Performance enhancement and health最新文献_第2页

A multimodal, theory-based prevention program for IPED use in recreational fitness: evidence from a German cluster-randomized study 休闲健身中使用IPED的多模式、基于理论的预防方案：来自德国集群随机研究的证据

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100406

René Paasch , Gunnar Mau , Oliver Korol

Objectives

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a multimodal, theory-based intervention in reducing image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) use and improving psychological determinants among recreational fitness participants.

Design

A cluster-randomized longitudinal trial was conducted in four German fitness studios.

Methods

A total of 250 participants were allocated to an experimental group (n = 115) and a control group (n = 135). Assessments were conducted at baseline (T1), during the intervention (T2–T3), and at follow-up (T4) and at follow-up (T4; 4 weeks post-intervention) The program combined motivational enhancement, psychoeducation, choice architecture, and harm reduction, guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Health Belief Model (HBM), Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), Prototype Willingness Model (PWT), and nudging principles (MINDSPACE). Reliability (Cronbach’s α), mixed-model analyses (T1–T3), and logistic regression (T4) were applied.

Results

All scales demonstrated good to excellent reliability (α = 0.74–.89). Significant Group × Time effects (T1–T3) were found for intention, perceived control, risk perception, fear, protection motivation, and nudging perception, with greater improvements in the experimental group. At T4, booster use was 53.0% in the experimental group compared to 69.6% in controls (absolute risk reduction = 16.6 percentage points; relative risk = 0.76; number needed to treat ≈ 6). Logistic regression confirmed group allocation as the only significant predictor of booster use (OR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.28, 0.80], p = .005), independent of age, gender, and baseline use. No attrition occurred.

Conclusion

A multimodal, theory-based intervention improved psychological determinants and reduced IPED use in recreational fitness. Positioning TPB as the core model, complemented by HBM, EPPM, PWT, and nudging, underscores the value of integrated prevention and harm reduction strategies in real-world fitness settings.

目的：本研究评估了一种多模式、基于理论的干预方法在减少娱乐健身参与者使用图像和性能增强药物（IPED）和改善心理决定因素方面的有效性。DesignA集群随机纵向试验在四家德国健身工作室进行。方法250例受试者随机分为实验组（n = 115）和对照组（n = 135）。评估在基线（T1）、干预期间（T2-T3）、随访（T4）和随访（T4；干预后4周）进行。该项目以计划行为理论（TPB）、健康信念模型（HBM）、扩展平行过程模型（epppm）、原型意愿模型（PWT）和轻推原则（MINDSPACE）为指导，结合动机增强、心理教育、选择架构和减少伤害。采用信度（Cronbach’s α）、混合模型分析（T1-T3）和逻辑回归（T4）。结果各量表的信度均为良至优（α = 0.74 ~ 0.89）。在意向、控制知觉、风险知觉、恐惧、保护动机和轻推知觉方面存在显著的组×时间效应（T1-T3），实验组的改善更大。T4时，实验组增强剂使用率为53.0%，对照组为69.6%（绝对风险降低= 16.6个百分点；相对风险= 0.76；需要治疗的人数≈6）。Logistic回归证实，分组分配是唯一显著预测增强剂使用的因素（OR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.28, 0.80], p = 0.005），与年龄、性别和基线使用无关。没有发生磨损。结论基于理论的多模式干预改善了休闲健身的心理决定因素，减少了IPED的使用。将TPB定位为核心模式，辅以HBM、epppm、PWT和助推，强调了在现实世界的健身环境中，综合预防和减少危害策略的价值。

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引用次数: 0

Running into obsolescence: Paralympic prosthetics and the Cybathlon alternative 即将过时：残奥假肢和Cybathlon替代品

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2026.100416

Bryce T.J. Dyer

The role of prosthetic technology in elite sport with a disability remains contested, positioned uneasily between narratives of fairness, enhancement and empowerment. The paper argues that the Paralympic Games model is rooted in technological conservatism, treating technologies such as prosthetics as a threat to fairness and regulating them as only partially corrective tools rather than as a true restoration of abilities. By contrast, the Cybathlon embraces performance enhancing assistive technologies as integral to athletic performance and everyday life, designing competition tasks around real-world challenges. Through this comparison, the paper demonstrates that the Paralympics’ restrictive ethos to prosthetic limbs rules risks its obsolescence when the prosthetics currently used will no longer reflect that of everyday practice or society. In contrast, the Cybathlon reflects a progressive approach that celebrates a human–machine hybridity. This paper offers a conceptual commentary that introduces ‘technological obsolescence’ as a consideration for understanding Para Sport regulation and equipment-based performance enhancement.

