Performance enhancement and health最新文献_第6页

Aromatase inhibitors as a potential harm reduction strategy for men with low-normal testosterone at risk of non-prescribed androgen use 芳香酶抑制剂作为一种潜在的危害降低策略男性低正常睾丸激素在非处方雄激素使用的风险

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100377

Diederik L. Smit , Tijs Verdegaal , Peter Bond

Men with low-normal testosterone often present with symptoms such as low energy, reduced libido, and mood disturbances. However, guidelines restrict testosterone therapy (TTh) to men with confirmed hypogonadism, leaving this subgroup without clear treatment options. Frustrated, some turn to illicit testosterone, often at supraphysiological doses, risking long-term endocrine disruption, infertility, and cardiovascular disease. This perspective explores aromatase inhibitors (AIs) as a harm reduction strategy for such men. By inhibiting estrogen-mediated feedback, AIs stimulate endogenous testosterone production while preserving hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis integrity. In addition to potential symptom relief, AIs can be used diagnostically to assess HPG responsiveness and the relationship between testosterone levels and symptoms. They may also serve an educational role, helping patients better understand the hormonal contribution to their complaints and avoid premature self-treatment. The response to AIs is variable, and their long-term safety in men remains uncertain. In addition, the use of AIs is off-label and lacks robust clinical evidence. Well-designed trials are needed to determine whether AIs are truly a viable harm reduction strategy and eventually reduce the incidence of self-initiated TTh. Until then, a cautious, individualized approach is essential—yet in selected cases, AIs may offer a supervised alternative that prevents progression to unregulated testosterone use.

睾酮正常值低的男性通常表现为精力不足、性欲减退和情绪紊乱等症状。然而，指南将睾酮治疗（TTh）限制在确诊性腺功能减退的男性，这使得这一亚组没有明确的治疗选择。有些人感到沮丧，转而使用非法的睾酮，通常是超生理剂量，冒着长期内分泌紊乱、不孕症和心血管疾病的风险。这一观点探讨芳香酶抑制剂（AIs）作为一种危害减少策略，为这些人。通过抑制雌激素介导的反馈，AIs刺激内源性睾酮产生，同时保持下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴的完整性。除了潜在的症状缓解外，ai还可用于诊断性评估HPG反应性以及睾酮水平与症状之间的关系。它们也可能起到教育作用，帮助患者更好地了解激素对他们的抱怨的影响，避免过早的自我治疗。对人工智能的反应是不同的，它们在男性中的长期安全性仍然不确定。此外，人工智能的使用是标签外的，缺乏强有力的临床证据。需要精心设计的试验来确定人工智能是否真的是一种可行的减少危害的策略，并最终减少自我发起的th的发生率。在此之前，一种谨慎的、个性化的方法是必要的，但在某些情况下，人工智能可能提供一种有监督的替代方案，以防止发展到不受管制的睾酮使用。

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引用次数: 0

The Olympic Games transition: a narrative review and a conceptual model 奥运转型：一个叙事回顾与概念模型

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100383

Roy David Samuel , Itay Basevitch

Participation in the Olympic Games (OGs) represents the pinnacle of an elite athlete’s career, often accompanied by a spectrum of emotions – including euphoria, flow, pride, and a sense of meaning – as well as negative experiences such as disappointment, frustration, anxiety, and a lack of purpose. Over the past decade, research on athletic careers has increasingly recognized the OGs as a longitudinal career transition encompassing multiple phases and meta-transitions, including qualification/selection, preparation, participation, and the post-Games period. However, no review has yet addressed the full scope of the OGs transition, and no conceptual model has been developed to account for this complex experience. This article addresses this gap by pursuing two objectives: (a) to provide a narrative review of the OGs transition, and (b) to introduce a new framework – the Olympic Games Transition Model (OGT model) – which captures the change events, career pathways, and associated adaptation processes within the OGs transition. Our research questions were: (a) What are the transitional experiences of elite athletes throughout their Olympic journeys? (b) Can specific transitions and phases be identified as career pathways? (c) How do athletes perceive these transitions? (d) How do elite athletes emotionally respond to the transition’s demands and barriers? (e) How do athletes adapt to these demands and barriers? The findings underscore the scarcity of quantitative, comparative, predictive, and longitudinal research in this area. The review highlights the complex and dynamic emotional nature of the OGs experience and its potential impact on athletes’ well-being. The OGT model offers researchers and practitioners a comprehensive framework for understanding athletes’ change events, career pathways, and adaptation processes.

