Performance enhancement and health最新文献_第3页

Why does stigmatization fail to prevent elite athletes from doping? A qualitative study among competitive bodybuilders 为什么污名化不能阻止精英运动员使用兴奋剂？竞技健美运动员的定性研究

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100389

Jason C․ Y․ Mak , Derwin K․ C․ Chan , Martin L․ T․ Chan , Patrick S․ H․ Yung , Michael T․ Y․ Ong

Background

Despite stigma being commonly identified as a deterrent in doping in sports, a high prevalence of doping is reported amongst competitive bodybuilders, which may be related to social validation. This study aims to explore the doping experience of competitive bodybuilders, specifically under the influences of stigmatization and social validation.

Methods

: Twelve bodybuilders with lived doping experience engaged in individual, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews in Hong Kong from January to March 2023. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach.

Results: The following themes were constructed

1) the insignificance of stigma to prevent doping; 2) reinforcement of doping through social validation; 3) doping as a cultural norm in competitive bodybuilding; and 4) insufficient deterrence from anti-doping policy.

Conclusion

: This study provides important insight, as stigmatization and social validation interact, especially under the influence of a doping culture and anti-doping policy. The experiences of competitive bodybuilders provide insight into effective anti-doping strategies by addressing moral disengagement with culturally sensitive approaches.

尽管耻辱通常被认为是体育运动中使用兴奋剂的威慑因素，但据报道，竞技健美运动员中使用兴奋剂的比例很高，这可能与社会认可有关。本研究旨在探讨竞技健美运动员在污名化和社会认同影响下的兴奋剂体验。方法：于2023年1 - 3月在香港对12名有兴奋剂生活经历的健美运动员进行面对面、半结构化的个人访谈。访谈录音，逐字记录，并使用解释性现象学分析方法进行分析。结果：构建了以下主题：1)耻感对预防兴奋剂的重要性；2)通过社会认可强化兴奋剂；3)竞技健美运动中兴奋剂的文化规范；4)反兴奋剂政策威慑不足。结论：这项研究提供了重要的见解，因为污名化和社会认可相互作用，特别是在兴奋剂文化和反兴奋剂政策的影响下。竞技健美运动员的经验提供了有效的反兴奋剂策略的洞察力，通过文化敏感的方法解决道德脱离。

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引用次数: 0

Eat clen? The normalisation of harmful clenbuterol use within digital fitness cultures 吃clen吗?数字健身文化中有害瘦肉精使用的正常化

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100391

Luke Cox , Tim Piatkowski

Clenbuterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist that is not approved for human use in the United States but is widely used by bodybuilders and athletes for its fat-reducing effects. Within image- and performance-enhancing drug (IPED) communities, it is commonly referred to as “Clen” and is typically incorporated into a bodybuilder’s drug “cycle” during the “cutting” phase of competition preparation. While well-established within bodybuilding subcultures, clenbuterol use is associated with significant health risks, including tremors, hyperthermia, tachycardia, cardiac palpitations, and, in severe cases, death. Increasingly, concerns have been raised about the diffusion of clenbuterol use into broader fitness communities. This study employs digital ethnography to examine the role of social media in this diffusion process. Drawing on the normalisation perspective (Parker et al., 1998), it highlights how social media platforms shape perceptions and practices related to clenbuterol. Specifically, social media facilitates access and availability, reframes perceptions of risk, enables cultural and social accommodation, and contributes to identity formation among this population. Through the overt promotion, advertising, and discussion of clenbuterol, social media plays a critical role in fostering its acceptability within wider fitness communities. In light of these developments, this paper argues for stronger governmental engagement to mitigate health risks and protect individuals participating in increasingly diverse and evolving IPED communities.

