Performance enhancement and health最新文献_第3页

Underage, underpaid, and unprotected: A 25-year analysis of youth participation in esports 未成年人、低报酬和无保护：25年来青少年参与电子竞技的分析

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100399

Jimoon Kang

Background

Esports has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar global industry where minors increasingly compete alongside adults in high-stakes tournaments. Unlike traditional sports with established child protection frameworks, esports operates under fragmented governance with inconsistent age verification and welfare standards. This exposes youth participants to potential exploitation and health risks.

Objectives

This study examines the scope and outcomes of underage esports participation over 25 years. Specific aims include analyzing demographic trends, prize inequalities, platform and genre patterns, and career trajectories among youth competitors.

Methods

Analysis of 288,898 tournament records from Esports Earnings (2000–2024) identified 33,922 instances of competitors under the age of 18. The Gini coefficient assessed prize inequality. Longitudinal tracking of 3,426 players examined career transitions from minor to adult competition. Cross-tabulations analyzed participation patterns across platforms (PC, console, mobile) and genres.

Results

Late adolescents (16–17 years) comprised 79 % of minor participants, with females representing only 0.80 %. Minors collectively earned $87 million, yet prize distribution was highly skewed (Gini = 0.8771). The top 1 % of minor earners claimed 38.93 % of total earnings. Mobile platforms (13.78 % minor participation) and sports/battle royale genres (29.24 % and 21.13 % respectively) showed disproportionately high youth representation. Among players continuing past age 18, 74.34 % achieved higher adult earnings. However, career spans averaged only 3.2–5.6 years depending on entry age. Earliest entrants (<13) achieved longest careers (5.6 years) yet represented the smallest cohort (n = 70).

Conclusions

Extreme prize inequality, severe gender disparities, compressed career trajectories, and fragmented governance create high-risk environments for youth esports participants. Findings underscore the need for protective frameworks including age-appropriate competitive structures, mandatory age verification, and practice limitations. Standardized child-labor protections are essential to balance competitive opportunities with youth wellbeing.

体育已经发展成为一个数十亿美元的全球产业，未成年人越来越多地与成年人一起参加高风险的比赛。与具有既定儿童保护框架的传统体育不同，电子竞技在分散的管理下运作，年龄验证和福利标准不一致。这使青年参与者面临潜在的剥削和健康风险。本研究考察了25年来未成年人参与电子竞技的范围和结果。具体目标包括分析人口趋势、奖项不平等、平台和类型模式，以及青年竞争者的职业轨迹。方法：对电子竞技收入（2000-2024）中的288,898项比赛记录进行分析，确定了33,922名年龄在18岁以下的选手。基尼系数评估的是奖金不平等。对3,426名球员的纵向跟踪调查了从未成年人到成年球员的职业转变。交叉表格分析了跨平台（PC，主机，手机）和类型的参与模式。结果青少年（16-17岁）占未成年参与者的79%，女性仅占0.80%。未成年人共获得8700万美元奖金，但奖金分配严重失衡（基尼系数= 0.8771）。收入最高的1%的低收入者占总收入的38.93%。手机平台（13.78%的未成年人参与）和体育/大逃杀类型（分别为29.24%和21.13%）显示出不成比例的高青少年代表。在超过18岁的玩家中，74.34%的人获得了更高的成年收入。然而，根据入职年龄的不同，职业生涯平均只有3.2-5.6年。最早进入者（13人）的职业生涯最长（5.6年），但人数最少（70人）。极端的奖金不平等、严重的性别差异、压缩的职业轨迹和碎片化的治理为青年电子竞技参与者创造了高风险的环境。研究结果强调了保护框架的必要性，包括适合年龄的竞争结构、强制性年龄验证和实践限制。标准化的童工保护对于平衡竞争机会和青年福祉至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Associations between anabolic-androgenic steroid testing, healthcare access and undesirable effects among international consumers 合成代谢雄激素类固醇测试、医疗保健获取和国际消费者不良影响之间的关系

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100390

Etienne Grobler , Cheneal Puljević , Benjamin Bonenti , Jason Ferris , Monica J. Barratt , Adam Winstock , Steve Vigorous , Amber Domberelli , Geoff Spurling , Timothy Piatkowski

Background

Anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) consumption is associated with significant physical and psychological health risks, often linked to unregulated supply chains and difficulty accessing informed healthcare. Therefore, this study examines how healthcare access difficulties and independently testing AAS purity and content relate to self-reported undesirable effects among AAS consumers.