参加奥运会代表着精英运动员职业生涯的巅峰，通常伴随着一系列的情绪——包括兴奋、流动、骄傲和意义感——以及失望、沮丧、焦虑和缺乏目标等负面经历。在过去的十年里，对运动员职业生涯的研究越来越多地认识到，奥运会是一个纵向的职业过渡，包括多个阶段和元过渡，包括资格/选择、准备、参与和赛后阶段。然而，尚未有任何审查涉及到政府间组织过渡的全部范围，也没有制定出任何概念模型来解释这一复杂的经验。本文通过追求两个目标来解决这一差距：(a)对奥运会组委会的过渡进行叙述性回顾，(b)引入一个新的框架——奥运会过渡模型（OGT模型）——该模型捕捉了奥运会组委会过渡中的变化事件、职业道路和相关的适应过程。我们的研究问题是：(a)优秀运动员在整个奥运之旅中的过渡经历是什么？(b)能否确定具体的过渡和阶段作为职业道路？(c)运动员如何看待这些转变？(d)优秀运动员在情感上如何应对过渡时期的要求和障碍？(e)运动员如何适应这些要求和障碍？研究结果强调了定量、比较、预测和纵向研究在这一领域的稀缺性。该评论强调了奥组委经历的复杂和动态的情感本质及其对运动员健康的潜在影响。OGT模型为研究人员和实践者提供了一个全面的框架来理解运动员的变化事件、职业道路和适应过程。

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引用次数: 0

Disordered Eating and Mental Health Across Lean and Non-Lean Sports: A Cross-Sectional Study of UK University Sports Club Members 在精益和非精益运动中饮食失调和心理健康：对英国大学体育俱乐部成员的横断面研究

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100374

Dr. Hannah Plaschkes , Dr. Tom Price , Dr. James L. Findon

Purpose

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are increasingly turning to preventative measures to improve student mental health outcomes. However, previous research has identified sports participation (especially lean sports) as a risk factor for eating disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the association between sports club membership, disordered eating cognitions and vulnerability to mental health problems in a population of university students at UK HEIs.

Methods

Participants were UK students (77% female, average age = 21.66) who reported being a member of a university sports club (n=295) or not (n=242). Sports club members were further divided into lean (n=103) v non-lean sports (n=185). Participants completed an online survey including the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Figure Rating Scale (FRS) and Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2).

Results

In sports club members, EAT-26 and the emotional problems subscale of the SDQ were significantly lower than non-sports club members. Sports club members also had significantly lower body dissatisfaction and higher body appreciation than non-sports club members. The lean-sports group had the lowest EAT-26 scores and the lowest levels of body dissatisfaction and highest levels of body appreciation.

Conclusions

Overall, the results indicate that university sports club membership is associated with better mental health outcomes. Contrary to previous studies, lean sports participation was associated with the lowest levels of eating disorder attitudes.

目的高等教育机构（HEIs）越来越多地转向预防措施，以改善学生的心理健康结果。然而，之前的研究已经确定参加体育运动（尤其是瘦运动）是饮食失调的一个风险因素。因此，本横断面观察性研究的目的是调查体育俱乐部会员、饮食失调认知和心理健康问题易感性之间的关系。方法研究对象为英国学生（77%为女性，平均年龄21.66岁），均为大学体育俱乐部的会员（n=295）或非会员（n=242）。体育俱乐部成员进一步分为精益运动（n=103）和非精益运动（n=185）。参与者完成了一项在线调查，包括饮食态度测试（EAT-26）、优势和困难问卷（SDQ）、身材评定量表（FRS）和身体欣赏量表-2 （BAS-2）。结果体育俱乐部成员的EAT-26和SDQ的情绪问题分量表显著低于非体育俱乐部成员。体育俱乐部成员对身体的不满意程度显著低于非体育俱乐部成员，对身体的欣赏程度显著高于非体育俱乐部成员。瘦运动组的EAT-26得分最低，对身体的不满程度最低，对身体的欣赏程度最高。结论总体而言，大学体育俱乐部会员与较好的心理健康状况相关。与之前的研究相反，参加瘦身运动与饮食失调态度的最低水平有关。