克伦特罗是一种β2-肾上腺素能激动剂，在美国尚未被批准用于人类，但由于其减脂效果，健美运动员和运动员广泛使用。在提高形象和成绩的药物（IPED）社区，它通常被称为“清洁”，通常被纳入健美运动员在比赛准备的“切割”阶段的药物“循环”中。虽然瘦肉精在健美亚文化中得到了广泛的应用，但它的使用与重大的健康风险有关，包括震颤、高热、心动过速、心悸，在严重的情况下，还会导致死亡。越来越多的人担心瘦肉精的使用会扩散到更广泛的健身社区。本研究采用数字民族志来考察社交媒体在这一传播过程中的作用。从正常化的角度来看（Parker et al., 1998），它强调了社交媒体平台如何塑造与瘦肉精相关的认知和实践。具体而言，社交媒体促进了获取和可用性，重塑了对风险的认知，促进了文化和社会的适应，并有助于这一人群的身份形成。通过对瘦肉精的公开宣传、广告和讨论，社交媒体在促进其在更广泛的健身社区中的接受度方面发挥了关键作用。鉴于这些发展，本文主张加强政府参与，以减轻健康风险，并保护参与日益多样化和不断发展的IPED社区的个人。

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引用次数: 0

“The new DNP”: Discussion of the experimental ‘fat burner’ BAM15 on bodybuilding forums and YouTube “新DNP”：在健美论坛和YouTube上讨论实验性的“脂肪燃烧器”BAM15

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100362

Luke A. Turnock , Timothy Piatkowski

Bodybuilders are often at the forefront of experimental forms of drug use and the consumption of novel compounds. One form of enhancement drug use that has received increasing attention in recent years is weight-loss medicine use, including 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). However, the market for IPEDs is constantly evolving, with new drugs emerging in digital market spaces. This research focusses on discussions relating to one of these emerging drugs, BAM15, a weight-loss medicine that some bodybuilders perceive as a potentially safer but effective alternative to DNP. We explore the cultural contexts to the navigation of risk in relation to this emergent drug within digital bodybuilding cultures, applying a cultural theory of risk.

The research is based on a netnography of forum threads and YouTube content. Thematic analysis was used to analyse discussions relating to BAM15 on two of the largest bodybuilding forums in the world, in addition to a YouTube instructional on the creation of BAM15 and its comment section.

Our findings reveal that BAM15 is perceived as a promising, low-risk alternative to traditional weight-loss drugs like DNP. The video’s accessibility and step-by-step synthesis guide contributed to the normalisation of risk-taking behaviours. Comments from viewers indicated a high level of engagement, with many expressing intent to self-experiment with BAM15 despite limited clinical evidence.

The study highlights the need for harm reduction frameworks to consider the cultural and digital dimensions of risk. We argue for more contextually informed, peer-led harm reduction interventions that address both material risks and cultural practices surrounding drug use.

健美运动员经常站在药物使用和新化合物消费实验形式的前沿。近年来受到越来越多关注的一种增强药物使用形式是减肥药的使用，包括2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）。然而，iped市场在不断发展，新的药物出现在数字市场空间。这项研究的重点是讨论其中一种新兴药物BAM15，这是一种减肥药，一些健美运动员认为它可能比DNP更安全，但更有效。我们运用风险的文化理论，探索与数字健身文化中这种新兴药物相关的风险导航的文化背景。这项研究是基于论坛主题和YouTube内容的网络图。专题分析用于分析世界上两个最大的健美论坛上与BAM15有关的讨论，以及YouTube上关于BAM15创建及其评论部分的指导。我们的研究结果表明，BAM15被认为是传统减肥药（如DNP）的一种有前途的低风险替代品。该视频的可访问性和逐步综合指南有助于使冒险行为正常化。来自观众的评论显示出了很高的参与度，尽管临床证据有限，但许多人表示愿意用BAM15进行自我实验。该研究强调，减少伤害框架需要考虑风险的文化和数字层面。我们主张采取更多情境性的、以同伴为主导的减少危害干预措施，以解决与吸毒有关的物质风险和文化习俗。

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引用次数: 0

Underage, underpaid, and unprotected: A 25-year analysis of youth participation in esports 未成年人、低报酬和无保护：25年来青少年参与电子竞技的分析

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100399

Jimoon Kang

Background

Esports has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar global industry where minors increasingly compete alongside adults in high-stakes tournaments. Unlike traditional sports with established child protection frameworks, esports operates under fragmented governance with inconsistent age verification and welfare standards. This exposes youth participants to potential exploitation and health risks.