Methods

Data from 854 respondents (95.6% male) reporting past-year AAS consumption in the 2024 Global Drug Survey were analysed. Respondents provided information on healthcare access, AAS testing behaviours, and undesirable physical (e.g., cardiovascular) and psychological (e.g., mood disturbances) effects. Chi-squared tests assessed differences across four groups defined by combinations of difficulty accessing healthcare and AAS testing.

Results

Respondents not testing their AAS and experiencing difficulty accessing healthcare (n = 196) reported significantly higher frequencies of several undesirable effects compared to the other three groups (n = 102–390). Significant differences were observed for decreased sexual function (χ² (3) = 10.19, p = .017, φc = 0.109), decreased fertility (χ² (3) = 11.54, p = .009, φc = 0.116), negative impacts on sexual organs (χ² (3) = 8.08, p = .044, φc = 0.097), anger/aggression (χ² (3) = 13.27, p = .004, φc = 0.125), depression/low mood (χ² (3) = 10.62, p = .014, φc = 0.112), and irritability (χ² (3) = 8.66, p = .034, φc = 0.101).

Conclusion

Difficulties accessing healthcare and not testing AAS are associated with higher reported AAS-related undesirable effects, though consumer-specific and contextual factors may be central. These findings highlight the need to address systemic and psychosocial barriers to reduce AAS-related harms.

代谢-雄激素类固醇（AAS）的消费与重大的生理和心理健康风险相关，通常与不受监管的供应链和难以获得知情的医疗保健有关。因此，本研究考察了医疗保健获取困难和独立测试AAS纯度和含量与AAS消费者自我报告的不良影响之间的关系。方法分析2024年全球药物调查中报告过去一年AAS消费的854名受访者（95.6%为男性）的数据。答复者提供了关于医疗保健获取、AAS检测行为以及不良的身体（如心血管）和心理（如情绪紊乱）影响的信息。卡方检验评估了四组之间的差异，这些差异由获得医疗保健和AAS测试的难度组合定义。结果与其他三组（n = 102-390）相比，未测试其AAS且难以获得医疗保健的受访者（n = 196）报告的几种不良影响的频率显着更高。性功能下降显著差异观察(χ²(3)= 10.19,p = .017,φc = 0.109),减少生育(χ²(3)= 11.54,p = .009,φc = 0.116),负面影响性器官(χ²(3)= 8.08,p = .044,φc = 0.097),愤怒/侵略(χ²(3)= 13.27,p = 04,φc = 0.125),抑郁/低情绪(χ²(3)= 10.62,p = .014,φc = 0.112),和易怒(χ²(3)= 8.66,p = .034,φc = 0.101)。结论：尽管消费者特定因素和环境因素可能是中心因素，但难以获得医疗服务和未检测AAS与较高的AAS相关不良影响相关。这些发现强调了解决系统性和社会心理障碍以减少aas相关危害的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Reconceptualizing self-regulation in health behaviors: A dynamic perspective on the PAAM model 重新定义健康行为中的自我调节：PAAM模型的动态视角

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100394

Darko Jekauc , Ines Pfeffer , Tilo Strobach , Chris Englert

Health behavior change and maintenance are essential for preventing chronic diseases and promoting well-being. However, a persistent intention-behavior gap highlights the complexity of sustaining health-promoting behaviors over time. The Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance (PAAM) model 1.0, based on in dual-process theories, provides a framework for understanding the interaction between explicit (reflective) and implicit (automatic) processes in physical activity (PA) regulation. Recent evidence suggests that PA behaviors and their determinants are more dynamic than previously conceptualized, necessitating an updated framework. This paper introduces the PAAM model 2.0, which expands upon its predecessor by incorporating intraindividual variability in key constructs such as intention and self-control. The revised model also underscores the role of anticipated affect in intention formation and behavior regulation. While originally designed for PA, the PAAM model 2.0 offers a generalized framework applicable to other repetitive health behaviors, including medication adherence, dietary regulation, and sleep routines. The model’s implications for research and practice are discussed, emphasizing the need for dynamic assessments and tailored interventions. By integrating state-like fluctuations and integrated regulatory processes, the PAAM model 2.0 advances our understanding of long-term health behavior change and provides a foundation for effective, evidence-based interventions.