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引用次数: 0

Esports associations in Germany and Austria: A comparative study of community satisfaction 德国和奥地利的电子竞技协会：社区满意度的比较研究

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100361

Felix Wachholz , Leon Janßen , Heiko Heidenreich

Research has examined perceptions of esports regulation and institutionalization; however, little is known about Community Satisfaction (CS) with these newly established organizations, particularly in a cross-country context. This article examines the esports community's satisfaction with national esports associations in Germany and Austria. Germany's Esport-Bund Deutschland (ESBD) and Austria's Esport Verband Österreich (ESVÖ) serve as suitable cases due to their similar structures but differing sizes and operational histories. Using a two-fold approach, 22 expert interviews (14 from Germany, 8 from Austria) were conducted focusing on esports development and the current landscape (Study 1). Interview insights informed an online questionnaire that gathered 425 responses from esports communities in both countries (Study 2). Findings indicate global growth, increased acceptance, and professionalization of esports in both countries. Respondents perceived minimal influence from the ESBD, while the ESVÖ was viewed as a political interface with limited impact. Austrian participants reported greater Identification and Satisfaction with their association. However, perceived Belonging and Benefit showed no significant differences between the countries. Esports club membership was a key factor of overall satisfaction, as well as residence. Predictors such as age, gender, and hours per week playing did not consistently show significant effects. In general, awareness of the associations correlated with a stronger sense of Belonging among all community members. Despite the potential of associations to shape the future of esports, there is a noticeable gap in CS between them. To address this, associations should focus on increasing their visibility and creating incentives for individuals to become members.

研究调查了人们对电子竞技监管和制度化的看法；然而，对这些新成立的组织的社区满意度（CS）知之甚少，特别是在跨国背景下。本文考察了德国和奥地利电子竞技社区对国家电子竞技协会的满意度。德国的ESBD和奥地利的Esport Verband Österreich （ESVÖ）是合适的案例，因为它们的结构相似，但规模和运营历史不同。采用双重方法，对22位专家进行了访谈（14位来自德国，8位来自奥地利），重点关注电子竞技的发展和现状（研究1）。调查结果提供了一份在线问卷，该问卷收集了来自两国电子竞技社区的425份回复（研究2）。研究结果表明，两国电子竞技的全球增长、接受度和专业化程度都有所提高。答复者认为ESBD的影响很小，而ESVÖ则被视为影响有限的政治接口。奥地利参与者报告说，他们对这种关系的认同和满意程度更高。然而，感知归属感和利益在国家之间没有显着差异。电子竞技俱乐部的会员资格是总体满意度的关键因素，以及居住地。诸如年龄、性别和每周玩游戏的时间等预测因素并不总是显示出显著的影响。总的来说，对这些联系的认识与所有社区成员之间更强的归属感相关。尽管协会有可能塑造电子竞技的未来，但它们之间在CS方面存在明显的差距。为了解决这个问题，协会应该把重点放在提高知名度和激励个人成为会员上。

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引用次数: 0

Governance and integrity challenges in esports: A scoping review 电子竞技中的治理和诚信挑战：范围审查

IF 2.9 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100352

Aline Lopes da Silva Candeo , Salvador Jr Reyes , Nils Haller , Andrew Richardson , Holger Preuss , Thomas Souvignet , Thomas Könecke , Mathias Schubert

The rapid growth and commercial success of esports highlight the urgent need for clear regulations and governing bodies. To inform such processes, this scoping review maps existing knowledge on governance and integrity challenges in esports, distinguishing them from traditional sports governance frameworks. Existing literature is synthesized and organised to identify research gaps, to propose future research avenues and to thus provide guidance for policymaking and regulation. Specifically, it seeks to answer: What are the key governance and integrity challenges in esports, and how can policy and regulatory frameworks address them to ensure sustainable development?