Objectives

This study examines the scope and outcomes of underage esports participation over 25 years. Specific aims include analyzing demographic trends, prize inequalities, platform and genre patterns, and career trajectories among youth competitors.

Methods

Analysis of 288,898 tournament records from Esports Earnings (2000–2024) identified 33,922 instances of competitors under the age of 18. The Gini coefficient assessed prize inequality. Longitudinal tracking of 3,426 players examined career transitions from minor to adult competition. Cross-tabulations analyzed participation patterns across platforms (PC, console, mobile) and genres.

Results

Late adolescents (16–17 years) comprised 79 % of minor participants, with females representing only 0.80 %. Minors collectively earned $87 million, yet prize distribution was highly skewed (Gini = 0.8771). The top 1 % of minor earners claimed 38.93 % of total earnings. Mobile platforms (13.78 % minor participation) and sports/battle royale genres (29.24 % and 21.13 % respectively) showed disproportionately high youth representation. Among players continuing past age 18, 74.34 % achieved higher adult earnings. However, career spans averaged only 3.2–5.6 years depending on entry age. Earliest entrants (<13) achieved longest careers (5.6 years) yet represented the smallest cohort (n = 70).

Conclusions

Extreme prize inequality, severe gender disparities, compressed career trajectories, and fragmented governance create high-risk environments for youth esports participants. Findings underscore the need for protective frameworks including age-appropriate competitive structures, mandatory age verification, and practice limitations. Standardized child-labor protections are essential to balance competitive opportunities with youth wellbeing.

体育已经发展成为一个数十亿美元的全球产业，未成年人越来越多地与成年人一起参加高风险的比赛。与具有既定儿童保护框架的传统体育不同，电子竞技在分散的管理下运作，年龄验证和福利标准不一致。这使青年参与者面临潜在的剥削和健康风险。本研究考察了25年来未成年人参与电子竞技的范围和结果。具体目标包括分析人口趋势、奖项不平等、平台和类型模式，以及青年竞争者的职业轨迹。方法：对电子竞技收入（2000-2024）中的288,898项比赛记录进行分析，确定了33,922名年龄在18岁以下的选手。基尼系数评估的是奖金不平等。对3,426名球员的纵向跟踪调查了从未成年人到成年球员的职业转变。交叉表格分析了跨平台（PC，主机，手机）和类型的参与模式。结果青少年（16-17岁）占未成年参与者的79%，女性仅占0.80%。未成年人共获得8700万美元奖金，但奖金分配严重失衡（基尼系数= 0.8771）。收入最高的1%的低收入者占总收入的38.93%。手机平台（13.78%的未成年人参与）和体育/大逃杀类型（分别为29.24%和21.13%）显示出不成比例的高青少年代表。在超过18岁的玩家中，74.34%的人获得了更高的成年收入。然而，根据入职年龄的不同，职业生涯平均只有3.2-5.6年。最早进入者（13人）的职业生涯最长（5.6年），但人数最少（70人）。极端的奖金不平等、严重的性别差异、压缩的职业轨迹和碎片化的治理为青年电子竞技参与者创造了高风险的环境。研究结果强调了保护框架的必要性，包括适合年龄的竞争结构、强制性年龄验证和实践限制。标准化的童工保护对于平衡竞争机会和青年福祉至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

The role of impulsivity in anabolic-androgenic steroid use 冲动性在合成代谢雄激素类固醇使用中的作用

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100388

Harrison G. Pope , James I. Hudson , Gen Kanayama , Kristin N. Javaras , Marc J. Kaufman

Background

Impulsivity is associated with many forms of substance use, but few studies have assessed impulsivity in users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Also, if an AAS-impulsivity association exists, it remains unclear whether impulsivity might be a cause of AAS use, an effect of AAS use, or a consequence of confounding variables. We sought to assess the magnitude and nature of this association.