改变和保持健康行为对预防慢性疾病和促进福祉至关重要。然而，持续存在的意向-行为差距凸显了长期维持健康促进行为的复杂性。基于双过程理论的PAAM （Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance）模型1.0为理解身体活动调节中显性（反思）和隐性（自动）过程之间的相互作用提供了一个框架。最近的证据表明，PA行为及其决定因素比以前概念化的更动态，需要更新框架。本文介绍了PAAM模型2.0，它通过在关键结构（如意图和自我控制）中纳入个体内部可变性来扩展其前身。修正后的模型还强调了预期影响在意向形成和行为调节中的作用。虽然最初是为PA设计的，但PAAM模型2.0提供了一个适用于其他重复性健康行为的通用框架，包括药物依从性、饮食调节和睡眠习惯。讨论了该模型对研究和实践的影响，强调需要动态评估和量身定制的干预措施。通过整合状态波动和综合监管过程，PAAM模型2.0促进了我们对长期健康行为改变的理解，并为有效的循证干预提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Off-label Semaglutide & GLP-1 weight-loss medicine use for anti-ageing: A Netnography of older bodybuilders’ experiences and understandings 标签外的Semaglutide & GLP-1减肥药用于抗衰老：老年健美运动员的经验和理解的网络图

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100355

Luke A. Turnock , Jennifer Germain , Mikey Hirst , Evelyn Hearne

Background

GLP-1 weight-loss medicines (e.g. Semaglutide; Tirzepatide) are increasingly prevalent, with many users accessing these drugs off-label through the internet for lifestyle purposes. However, to date there has been little research examining their use for anti-ageing purposes. This article fills this gap by examining the perspectives and experiences of older bodybuilders on forums regarding their use of GLP drugs for anti-ageing.

Methods

This research was a netnography of the two largest bodybuilding and steroid specific forums on the web, exploring 12,392 unique posts from the top 160 threads, captured in 2024. Qualitative thematic analysis of posts was undertaken.

Findings

GLP drugs were felt to have a number of benefits for anti-ageing, longevity and general wellbeing. Many older bodybuilders took them for their anti-inflammatory effects, which allowed them to train despite age-related joint pain and general inflammation. Further, many bodybuilders highlighted emerging scientific research regarding GLP medicines’ potential benefits for anti-ageing more broadly, including brain and heart health, and improving insulin sensitivity when older. The role of ‘expert’ users on forums sharing findings from scientific research encouraged forms of use beyond existing clinical guidelines, but also facilitated harm reduction by encouraging forum users to switch from higher risk drugs like HGH and growth hormone secreting peptides to GLP medicines for anti-ageing.

Discussion

It is clear that anti-ageing is a significant motivator for GLP use among older bodybuilders, and public health policy must understand and acknowledge older users’ distinct motivations and approaches to use in order to best serve this population. The role of forum folk pharmacology in both encouraging unapproved therapies, but also enabling harm reduction through encouraging safer approaches to drug use is also important to understand when considering public health approaches to this population.

背景：glp -1减肥药（如Semaglutide； tizepatide）越来越普遍，许多使用者为了生活方式的目的通过互联网获得这些药物。然而，迄今为止，很少有研究调查它们在抗衰老方面的作用。这篇文章填补了这一空白，通过检查的观点和经验的老年健美运动员在论坛上关于他们使用GLP药物抗衰老。方法本研究是对网上两个最大的健身和类固醇论坛的网络记录，从2024年捕获的前160个帖子中探索12392个独特的帖子。对员额进行了定性专题分析。研究发现，glp药物被认为对抗衰老、长寿和总体健康有许多好处。许多年纪较大的健美运动员服用它们，因为它们具有抗炎作用，这使他们能够在与年龄有关的关节疼痛和全身炎症的情况下进行训练。此外，许多健美运动员强调了关于GLP药物在更广泛的抗衰老方面的潜在益处的新兴科学研究，包括大脑和心脏健康，以及提高老年人的胰岛素敏感性。在论坛上分享科学研究成果的“专家”用户的作用鼓励了现有临床指南之外的使用形式，但也通过鼓励论坛用户从HGH和生长激素分泌肽等高风险药物转向用于抗衰老的GLP药物来促进减少危害。很明显，抗衰老是老年健美运动员使用GLP的一个重要动机，公共卫生政策必须理解和承认老年用户使用GLP的独特动机和方法，以便最好地为这一人群服务。论坛民间药理学在鼓励未经批准的疗法以及通过鼓励更安全的药物使用方法来减少伤害方面的作用，在考虑对这一人群采取公共卫生办法时也很重要。