The analysis revealed a constant increase of publications over the past decade, demonstrating the relevance of the topics. Based on both deductive and inductive coding, 19 dimensions of challenges were identified, including 8 related to governance and 11 to integrity. Key governance challenges include structures, regulations, democratic processes, legitimacy, and intellectual property. Prominent integrity challenges involve health issues, illegal sports betting, gender and sexuality, doping, and safeguarding.

The study reveals that traditional sports governance concepts are insufficient for addressing esports-specific issues, necessitating the development of dedicated frameworks. There is a need for future research to investigate player perspectives, assess the prevalence of challenges, and promote harmonized regulations. This review underscores the importance of a holistic perspective on governance and integrity to improve legitimacy and regulatory authority, ensuring the sustainable growth of the esports industry.

电子竞技的快速发展和商业上的成功凸显了制定明确的法规和管理机构的迫切需要。为了为这些过程提供信息，本范围审查绘制了关于电子竞技治理和诚信挑战的现有知识，将其与传统体育治理框架区分开来。对现有文献进行综合和组织，以确定研究差距，提出未来的研究途径，从而为政策制定和监管提供指导。具体来说，它试图回答：电子竞技中的关键治理和诚信挑战是什么，政策和监管框架如何解决这些问题以确保可持续发展？分析显示，在过去十年中，出版物不断增加，表明了这些主题的相关性。基于演绎和归纳编码，确定了19个挑战维度，其中8个与治理相关，11个与完整性相关。关键的治理挑战包括结构、法规、民主进程、合法性和知识产权。突出的诚信挑战涉及健康问题、非法体育博彩、性别和性行为、兴奋剂和保障。研究表明，传统的体育治理概念不足以解决电子竞技的具体问题，需要开发专门的框架。未来的研究需要调查玩家的观点，评估挑战的普遍性，并促进统一的法规。该审查强调了从整体角度看待治理和诚信的重要性，以提高合法性和监管权威，确保电子竞技产业的可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists among exercisers and recreational athletes and associated mental health symptoms 在锻炼者和休闲运动员中使用胰高血糖素样肽1 （GLP-1）激动剂及其相关的心理健康症状

IF 2.9 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100353

Daniel Martin , Rebecca M. Hawkins , Thomas I. Gee , Luke Turnock , Lambros Lazuras

Objectives

The present study assessed the self-reported use of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and associated health risk awareness and mental health symptoms among UK-based exercisers and recreational athletes.

Methods

Participants (n = 681) completed an online survey which assessed: (1) participation in exercise and sport; (2) past and intended future off-label use of GLP-1 agonists; and (3) awareness of associated health risks, body image disturbances, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Results

Over half of participants (57.9 %, n = 372) were familiar with GLP-1 agonists. Of these, 78.2 %, (n = 291) reported that they were unaware of any associated health risks. A quarter (25.5 %, n = 93) of participants had thought about using GLP-1 agonists off-label for physical appearance purposes, and 2.9 % (n = 11) reported having already used GLP-1 agonists. GLP-1 agonists were mainly sourced through online outlets (45.5 %, n = 5) or private sellers (18.2 %, n = 2), and 50.0 % (n = 5) of the users continued taking GLP-1 drugs even after perceiving they experienced adverse symptoms. The majority of users (63.6 %, n = 7) had followed more than one course of GLP-1 agonists, Semaglutide being the most commonly used GLP-1 agonist (54.5 %, n = 6), and 90.9 % (n = 10) of users believed they had bought the genuine product. Compared to non-users, participants who had used or thought about using GLP-1 agonists, reported significantly higher scores in symptoms of anxiety and depression, and in body image disturbances.

Conclusion

A sizeable proportion of exercisers and recreational athletes contemplated GLP-1 agonist use for body image enhancement purposes, despite being unaware of associated health risks and experiencing elevated mental health symptoms in comparison to non-contemplators.