Methods

We administered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) to 55 male AAS-using weightlifters (of whom 33 were currently taking AAS and 22 were off-drug at the time of evaluation) and 26 male weightlifters reporting no lifetime AAS use.

Results

AAS users reported significantly higher scores than non-users on the total BIS and its three subscales (especially the Non-Planning subscale). However, current AAS users differed little from off-drug users on these measures. Among AAS users, age of onset of use, lifetime duration of use, and recency of last use (among the off-drug users) showed no significant associations with BIS measures. Causal analysis indicated that impulsivity likely represents a causal factor for AAS use and that the association of impulsivity with AAS use cannot reasonably be explained by confounding variables.

Conclusions

Impulsivity, especially non-planning impulsivity, appears to contribute substantially to the development of AAS use, possibly because impulsive individuals are more prone to seek the reward of rapidly increased muscularity without concern for the potential long-term health consequences of AAS use. Clinicians encountering current or potential AAS users should be sensitive to the possible role of impulsivity.

背景：冲动性与多种形式的物质使用有关，但很少有研究评估合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）使用者的冲动性。此外，如果AAS-冲动性关联存在，那么冲动性是否可能是AAS使用的原因、AAS使用的影响，还是混杂变量的结果，仍不清楚。我们试图评估这种关联的程度和性质。方法采用Barratt冲动性量表（BIS）对55名使用AAS的男性举重运动员（其中33名正在服用AAS， 22名停药）和26名未使用AAS的男性举重运动员进行评估。结果saas用户在BIS总量表及其三个子量表（尤其是Non-Planning子量表）上的得分显著高于非用户。然而，目前的AAS使用者与非药物使用者在这些措施上差别不大。在AAS使用者中，开始使用的年龄、终生使用时间和最近一次使用（在非药物使用者中）与BIS测量没有显着关联。因果分析表明，冲动性可能是AAS使用的一个因果因素，冲动性与AAS使用的关联不能用混杂变量合理地解释。结论冲动性，尤其是非计划性冲动性，似乎在很大程度上促进了AAS使用的发展，可能是因为冲动性个体更倾向于寻求快速增加肌肉的奖励，而不考虑使用AAS的潜在长期健康后果。遇到当前或潜在的AAS使用者的临床医生应该对冲动性可能起的作用敏感。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of rapid weight loss practices within combat sport athletes subjected to <24 hour vs ≥24 hour competition weigh-ins 格斗运动运动员进行<24小时和≥24小时比赛称重的快速减肥练习的比较

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100395

Paul Campbell, Daniel Martin, Melissa J. Bargh, Thomas I. Gee

This study aimed to compare the rapid weight loss (RWL) practices of combat athletes (n = 35, male n = 30, female n = 5) from Great Britain subjected to <24 hour ‘<24h’ versus ≥24 hour ‘≥24h’ competition weigh-ins. The previously validated ‘Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire’ established RWL practices. Of total responses, 31/35 (88.6 %) surveyed had reduced body mass to compete, (‘<24h’; 20 of 24, 83.3 %. ‘≥24h’; 11 of 11, 100 %). The ‘≥24h’ group attributed a significantly greater (p < 0.01) ‘habitual’ (9.7 % vs 5.2 %) and ‘highest’ (13.0 % vs 8.7 %) pre-competition body mass loss and post competition body mass gain (9.4 % vs 3.9 %) compared to ‘<24h’. The RWL score was significantly higher for the ‘≥24h’ group compared to the ‘<24h’ group (43.8 vs 28.2, p < 0.001). For the total cohort, ‘gradual dieting’ (61.3 %), ‘increased exercise (45.2 %), ‘restricting fluid ingestion’ (38.7 %) and ‘hot water immersion’ (32.3 %) were RWL methods most commonly ‘always’ used. Prevalence of RWL is high amongst competitive UK combat athletes and performed by all surveyed ≥24 h group athletes. Magnitude of RWL was significantly greater in ≥24 h group athletes, with athletes experiencing body mass loss levels (∼8–13 %) which are concerning from a health and performance perspective.