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引用次数: 0

Ketamine and psilocybin for athletes: A therapeutic breakthrough or a slippery slope? 运动员服用氯胺酮和裸盖菇素：治疗突破还是滑坡？

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100386

Thomas Zandonai , Sofia Venturini , Ornella Corazza

引用次数: 0

Doping attitudes and prevention needs in recreational sports: A behavioral cluster analysis based on the theory of planned behavior and risk acceptance 休闲体育中的兴奋剂态度与预防需求：基于计划行为和风险接受理论的行为聚类分析

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100392

René Paasch , Gunnar Mau , Oliver Korol

Background

The use of anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) in recreational fitness has become increasingly widespread, posing serious health risks and creating challenges for prevention and harm reduction.

Objective

The aim was to identify distinct groups of recreational fitness athletes based on attitudes, intentions, and risk perception, and to analyze their prevention needs.

Methods

A standardized online survey (N = 772; n = 749 with complete TPB data) assessed four psychological scales: intention, avoidance, risk perception, and risk acceptance. These variables were analyzed using a hierarchically validated k-means cluster analysis, which is particularly suited to identifying heterogeneous subgroups in large datasets and provides stable solutions. In addition, open-ended responses (n ≈ 600) from the same sample on motives for use, informational needs, and preferred prevention formats were examined through qualitative content analysis. The mixed-methods design allowed for a comprehensive interpretation of user typologies and their prevention needs.

Results

Seven distinct user clusters with heterogeneous motivational and cognitive profiles were identified. Respondents particularly emphasized digital visibility, authentic testimonials, and continuous education as preferred prevention formats.

Conclusion

This study identified seven distinct user clusters that differed substantially in their attitudes, intentions, and prevention needs, highlighting the necessity of tailored, behaviorally informed prevention strategies to effectively address AAS use in recreational fitness.

在休闲健身中使用合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）已经变得越来越普遍，造成了严重的健康风险，并为预防和减少危害带来了挑战。目的根据休闲健身运动员的态度、意图和风险认知，识别不同的休闲健身运动员群体，并分析其预防需求。方法采用标准化在线调查（N = 772, N = 749， TPB数据完整）对意向、回避、风险感知和风险接受四个心理量表进行评估。这些变量使用分层验证的k-means聚类分析进行分析，这特别适合于识别大型数据集中的异构子组，并提供稳定的解决方案。此外，通过定性内容分析，对来自同一样本的关于使用动机、信息需求和首选预防形式的开放式回答（n≈600）进行了检查。混合方法的设计允许对用户类型及其预防需求进行全面的解释。结果识别出7个具有不同动机和认知特征的用户群。受访者特别强调数字可见性、真实的证明和持续教育是首选的预防形式。本研究确定了七个不同的用户群，他们在态度、意图和预防需求方面存在很大差异，强调了定制的、行为知情的预防策略的必要性，以有效解决娱乐健身中AAS的使用问题。

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引用次数: 0

“The new DNP”: Discussion of the experimental ‘fat burner’ BAM15 on bodybuilding forums and YouTube “新DNP”：在健美论坛和YouTube上讨论实验性的“脂肪燃烧器”BAM15

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100362

Luke A. Turnock , Timothy Piatkowski

Bodybuilders are often at the forefront of experimental forms of drug use and the consumption of novel compounds. One form of enhancement drug use that has received increasing attention in recent years is weight-loss medicine use, including 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). However, the market for IPEDs is constantly evolving, with new drugs emerging in digital market spaces. This research focusses on discussions relating to one of these emerging drugs, BAM15, a weight-loss medicine that some bodybuilders perceive as a potentially safer but effective alternative to DNP. We explore the cultural contexts to the navigation of risk in relation to this emergent drug within digital bodybuilding cultures, applying a cultural theory of risk.

The research is based on a netnography of forum threads and YouTube content. Thematic analysis was used to analyse discussions relating to BAM15 on two of the largest bodybuilding forums in the world, in addition to a YouTube instructional on the creation of BAM15 and its comment section.