假肢技术在残疾精英体育运动中的作用仍然存在争议，在公平、增强和赋权的叙事之间不安地定位。论文认为，残奥会模式植根于技术保守主义，将假肢等技术视为对公平的威胁，并将其视为部分纠正工具，而不是真正恢复能力。相比之下，Cybathlon将提高成绩的辅助技术作为运动表现和日常生活的一部分，围绕现实世界的挑战设计比赛任务。通过这一对比，本文表明，当目前使用的假肢不再反映日常实践或社会时，残奥会对假肢规则的限制性精神可能会过时。相比之下，Cybathlon反映了一种庆祝人机混合的进步方法。本文提供了一个概念性的评论，介绍了“技术过时”作为理解残疾人运动规则和基于设备的性能提高的考虑因素。

引用次数: 0

Off-label Semaglutide & GLP-1 weight-loss medicine use for anti-ageing: A Netnography of older bodybuilders’ experiences and understandings 标签外的Semaglutide & GLP-1减肥药用于抗衰老：老年健美运动员的经验和理解的网络图

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100355

Luke A. Turnock , Jennifer Germain , Mikey Hirst , Evelyn Hearne

Background

GLP-1 weight-loss medicines (e.g. Semaglutide; Tirzepatide) are increasingly prevalent, with many users accessing these drugs off-label through the internet for lifestyle purposes. However, to date there has been little research examining their use for anti-ageing purposes. This article fills this gap by examining the perspectives and experiences of older bodybuilders on forums regarding their use of GLP drugs for anti-ageing.

Methods

This research was a netnography of the two largest bodybuilding and steroid specific forums on the web, exploring 12,392 unique posts from the top 160 threads, captured in 2024. Qualitative thematic analysis of posts was undertaken.

Findings

GLP drugs were felt to have a number of benefits for anti-ageing, longevity and general wellbeing. Many older bodybuilders took them for their anti-inflammatory effects, which allowed them to train despite age-related joint pain and general inflammation. Further, many bodybuilders highlighted emerging scientific research regarding GLP medicines’ potential benefits for anti-ageing more broadly, including brain and heart health, and improving insulin sensitivity when older. The role of ‘expert’ users on forums sharing findings from scientific research encouraged forms of use beyond existing clinical guidelines, but also facilitated harm reduction by encouraging forum users to switch from higher risk drugs like HGH and growth hormone secreting peptides to GLP medicines for anti-ageing.

Discussion

It is clear that anti-ageing is a significant motivator for GLP use among older bodybuilders, and public health policy must understand and acknowledge older users’ distinct motivations and approaches to use in order to best serve this population. The role of forum folk pharmacology in both encouraging unapproved therapies, but also enabling harm reduction through encouraging safer approaches to drug use is also important to understand when considering public health approaches to this population.

背景：glp -1减肥药（如Semaglutide； tizepatide）越来越普遍，许多使用者为了生活方式的目的通过互联网获得这些药物。然而，迄今为止，很少有研究调查它们在抗衰老方面的作用。这篇文章填补了这一空白，通过检查的观点和经验的老年健美运动员在论坛上关于他们使用GLP药物抗衰老。方法本研究是对网上两个最大的健身和类固醇论坛的网络记录，从2024年捕获的前160个帖子中探索12392个独特的帖子。对员额进行了定性专题分析。研究发现，glp药物被认为对抗衰老、长寿和总体健康有许多好处。许多年纪较大的健美运动员服用它们，因为它们具有抗炎作用，这使他们能够在与年龄有关的关节疼痛和全身炎症的情况下进行训练。此外，许多健美运动员强调了关于GLP药物在更广泛的抗衰老方面的潜在益处的新兴科学研究，包括大脑和心脏健康，以及提高老年人的胰岛素敏感性。在论坛上分享科学研究成果的“专家”用户的作用鼓励了现有临床指南之外的使用形式，但也通过鼓励论坛用户从HGH和生长激素分泌肽等高风险药物转向用于抗衰老的GLP药物来促进减少危害。很明显，抗衰老是老年健美运动员使用GLP的一个重要动机，公共卫生政策必须理解和承认老年用户使用GLP的独特动机和方法，以便最好地为这一人群服务。论坛民间药理学在鼓励未经批准的疗法以及通过鼓励更安全的药物使用方法来减少伤害方面的作用，在考虑对这一人群采取公共卫生办法时也很重要。