本研究旨在比较来自英国的格斗运动员（n = 35，男n = 30，女n = 5）在“24小时”和“≥24小时”和“≥24小时”比赛称重时的快速减肥（RWL）练习。先前验证的“快速减肥问卷”确立了RWL的做法。在所有应答者中，31/35（88.6%）的被调查者为了参加比赛而降低了体重，24 / 24的被调查者中有20（83.3%）。“≥24 h”;11个中的11个，100%)。与“24小时”组相比，“≥24小时”组的赛前体重损失（9.7%比5.2%）和赛后体重增加（9.4%比3.9%）的“习惯性”（9.7%比8.7%）和“最高”（13.0%比8.7%）显著增加（p < 0.01）。“≥24h”组的RWL评分明显高于“≥24h”组（43.8 vs 28.2, p < 0.001）。在整个队列中，“逐渐节食”（61.3%）、“增加运动”（45.2%）、“限制液体摄入”（38.7%）和“热水浸泡”（32.3%）是RWL方法中最常用的。RWL的患病率在英国竞技运动员中很高，并且在所有接受调查的≥24小时组运动员中都有。RWL的大小在≥24小时组的运动员中显著更大，运动员经历的体重损失水平（~ 8 - 13%）从健康和表现的角度来看是令人担忧的。

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引用次数: 0

Opinions and attitudes on genetic testing for personalised nutrition among professional footballers and sports nutritionists 职业足球运动员和运动营养学家对个性化营养基因检测的看法和态度

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100385

Elena Efstathiou, Liz Akam, Sarabjit Mastana

Objectives

Genetic testing is gaining attention in elite sport, including football, despite limited supporting evidence. This study explores the attitudes of professional footballers and sports nutritionists toward its use for personalised nutrition.

Design

A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted to assess participants’ willingness to engage with genetic testing and perceptions of its role in dietary advice.

Methods

81 professional footballers and 54 registered sports nutritionists completed a structured questionnaire. The survey explored openness towards genetic testing, willingness to share results, and views on ethical considerations, including talent identification.

Results

Footballers demonstrated greater openness towards genetic testing for personalised nutrition, with many indicating greater willingness if linked to career opportunities. Nutritionists were generally supportive but cautious, reflecting awareness of the current limitations in evidence. Both groups were less open to using genetic information for selection eligibility and talent scouting.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the need for greater education around genetic testing among both athletes and practitioners and emphasise the urgency of developing ethical guidelines to safeguard against misuse of genetic information in professional sport.

基因检测在包括足球在内的精英运动中越来越受到关注，尽管支持证据有限。本研究探讨了职业足球运动员和运动营养学家对其用于个性化营养的态度。DesignA进行了一项横断面匿名在线调查，以评估参与者参与基因检测的意愿及其在饮食建议中的作用。方法对81名职业足球运动员和54名注册运动营养师进行问卷调查。该调查探讨了对基因检测的开放程度、分享结果的意愿以及对道德因素的看法，包括人才识别。结果：足球运动员对个性化营养的基因检测表现出更大的开放态度，许多人表示更愿意将其与职业机会联系起来。营养学家普遍持支持态度，但态度谨慎，反映出他们意识到目前证据的局限性。这两组人都不太愿意将遗传信息用于选拔资格和人才发掘。结论：研究结果强调了在运动员和从业人员中加强基因检测教育的必要性，并强调了制定道德准则以防止在职业体育中滥用基因信息的紧迫性。

