25年后，一群富有的投资者开始努力将这个曾经被忽视的想法变为现实，他们组织了一场允许使用兴奋剂的比赛。本文批判性地考察了提议的“增强运动会”，评估允许使用兴奋剂的体育赛事是否在道德上和实践上是合理的。它探讨了支持和反对这种模式的论点，解决了与技术和生物医学增强、公平、运动员健康和监管可行性相关的问题。目的是评估这样的比赛能否在更广泛的体育道德和制度框架内得到捍卫，并最终确定它是否有意义。

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引用次数: 0

Social network exposure and sociodemographic factors associated with intentions to use anabolic-androgenic steroids 社会网络暴露和社会人口因素与使用合成代谢雄激素类固醇的意向有关

IF 2.9 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100357

Kyle T. Ganson , Alexander Testa , Timothy Piatkowski , Jason M. Nagata

Objectives

This study aimed to examine 1) perceived anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use within the social networks of non-consumers, 2) the intentions to use AAS among non-consumers, including the sociodemographic predictors of intentions to use, and 3) whether perceived AAS use within one’s social network is associated with intentions to use.

Methods

Data from 1515 boys and men from Canada and the United States were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe perceived AAS use within the social networks of participants and their intentions to use AAS. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the sociodemographic associations with intentions to use AAS and whether perceived AAS use within one’s social network is associated with AAS use intentions.

Results

Over one third (34.9 %) of participants reported perceiving any individual in their social network who uses AAS, while intentions to use AAS were relatively weak. Participants who identified as multi-racial were associated with stronger intentions to use AAS, while those who identified as gay or had a master’s degree or higher were associated with weaker intentions to use. Participants who perceived anyone in their social network who used AAS were associated with stronger intentions to use themselves.

Conclusion

These findings provide novel insights into AAS use within the social networks of a large, diverse, and international sample of boys and men, and their intentions to use. Prevention efforts should focus on boys and men who identify as multi-racial and who have individuals in their social network who use AAS.

本研究旨在研究1)非消费者社交网络中合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）的使用情况，2)非消费者使用AAS的意图，包括使用意图的社会人口预测因素，以及3)社交网络中AAS的使用是否与使用意图相关。方法对来自加拿大和美国的1515名男孩和男性的数据进行分析。描述性统计用于描述参与者在社会网络中感知到的AAS使用情况以及他们使用AAS的意图。使用线性回归分析来确定社会人口学与AAS使用意图的关联，以及在一个人的社会网络中感知到的AAS使用是否与AAS使用意图相关。结果超过三分之一（34.9%）的参与者报告认为他们的社交网络中有任何个人使用AAS，而使用AAS的意愿相对较弱。被认为是多种族的参与者使用AAS的意愿更强，而那些被认为是同性恋或拥有硕士学位或更高学历的参与者使用AAS的意愿更弱。那些认为自己的社交网络中有人在使用AAS的参与者更倾向于使用自己。这些发现提供了关于AAS在一个大的、多样化的、国际性的男孩和男人的社会网络中的使用情况，以及他们使用AAS的意图的新见解。预防工作应侧重于那些被认为是多种族的男孩和男性，以及他们的社交网络中有人使用AAS。

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引用次数: 0