目的本研究评估英国锻锻者和休闲运动员中自我报告的胰高血糖素样肽1 （GLP-1）激动剂的使用情况以及相关的健康风险意识和心理健康症状。方法参与者（n = 681）完成一项在线调查，评估：(1)参与锻炼和体育运动；(2) GLP-1激动剂过去和未来的说明书外使用；(3)对相关健康风险、身体形象障碍以及焦虑和抑郁症状的认识。结果超过一半的参与者（57.9%,n = 372）熟悉GLP-1激动剂。其中，78.2% （n = 291）的人报告说他们不知道任何相关的健康风险。四分之一（25.5%,n = 93）的参与者考虑过使用GLP-1激动剂以达到外观目的，2.9% （n = 11）的参与者报告已经使用了GLP-1激动剂。GLP-1激动剂主要通过网络渠道（45.5%,n = 5）或私人卖家（18.2%,n = 2）获得，50.0% （n = 5）的使用者在感觉出现不良症状后仍继续服用GLP-1药物。大多数使用者（63.6%,n = 7）服用了一个以上的GLP-1激动剂疗程，Semaglutide是最常用的GLP-1激动剂（54.5%,n = 6）， 90.9% （n = 10）的使用者认为他们购买的是正品。与未使用GLP-1激动剂的参与者相比，使用或考虑使用GLP-1激动剂的参与者在焦虑和抑郁症状以及身体形象障碍方面的得分明显更高。结论：相当大比例的锻炼者和休闲运动员考虑使用GLP-1激动剂来增强身体形象，尽管与非锻炼者相比，他们没有意识到相关的健康风险，并且经历了更高的心理健康症状。

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引用次数: 0

‘Much better than the rest of the world, but there is still a lot to do’: Promoting gender equality in Nordic esports “比世界其他地区好得多，但仍有很多工作要做”：促进北欧电子竞技中的性别平等

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100378

Usva Friman, Matilda Ståhl

In this study, we will approach gender equality in esports as an organisational question, focusing specifically on gender discrimination as an integrity and governance issue in (inter)national esports federations in a specific geographical and cultural context. We will explore how esports federations in the Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland) aim to promote gender equality in their operations – and the tensions and challenges involved in this process. Our material consists of seven thematic semi-structured interviews with representatives of national esports federations in the Nordic countries.

Our analysis focuses on three research questions:

RQ1: How do representatives of the Nordic esports federations understand their current gender equality situation?

RQ2: What steps are these organisations taking to promote gender equality in Nordic esports?

RQ3: What kind of tensions and challenges relate to these conceptions and goals?

To answer these questions, we will explore our interview material reflected against the gendered structures in esports organisations and governance as well as the idea of gender equality as part of the ‘Nordic brand.’ Our findings will demonstrate that while gender equality is described as a central goal and value shared amongst the Nordic esports federations, there are also some tensions and challenges in the way of pursuing this goal, including a lack of clear value definitions, goals, and strategies, a limited and uncertain perspective of the target group of gender equality actions, the contested question of gender segregation as an inclusion tool, and financial constraints. Without specific strategies and matching tangible practices for improving gender equality, there is also a significant risk that the perceived shared goal to pursue gender equality will remain at the level of brand talk instead of creating real change.

在本研究中，我们将把电子竞技中的性别平等作为一个组织问题来处理，特别关注性别歧视作为一个特定地理和文化背景下（国际）国家电子竞技联合会的诚信和治理问题。我们将探讨北欧国家（芬兰、瑞典、挪威、丹麦和冰岛）的电子竞技联合会如何在其运营中促进性别平等，以及这一过程中涉及的紧张关系和挑战。我们的材料包括对北欧国家国家电子竞技联合会代表的七个主题半结构化访谈。我们的分析集中在三个研究问题上：RQ1：北欧电子竞技联合会的代表如何理解他们目前的性别平等状况？RQ2：这些组织采取了哪些措施来促进北欧电子竞技中的性别平等？RQ3：与这些概念和目标相关的紧张和挑战是什么？为了回答这些问题，我们将探讨我们的采访材料，这些材料反映了电子竞技组织和治理中的性别结构，以及性别平等作为“北欧品牌”的一部分的想法。“我们的研究结果将表明，虽然性别平等被描述为北欧电子竞技联合会共享的核心目标和价值，但在追求这一目标的过程中也存在一些紧张和挑战，包括缺乏明确的价值定义、目标和战略，对性别平等行动目标群体的有限和不确定的视角，性别隔离作为包容工具的争议问题，以及财政限制。”如果没有改善性别平等的具体策略和相应的切实做法，那么追求性别平等的共同目标可能只停留在品牌层面，而不会带来真正的改变。