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引用次数: 0

The Enhanced Games: A techno-fantasy that will fail 增强型游戏：一个会失败的技术幻想

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100380

John Hoberman

In June 2023, the Australian lawyer and entrepreneur Aron D’Souza announced to the world that he was going to stage “Enhanced Games,” an elite athletic competition that would allow competitors to use performance-enhancing drugs. This project was intended to openly defy the anti-doping rules enforced by the International Olympic Committee, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and all international sports federations. These organizations have denounced D’Souza’s project as an unethical threat to the ideal of doping-free sport. D’Souza has brushed off these criticisms as old-fashioned. As an adherent of the “transhumanism” movement, he maintains that the Enhanced Games will contribute to building a “superhumanity” whose aptitudes will greatly exceed those of normal human beings today. The well-known preoccupation of the billionaire investors sponsoring the Games is extending the human lifespan through “scientific” research to which data provided by “enhanced” athletes are expected to contribute.

Over more than two years, the Enhanced Games have existed as a publicity operation based on hype and a string of falsehoods to assure the global sporting public that the Games were just around the corner. In May 2025 D’Souza announced that the first Games, featuring 100 athletes, only five of whose names are currently known, would take place in Las Vegas, Nevada, a year later in a specially constructed venue. The announcement in February 2025 that Donald Trump, Jr. was investing millions of dollars in the Games provided welcome publicity for a project that appeared to be going nowhere.

2023年6月，澳大利亚律师兼企业家阿隆·德索萨（Aron D’souza）向全世界宣布，他将举办“兴奋剂运动会”（Enhanced Games），这是一场允许运动员使用兴奋剂的精英体育比赛。该项目旨在公开反对国际奥委会、世界反兴奋剂机构和所有国际体育联合会执行的反兴奋剂规则。这些组织谴责德索萨的项目是对无兴奋剂运动理想的不道德威胁。D 'Souza认为这些批评已经过时了。作为“超人类主义”运动的拥护者，他坚持认为，增强游戏将有助于建立一个“超人类”，其能力将大大超过今天的正常人类。众所周知，赞助奥运会的亿万富翁投资者关注的是通过“科学”研究延长人类寿命，而“强化”运动员提供的数据有望对此做出贡献。在过去两年多的时间里，“强化奥运会”一直是一种基于炒作和一系列谎言的宣传手段，目的是向全球体育界公众保证奥运会即将到来。2025年5月，D 'Souza宣布第一届奥运会将于一年后在内华达州拉斯维加斯的一个特别建造的场馆举行，届时将有100名运动员参加，其中只有5名运动员的名字目前还不得而知。2025年2月，小唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump, Jr.）宣布将向奥运会投资数百万美元，这为一个看似毫无进展的项目提供了受欢迎的宣传。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring mental health and performance dynamics in Danish elite athletes: Insights from two case studies 探索丹麦精英运动员的心理健康和表现动态：来自两个案例研究的见解

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100403

Andreas Küttel , Kristoffer Henriksen , Violetta Oblinger-Peters , Robert T.V. Book Jr. , Louise K. Storm

Little is known about how mental health and performance fluctuate within an athletic career depending on life events, career transitions, and other factors. This study aimed to explore what factors and experiences Danish elite athletes identify as being influential for their mental health and athletic performance throughout their careers. We conducted two semi-structured interviews, including participant-led career mapping exercises and mental health screenings, over two months with seven Danish elite athletes. For the purpose of this paper, we selected two cases (“Tina” and “Peter”) to provide detailed analyses and to offer insights into their career trajectories. Tina’s case highlights her recovery from a mental breakdown, emphasizing the protective role of sport’s structured environment and supportive relationships. Peter’s case illustrates his maturation through adversity, shifting from unhealthy coping mechanisms to mindfulness practices. Both athletes experienced significant fluctuations in mental health and performance, influenced by sport-related pressures, personal challenges, and external factors. The quantitative screenings over two months showed that anxiety and depression symptoms remained low for both athletes, while stress and well-being levels fluctuated. The findings underscore the non-linear relationship between mental health and performance, the impact of past experiences, and the importance of supportive environments. Diverse assessments and reflective exercises are recommended to gain a comprehensive understanding of athletes’ mental health from a holistic perspective that can help practitioners support athletes’ thriving.