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引用次数: 0

Shaping the next generation of athlete support personnel in Spain: integrating a multi-modal anti-doping education program in bachelor's degree in sports sciences 塑造西班牙下一代运动员支持人员：在体育科学学士学位中整合多模式反兴奋剂教育计划

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100402

Arturo Franco-Andrés , Inés Rodríguez-Ferrero , Millán Aguilar-Navarro , Juan Del Coso , Elena García-Grimau , Philip Hurst , Jorge Domínguez-Carrión , Carolina García , Alejandro Muñoz

Athlete Support Personnel – ASP- (e.g., Coaches, Physiotherapists, Nutritionists) play a crucial role in shaping athletes’ decision to use prohibited performance enhancing substances. Many ASP will study a sports sciences degree prior to assisting athletes. However, the curricula of bachelor's degree programs in Sports Sciences seldom include dedicated academic training on anti-doping regulations or doping prevention strategies. This study assessed the effectiveness of an anti-doping education program, integrated into the Sports Sciences bachelor's curriculum of a Spanish university, in improving students' knowledge and retention of anti-doping principles. 81 bachelor’s students in Sports Science participated in a comprehensive multi-component educational intervention that included a 6-h lecture series on doping, anti-doping regulations, a 2-hour seminar on anti-doping testing procedures, a 2-h session focused on the risks associated with supplementation and the completion of a 20-h certified online course provided by the Spanish Anti-Doping Commission on the role of ASP to prevent doping. An adapted version of the World Anti-Doping Agency’s Play True Quiz, consisting of 37 multiple-choice and true/false questions, was administered at three time points: before the intervention, immediately after, and at a six-month follow-up. Anti-doping knowledge measured with the questionnaire improved significantly following the intervention (from 62.2 ± 10.2 to 76.1 ± 12.5 points; p < 0.001). Although a decline was observed at the six-month follow-up, scores remained significantly higher than baseline (69.5 ± 11.3 points; p < 0.001). In conclusion, a structured, muti-modal anti-doping education program effectively improved anti-doping knowledge among Spanish bachelor’s students in Sports Sciences, with knowledge retention persisting over six months.

运动员支持人员（ASP）（如教练、物理治疗师、营养学家）在决定运动员是否使用禁用的提高成绩的物质方面起着至关重要的作用。许多ASP在帮助运动员之前将学习体育科学学位。然而，体育科学学士学位课程很少包括反兴奋剂法规或兴奋剂预防策略的专门学术培训。本研究评估了将反兴奋剂教育项目纳入西班牙一所大学体育科学本科课程，在提高学生对反兴奋剂原则的认识和保留方面的有效性。81名体育科学专业的本科学生参加了一个全面的多组件教育干预，包括6小时关于兴奋剂、反兴奋剂法规的系列讲座，2小时关于反兴奋剂检测程序的研讨会，2小时关于补充兴奋剂相关风险的课程，以及完成由西班牙反兴奋剂委员会提供的20小时关于ASP在预防兴奋剂中的作用的认证在线课程。一个改编自世界反兴奋剂机构（World Anti-Doping Agency）的真实测试（Play True Quiz），由37个选择题和真假问题组成，在三个时间点进行：干预前、干预后和六个月的随访。干预后问卷测得的反兴奋剂知识显著提高（从62.2±10.2分提高到76.1±12.5分；p < 0.001）。虽然在六个月的随访中观察到下降，但得分仍然明显高于基线（69.5±11.3分；p < 0.001）。总之，一个结构化的、多模式的反兴奋剂教育项目有效地提高了西班牙体育科学本科学生的反兴奋剂知识，知识保留持续了6个月以上。

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引用次数: 0

Self-compassion, depressive symptoms, and well-being: A cross-sectional exploration across athlete status and gender 自我同情、抑郁症状和幸福感：运动员身份和性别的横断面研究

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100397

Fríða Rún Einarsdóttir , Nanna Ýr Arnardóttir , Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir , Johanna Belz , Göran Kenttä , Mitchell Andersson , Richard E. Tahtinen