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引用次数: 0

The digital IPED ecosystem as digital materiality 作为数字物质的数字IPED生态系统

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100359

April Henning , Jesper Andreasson

The use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) has expanded beyond elite athletes and bodybuilding subcultures, largely due to the accessibility of online platforms and social media. This study conceptualizes IPED use as a digital IPED ecosystem (DIE), emphasizing the interconnection between digital environments/life and physical practice/life. By integrating these via digital materiality, we explore how online forums, social media influencers, and e-commerce platforms are mutually constructive of IPED discourse, trade, and use. The research maps two key dimensions of the DIE: 1. the online environment, where IPED information sharing and trade take place; 2. the roles of the resident species, including users, sellers, moderators, influencers, and experts. We then discuss the digital-material entanglements, illustrating how online interactions are intertwined with offline IPED behaviors. We critique limited approaches to understanding IPEDs in the online context limited by sharp distinctions between online/offline and physical/digital, arguing it oversimplifies the complex socio-cultural dynamics at play across domains. We propose a framework based in the ideas of digital materiality that moves beyond this divide to understand the DIE, its environments, and the species that interact with and within them, as both digital and physical.

提高形象和成绩的药物（IPEDs）的使用已经扩展到精英运动员和健美亚文化之外，这主要是由于在线平台和社交媒体的可访问性。本研究将IPED的使用概念化为数字IPED生态系统（DIE），强调数字环境/生活与物理实践/生活之间的互连。通过数字物质性整合这些，我们探讨了在线论坛、社交媒体影响者和电子商务平台如何在IPED的话语、贸易和使用中相互构建。该研究绘制了DIE的两个关键维度：1。国际知识产权局信息共享和交易的在线环境；2. 常驻物种的角色，包括用户、卖家、版主、影响者和专家。然后，我们讨论了数字材料的纠缠，说明了在线互动如何与离线IPED行为交织在一起。我们批评了理解在线背景下iped的有限方法，这些方法受到在线/离线和物理/数字之间的明显区别的限制，认为它过度简化了跨领域发挥作用的复杂社会文化动态。我们提出了一个基于数字物质概念的框架，超越了这一界限，以理解DIE，它的环境，以及与之互动的物种，无论是数字的还是物理的。

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引用次数: 0

"There are a lot of vulnerabilities still left": Governance Issues in Virtual Sports “仍然存在许多漏洞”：虚拟体育中的管理问题

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100360

Thibault Fouquaert , Anne Tjønndal , Annick Willem

International sport governing bodies are investing considerable time and effort into the development of competitive virtual sports, with two prominent examples being virtual cycling and virtual triathlon. As virtual cycling, triathlon and other virtual sports sit between the intersection of sport and esports, these innovative sporting formats create novel governance dilemmas. Against this backdrop, this study examines the governance issues that stakeholders in virtual sports are currently facing. Methodologically, the study is based on qualitative interviews with representatives from national and international sport governing bodies, elite athletes, journalists and content creators in virtual cycling and virtual triathlon. Central to our findings is the notion that governance issues in virtual sports both mirror and nuance those of esports and sport. The analysis identified four types of governance issues related to (1) doping, (2) platform fragmentation, (3) transparency and (4) commitment and decision-making. In particular, governance issues experienced by stakeholders encompass physical-, cognitive-, software-, and hardware-related manipulation, as well as concerns around the intersection of commercial interests, data privacy, and performance verification. Overall, the unanimous call for stronger commitment of international governing bodies point to a critical gap in proactive governance, social responsibility, and athlete support within the emerging discipline of virtual cycling.