在一个运动员的职业生涯中，心理健康和表现是如何随着生活事件、职业转变和其他因素而波动的，我们知之甚少。本研究旨在探讨丹麦优秀运动员认为在其整个职业生涯中影响其心理健康和运动表现的因素和经历。在两个多月的时间里，我们对七名丹麦优秀运动员进行了两次半结构化访谈，包括参与者主导的职业规划练习和心理健康筛查。为了本文的目的，我们选择了两个案例（“Tina”和“Peter”）来提供详细的分析，并提供对他们的职业轨迹的见解。蒂娜的案例突出了她从精神崩溃中恢复过来的过程，强调了体育的结构化环境和支持性关系的保护作用。彼得的案例说明了他在逆境中的成熟，从不健康的应对机制转变为正念练习。受运动相关压力、个人挑战和外部因素的影响，两名运动员的心理健康和表现都出现了显著波动。两个多月的定量筛查显示，两名运动员的焦虑和抑郁症状都很低，而压力和幸福感水平则有所波动。研究结果强调了心理健康与表现、过去经历的影响以及支持性环境的重要性之间的非线性关系。建议进行多样化的评估和反思练习，从整体的角度全面了解运动员的心理健康，从而帮助从业者支持运动员的蓬勃发展。

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引用次数: 0

An analysis of the associations between boredom, effort value, and exercise behavior 无聊、努力值和运动行为之间关系的分析

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100396

Corinna S. Martarelli , Katja Rewitz , Wanja Wolff

Insufficient physical activity poses significant health risks, making it essential to understand psychological aspects influencing exercise engagement. Here, we examined the relationship between exercise boredom, the perceived value of physical effort, and self-reported exercise behavior. A cross-sectional online study with 351 participants (M = 30.58 years, SD = 10.82) assessed exercise boredom using the Bored of Sports Scale (BOSS) and the perceived value of physical effort using the Value of Physical Effort Scale (VoPE). Exercise behavior was measured as weekly minutes of sport activity. We found that both exercise boredom and the value of physical effort are relevant for exercise engagement, with the value of physical effort being a stable predictor and closely linked to exercise behavior. Bayesian network analysis further supported this, revealing that value of physical effort and exercise behavior clustered closely together, suggesting a robust relationship. Mediation analyses showed that the relationship between exercise boredom and exercise behavior was mediated by the perceived value of physical effort. Higher boredom levels were associated with a lower perceived value of physical effort, which in turn was positively linked to time spent exercising. The significant indirect effect suggests that boredom contributes to lower exercise engagement partly by reducing the perceived value of physical effort. These findings highlight the importance of addressing exercise boredom and enhancing the perceived value of physical effort to promote sustained physical activity and improve health outcomes.

身体活动不足会造成严重的健康风险，因此了解影响运动参与的心理因素至关重要。在这里，我们研究了运动无聊、体力劳动的感知价值和自我报告的运动行为之间的关系。一项有351名参与者（M = 30.58岁，SD = 10.82）参与的横断面在线研究使用运动无聊量表（BOSS）和体力劳动价值量表（VoPE）来评估运动无聊。运动行为以每周运动分钟数来衡量。我们发现，运动无聊感和体力劳动的价值都与运动投入有关，体力劳动的价值是一个稳定的预测指标，与运动行为密切相关。贝叶斯网络分析进一步支持了这一点，揭示了体力劳动的价值和运动行为紧密地聚集在一起，表明两者之间存在着牢固的关系。中介分析表明，运动无聊感与运动行为之间的关系受体力劳动感知价值的中介作用。无聊程度越高，体力劳动的感知价值越低，而体力劳动的感知价值又与锻炼时间呈正相关。这一显著的间接影响表明，无聊会降低运动参与度，部分原因是它降低了人们对体力劳动的感知价值。这些发现强调了解决运动无聊和提高体力劳动的感知价值对促进持续体育活动和改善健康结果的重要性。

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