Self-compassion is associated with positive mental health outcomes and may buffer against negative self-evaluations and emotional difficulties. Nevertheless, studies among athletes often explore self-compassion in specific groups in isolation (e.g., women athletes) (Röthlin et al., 2019). The aims of this study were to 1) explore whether the relationship between gender and composite scores and specific dimensions of self-compassion (e.g., self-judgement) was moderated by athlete status; and 2) to explore the relationship between different dimensions of self-compassion and self-reported depressive symptoms and well-being among team sport athletes (n = 84, M_age = 22.9 ± 5.0; 57.1 %men) and non-athletes (n = 189, M_age = 35.5 ± 5.9; 32.8 %men). For our first aim, the relationship between gender and self-compassion (including specific dimensions) was not moderated by athlete status. However, regardless of gender, athletes reported significantly higher total self-compassion scores and significantly lower scores on specific dimensions of self-compassion, isolation, and over-identification, than non-athletes. For our second aim, self-judgement was positively associated with depressive symptoms in both athletes and non-athletes. Self-judgment was, however, negatively associated with well-being only among athletes, and isolation was negatively correlated with well-being only among non-athletes. Our results suggest that reducing self-judgement may be particularly important for promoting athletes’ mental health

自我同情与积极的心理健康结果有关，并可能缓冲消极的自我评价和情绪困难。然而，对运动员的研究经常孤立地探索特定群体（例如女运动员）的自我同情（Röthlin等人，2019）。本研究的目的是：1)探讨性别与自我同情的综合得分和特定维度（如自我判断）之间的关系是否受到运动员身份的调节；2)探讨团体运动运动员（n = 84, Mage = 22.9±5.0，男性57.1%）和非运动员（n = 189, Mage = 35.5±5.9，男性32.8%）不同维度自我同情与自我报告抑郁症状和幸福感的关系。对于我们的第一个目标，性别和自我同情（包括特定维度）之间的关系不受运动员身份的调节。然而，无论性别如何，运动员的总自我同情得分显著高于非运动员，而在自我同情、孤立和过度认同的特定维度上的得分显著低于非运动员。对于我们的第二个目标，自我判断与运动员和非运动员的抑郁症状呈正相关。然而，自我判断仅在运动员中与幸福感呈负相关，孤立感仅在非运动员中与幸福感呈负相关。我们的研究结果表明，减少自我判断可能对促进运动员的心理健康特别重要

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引用次数: 0

The impact of recovery time on body mass variations, dietary intake, cognitive aspects, and performance in judo athletes engaging in rapid weight loss practices 恢复时间对柔道运动员进行快速减肥练习的体重变化、饮食摄入、认知方面和表现的影响

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100400

Danilo França Conceição-Santos , Markus Gerber , Christianne de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani , Juliana Murasaki , Larissa Registro da Costa , Sebastian Ludyga , Emerson Franchini

In 2017, the International Judo Federation (IJF) changed weigh-in rules, shifting the weigh-in to the day before competition and introducing random weigh-ins on competition day. However, the impact of these new rules remains unclear. This study compared the effects of these weigh-in procedures on body mass, nutritional intake, psychological aspects, and performance. Twenty-six judo athletes (night before weigh-in: n = 13; same day weigh-in: n = 13) were assessed for body mass, nutritional intake, psychological factors, and performance under two weigh-in conditions: the night before and in the same day of competition. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the prevalence (77% vs. 75%) or magnitude (4.37% vs. 3.49 %) of rapid weight loss between the night before weigh-in group and the same day weigh-in group, respectively. However, the night weigh-in group presented a higher post-weigh-in energy intake (night weigh-in: 44.8 ± 11.1 kcal.kg^-1.day^-1 vs. same day weigh-in: 15.6 ± 10.4 kcal.kg^-1. day^-1) and carbohydrate intake (night weigh-in: 5.62 ± 1.38 g.kg^-1. day^-1 vs. same day weigh-in: 2.06 ± 1.40 g.kg^-1. day^-1) (p < 0.001). Additionally, the night weigh-in group exhibited higher response times in cognitive tasks at day +1 compared to day 10, in relation to the same day weigh-in group (p = 0.025; 95% CI diff = 1.79, 26.07), while technical performance did not differ between groups. These findings highlight the need for better nutrition management and awareness of the psychological risks associated with rapid weight loss practices in judo.