Our findings reveal that BAM15 is perceived as a promising, low-risk alternative to traditional weight-loss drugs like DNP. The video’s accessibility and step-by-step synthesis guide contributed to the normalisation of risk-taking behaviours. Comments from viewers indicated a high level of engagement, with many expressing intent to self-experiment with BAM15 despite limited clinical evidence.

The study highlights the need for harm reduction frameworks to consider the cultural and digital dimensions of risk. We argue for more contextually informed, peer-led harm reduction interventions that address both material risks and cultural practices surrounding drug use.

健美运动员经常站在药物使用和新化合物消费实验形式的前沿。近年来受到越来越多关注的一种增强药物使用形式是减肥药的使用，包括2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）。然而，iped市场在不断发展，新的药物出现在数字市场空间。这项研究的重点是讨论其中一种新兴药物BAM15，这是一种减肥药，一些健美运动员认为它可能比DNP更安全，但更有效。我们运用风险的文化理论，探索与数字健身文化中这种新兴药物相关的风险导航的文化背景。这项研究是基于论坛主题和YouTube内容的网络图。专题分析用于分析世界上两个最大的健美论坛上与BAM15有关的讨论，以及YouTube上关于BAM15创建及其评论部分的指导。我们的研究结果表明，BAM15被认为是传统减肥药（如DNP）的一种有前途的低风险替代品。该视频的可访问性和逐步综合指南有助于使冒险行为正常化。来自观众的评论显示出了很高的参与度，尽管临床证据有限，但许多人表示愿意用BAM15进行自我实验。该研究强调，减少伤害框架需要考虑风险的文化和数字层面。我们主张采取更多情境性的、以同伴为主导的减少危害干预措施，以解决与吸毒有关的物质风险和文化习俗。

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引用次数: 0

Why does stigmatization fail to prevent elite athletes from doping? A qualitative study among competitive bodybuilders 为什么污名化不能阻止精英运动员使用兴奋剂？竞技健美运动员的定性研究

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100389

Jason C․ Y․ Mak , Derwin K․ C․ Chan , Martin L․ T․ Chan , Patrick S․ H․ Yung , Michael T․ Y․ Ong

Background

Despite stigma being commonly identified as a deterrent in doping in sports, a high prevalence of doping is reported amongst competitive bodybuilders, which may be related to social validation. This study aims to explore the doping experience of competitive bodybuilders, specifically under the influences of stigmatization and social validation.

Methods

: Twelve bodybuilders with lived doping experience engaged in individual, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews in Hong Kong from January to March 2023. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach.

Results: The following themes were constructed

1) the insignificance of stigma to prevent doping; 2) reinforcement of doping through social validation; 3) doping as a cultural norm in competitive bodybuilding; and 4) insufficient deterrence from anti-doping policy.

Conclusion

: This study provides important insight, as stigmatization and social validation interact, especially under the influence of a doping culture and anti-doping policy. The experiences of competitive bodybuilders provide insight into effective anti-doping strategies by addressing moral disengagement with culturally sensitive approaches.

尽管耻辱通常被认为是体育运动中使用兴奋剂的威慑因素，但据报道，竞技健美运动员中使用兴奋剂的比例很高，这可能与社会认可有关。本研究旨在探讨竞技健美运动员在污名化和社会认同影响下的兴奋剂体验。方法：于2023年1 - 3月在香港对12名有兴奋剂生活经历的健美运动员进行面对面、半结构化的个人访谈。访谈录音，逐字记录，并使用解释性现象学分析方法进行分析。结果：构建了以下主题：1)耻感对预防兴奋剂的重要性；2)通过社会认可强化兴奋剂；3)竞技健美运动中兴奋剂的文化规范；4)反兴奋剂政策威慑不足。结论：这项研究提供了重要的见解，因为污名化和社会认可相互作用，特别是在兴奋剂文化和反兴奋剂政策的影响下。竞技健美运动员的经验提供了有效的反兴奋剂策略的洞察力，通过文化敏感的方法解决道德脱离。

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引用次数: 0

Eat clen? The normalisation of harmful clenbuterol use within digital fitness cultures 吃clen吗?数字健身文化中有害瘦肉精使用的正常化