国际体育管理机构正在投入大量时间和精力发展竞争性虚拟运动，其中两个突出的例子是虚拟自行车和虚拟铁人三项。由于虚拟自行车、铁人三项和其他虚拟运动处于体育和电子竞技的交叉点之间，这些创新的体育形式带来了新的治理困境。在此背景下，本研究探讨了虚拟体育利益相关者目前面临的治理问题。在方法上，这项研究是基于对国家和国际体育管理机构代表、精英运动员、记者和虚拟自行车和虚拟铁人三项内容创作者的定性访谈。我们发现的核心概念是，虚拟体育中的管理问题既反映了电子竞技和体育运动的问题，又有细微差别。该分析确定了与(1)兴奋剂、(2)平台碎片化、(3)透明度和(4)承诺和决策相关的四种治理问题。特别地，涉众所经历的治理问题包括物理、认知、软件和硬件相关的操作，以及围绕商业利益、数据隐私和性能验证的交叉点的关注。总的来说，国际管理机构一致呼吁加强承诺，这表明在虚拟自行车这一新兴学科中，在积极治理、社会责任和运动员支持方面存在重大差距。

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引用次数: 0

Not passive victims: A qualitative study of gendered understandings, experiences, and coping strategies of toxicity among Norwegian Esports students 不是被动的受害者：挪威电子竞技学生对毒性的性别理解、经验和应对策略的定性研究

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100363

Stian Overå, Niri Talberg

In esports and online gaming, toxicity represents a significant challenge that stems from negative behaviours, including harassment, hate speech, and bullying. Although prior research has documented its prevalence, not much is known about how young esports players experience and navigate these issues, particularly in educational contexts. This study examines how Norwegian high school students in an elite esports programme perceived, experienced, and managed toxicity. A reflexive thematic analysis of interviews with 12 students (9 male, 3 female) and follow-up interviews with 10 students (7 male, 3 female) revealed experiences of both performance- and identity-based toxicity. While male students primarily faced performance-based toxicity, female students encountered gendered harassment. Male peers condemned this gendered harassment but emphasised the severity of their own experiences. Beyond gender, players noted that skill level influenced the frequency and type of toxicity, with mid-tier ranks experiencing it more than those in lower or higher tiers. Although toxicity was prevalent, students rejected the victimhood mentality. They employed various coping strategies—ranging from social, technical, pedagogical, in-game, and psychological approaches—thereby demonstrating resilience and a commitment to fostering inclusive esports communities. This study reveals how educational environments shape coping strategies and awareness of toxicity. It emphasises the necessity for inclusive, gender-sensitive approaches in esports governance and mental health initiatives to tackle performance-related toxicity and gender exclusion. Future research should explore how educational interventions extend beyond schools and how skill level and intersectional factors—such as ethnicity, sexuality, and socioeconomic background—interact with gender to influence toxicity in esports.

在电子竞技和在线游戏中，毒性代表着一种重大挑战，源于负面行为，包括骚扰、仇恨言论和欺凌。尽管之前的研究已经证明了它的普遍性，但对于年轻的电子竞技选手如何经历和应对这些问题，尤其是在教育背景下，我们知之甚少。本研究考察了参加精英电子竞技项目的挪威高中生如何感知、体验和管理毒性。对12名学生（9名男生，3名女生）的访谈和对10名学生（7名男生，3名女生）的后续访谈进行了反身性主题分析，揭示了基于表演和身份的毒性体验。男学生主要面临的是基于成绩的毒害，而女学生则遇到了性别骚扰。男性同事谴责这种性别骚扰，但强调他们自己经历的严重性。除了性别之外，玩家还注意到技能水平会影响毒性的频率和类型，中级玩家比低级或高级玩家更容易受到毒性的影响。虽然毒性很普遍，但学生们拒绝了受害者的心态。他们采用了各种各样的应对策略——从社交、技术、教学、游戏和心理方法——从而展示了韧性和培养包容性电子竞技社区的承诺。本研究揭示了教育环境如何塑造应对策略和毒性意识。它强调必须在电子竞技治理和心理健康举措中采取包容性和性别敏感的方法，以解决与成绩有关的毒性和性别排斥问题。未来的研究应该探索教育干预如何延伸到学校之外，以及技能水平和交叉因素（如种族、性别和社会经济背景）如何与性别相互作用，从而影响电子竞技中的毒性。

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引用次数: 0