2017年，国际柔道联合会（IJF）改变了称重规则，将称重改为比赛前一天，并在比赛日引入随机称重。然而，这些新规定的影响尚不清楚。这项研究比较了这些称重程序对体重、营养摄入、心理方面和表现的影响。对26名柔道运动员（赛前一晚称重：n = 13；赛前一晚称重：n = 13）在赛前一晚和比赛当天两种称重条件下的体重、营养摄入、心理因素和表现进行了评估。体重快速下降的发生率（77% vs. 75%）和幅度（4.37% vs. 3.49%）在前一天晚上称重组和当天称重组之间没有显著差异（P > 0.05）。然而，夜间称重组在称重后的能量摄入更高（夜间称重：44.8±11.1 kcal.kg-1）。第1天与当天体重：15.6±10.4 kcal.kg-1。和碳水化合物摄入量（夜间体重：5.62±1.38 g.kg-1）。第1天与当天重量：2.06±1.40 g.kg-1。第一天)（p < 0.001）。此外，与当天称重组相比，夜间称重组在第1天的认知任务中表现出更高的反应时间（p = 0.025; 95% CI diff = 1.79, 26.07），而各组之间的技术表现没有差异。这些发现强调需要更好的营养管理和意识到与柔道快速减肥练习相关的心理风险。

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引用次数: 0

Ketamine and psilocybin for athletes: A therapeutic breakthrough or a slippery slope? 运动员服用氯胺酮和裸盖菇素：治疗突破还是滑坡？

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100386

Thomas Zandonai , Sofia Venturini , Ornella Corazza

引用次数: 0

Dope stereotypes: When perception runs south and prevalence points north 毒品刻板印象：当认知向南而流行向北时

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100398

Werner Pitsch , Ask Vest Christiansen

In this study, we investigated regional differences in doping prevalence among recreational athletes in Northern and Southern Europe. Drawing on data from the largest survey to date on doping in recreational sport across six European countries (n = 3,043), the study challenges the common assumption that doping is more prevalent in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe. To estimate the prevalence of doping and the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drug use for performance enhancement, we applied the Randomized Response Technique (RRT). We specifically examined discrepancies between respondents perceived prevalence of doping and the prevalence estimated via RRT.

Participants from Southern Europe perceived national doping prevalence to be 27%, while the RRT estimated actual prevalence at only 0.5%. In contrast, participants from Northern Europe perceived national doping prevalence to be 10%, while the RRT estimated prevalence to be 6.3%.

To account for this unexpected pattern, we conducted additional analyses. However, controlling for variables such as competition level, sport type, and relative duration of participation did not explain the observed difference. Likewise, moral identity varied by region, but the differences did not align with the RRT-based estimates.

Our findings challenge prevailing models that link individual perceptions and attitudes to doping behavior and expose limitations in current understandings of how attitudes influence societal patterns. We argue that simplistic explanations may obscure more complex dynamics and call for more nuanced approaches in anti-doping research.

在这项研究中，我们调查了北欧和南欧休闲运动员中兴奋剂流行率的区域差异。这项研究利用了迄今为止在六个欧洲国家（n = 3043）进行的关于休闲体育运动中使用兴奋剂的最大规模调查的数据，对南欧比北欧使用兴奋剂更普遍的假设提出了挑战。为了估计兴奋剂和非处方（OTC）药物使用以提高成绩的流行程度，我们应用了随机反应技术（RRT）。我们特别检查了受访者感知的兴奋剂流行率与通过RRT估计的流行率之间的差异。来自南欧的参与者认为本国的兴奋剂患病率为27%，而RRT估计实际患病率仅为0.5%。相比之下，来自北欧的参与者认为本国的兴奋剂患病率为10%，而RRT估计的患病率为6.3%。为了解释这种意想不到的模式，我们进行了额外的分析。然而，控制诸如比赛水平、运动类型和相对参与时间等变量并不能解释观察到的差异。同样，道德认同因地区而异，但差异与基于rrt的估计不一致。我们的研究结果挑战了将个人认知和态度与兴奋剂行为联系起来的主流模型，并暴露了目前对态度如何影响社会模式的理解的局限性。我们认为，简单的解释可能会掩盖更复杂的动态，并呼吁在反兴奋剂研究中采取更细致的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Associations between anabolic-androgenic steroid testing, healthcare access and undesirable effects among international consumers 合成代谢雄激素类固醇测试、医疗保健获取和国际消费者不良影响之间的关系