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100391

Luke Cox , Tim Piatkowski

Clenbuterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist that is not approved for human use in the United States but is widely used by bodybuilders and athletes for its fat-reducing effects. Within image- and performance-enhancing drug (IPED) communities, it is commonly referred to as “Clen” and is typically incorporated into a bodybuilder’s drug “cycle” during the “cutting” phase of competition preparation. While well-established within bodybuilding subcultures, clenbuterol use is associated with significant health risks, including tremors, hyperthermia, tachycardia, cardiac palpitations, and, in severe cases, death. Increasingly, concerns have been raised about the diffusion of clenbuterol use into broader fitness communities. This study employs digital ethnography to examine the role of social media in this diffusion process. Drawing on the normalisation perspective (Parker et al., 1998), it highlights how social media platforms shape perceptions and practices related to clenbuterol. Specifically, social media facilitates access and availability, reframes perceptions of risk, enables cultural and social accommodation, and contributes to identity formation among this population. Through the overt promotion, advertising, and discussion of clenbuterol, social media plays a critical role in fostering its acceptability within wider fitness communities. In light of these developments, this paper argues for stronger governmental engagement to mitigate health risks and protect individuals participating in increasingly diverse and evolving IPED communities.

克伦特罗是一种β2-肾上腺素能激动剂，在美国尚未被批准用于人类，但由于其减脂效果，健美运动员和运动员广泛使用。在提高形象和成绩的药物（IPED）社区，它通常被称为“清洁”，通常被纳入健美运动员在比赛准备的“切割”阶段的药物“循环”中。虽然瘦肉精在健美亚文化中得到了广泛的应用，但它的使用与重大的健康风险有关，包括震颤、高热、心动过速、心悸，在严重的情况下，还会导致死亡。越来越多的人担心瘦肉精的使用会扩散到更广泛的健身社区。本研究采用数字民族志来考察社交媒体在这一传播过程中的作用。从正常化的角度来看（Parker et al., 1998），它强调了社交媒体平台如何塑造与瘦肉精相关的认知和实践。具体而言，社交媒体促进了获取和可用性，重塑了对风险的认知，促进了文化和社会的适应，并有助于这一人群的身份形成。通过对瘦肉精的公开宣传、广告和讨论，社交媒体在促进其在更广泛的健身社区中的接受度方面发挥了关键作用。鉴于这些发展，本文主张加强政府参与，以减轻健康风险，并保护参与日益多样化和不断发展的IPED社区的个人。

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引用次数: 0

Opinions and attitudes on genetic testing for personalised nutrition among professional footballers and sports nutritionists 职业足球运动员和运动营养学家对个性化营养基因检测的看法和态度

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100385

Elena Efstathiou, Liz Akam, Sarabjit Mastana

Objectives

Genetic testing is gaining attention in elite sport, including football, despite limited supporting evidence. This study explores the attitudes of professional footballers and sports nutritionists toward its use for personalised nutrition.

Design

A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted to assess participants’ willingness to engage with genetic testing and perceptions of its role in dietary advice.

Methods

81 professional footballers and 54 registered sports nutritionists completed a structured questionnaire. The survey explored openness towards genetic testing, willingness to share results, and views on ethical considerations, including talent identification.

Results

Footballers demonstrated greater openness towards genetic testing for personalised nutrition, with many indicating greater willingness if linked to career opportunities. Nutritionists were generally supportive but cautious, reflecting awareness of the current limitations in evidence. Both groups were less open to using genetic information for selection eligibility and talent scouting.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the need for greater education around genetic testing among both athletes and practitioners and emphasise the urgency of developing ethical guidelines to safeguard against misuse of genetic information in professional sport.

基因检测在包括足球在内的精英运动中越来越受到关注，尽管支持证据有限。本研究探讨了职业足球运动员和运动营养学家对其用于个性化营养的态度。DesignA进行了一项横断面匿名在线调查，以评估参与者参与基因检测的意愿及其在饮食建议中的作用。方法对81名职业足球运动员和54名注册运动营养师进行问卷调查。该调查探讨了对基因检测的开放程度、分享结果的意愿以及对道德因素的看法，包括人才识别。结果：足球运动员对个性化营养的基因检测表现出更大的开放态度，许多人表示更愿意将其与职业机会联系起来。营养学家普遍持支持态度，但态度谨慎，反映出他们意识到目前证据的局限性。这两组人都不太愿意将遗传信息用于选拔资格和人才发掘。结论：研究结果强调了在运动员和从业人员中加强基因检测教育的必要性，并强调了制定道德准则以防止在职业体育中滥用基因信息的紧迫性。

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引用次数: 0