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100390

Etienne Grobler , Cheneal Puljević , Benjamin Bonenti , Jason Ferris , Monica J. Barratt , Adam Winstock , Steve Vigorous , Amber Domberelli , Geoff Spurling , Timothy Piatkowski

Background

Anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) consumption is associated with significant physical and psychological health risks, often linked to unregulated supply chains and difficulty accessing informed healthcare. Therefore, this study examines how healthcare access difficulties and independently testing AAS purity and content relate to self-reported undesirable effects among AAS consumers.

Methods

Data from 854 respondents (95.6% male) reporting past-year AAS consumption in the 2024 Global Drug Survey were analysed. Respondents provided information on healthcare access, AAS testing behaviours, and undesirable physical (e.g., cardiovascular) and psychological (e.g., mood disturbances) effects. Chi-squared tests assessed differences across four groups defined by combinations of difficulty accessing healthcare and AAS testing.

Results

Respondents not testing their AAS and experiencing difficulty accessing healthcare (n = 196) reported significantly higher frequencies of several undesirable effects compared to the other three groups (n = 102–390). Significant differences were observed for decreased sexual function (χ² (3) = 10.19, p = .017, φc = 0.109), decreased fertility (χ² (3) = 11.54, p = .009, φc = 0.116), negative impacts on sexual organs (χ² (3) = 8.08, p = .044, φc = 0.097), anger/aggression (χ² (3) = 13.27, p = .004, φc = 0.125), depression/low mood (χ² (3) = 10.62, p = .014, φc = 0.112), and irritability (χ² (3) = 8.66, p = .034, φc = 0.101).

Conclusion

Difficulties accessing healthcare and not testing AAS are associated with higher reported AAS-related undesirable effects, though consumer-specific and contextual factors may be central. These findings highlight the need to address systemic and psychosocial barriers to reduce AAS-related harms.

代谢-雄激素类固醇（AAS）的消费与重大的生理和心理健康风险相关，通常与不受监管的供应链和难以获得知情的医疗保健有关。因此，本研究考察了医疗保健获取困难和独立测试AAS纯度和含量与AAS消费者自我报告的不良影响之间的关系。方法分析2024年全球药物调查中报告过去一年AAS消费的854名受访者（95.6%为男性）的数据。答复者提供了关于医疗保健获取、AAS检测行为以及不良的身体（如心血管）和心理（如情绪紊乱）影响的信息。卡方检验评估了四组之间的差异，这些差异由获得医疗保健和AAS测试的难度组合定义。结果与其他三组（n = 102-390）相比，未测试其AAS且难以获得医疗保健的受访者（n = 196）报告的几种不良影响的频率显着更高。性功能下降显著差异观察(χ²(3)= 10.19,p = .017,φc = 0.109),减少生育(χ²(3)= 11.54,p = .009,φc = 0.116),负面影响性器官(χ²(3)= 8.08,p = .044,φc = 0.097),愤怒/侵略(χ²(3)= 13.27,p = 04,φc = 0.125),抑郁/低情绪(χ²(3)= 10.62,p = .014,φc = 0.112),和易怒(χ²(3)= 8.66,p = .034,φc = 0.101)。结论：尽管消费者特定因素和环境因素可能是中心因素，但难以获得医疗服务和未检测AAS与较高的AAS相关不良影响相关。这些发现强调了解决系统性和社会心理障碍以减少aas相关危害的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Doping attitudes and prevention needs in recreational sports: A behavioral cluster analysis based on the theory of planned behavior and risk acceptance 休闲体育中的兴奋剂态度与预防需求：基于计划行为和风险接受理论的行为聚类分析

IF 3.7 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Performance enhancement and health

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100392

René Paasch , Gunnar Mau , Oliver Korol

Background

The use of anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) in recreational fitness has become increasingly widespread, posing serious health risks and creating challenges for prevention and harm reduction.

Objective

The aim was to identify distinct groups of recreational fitness athletes based on attitudes, intentions, and risk perception, and to analyze their prevention needs.

Methods

A standardized online survey (N = 772; n = 749 with complete TPB data) assessed four psychological scales: intention, avoidance, risk perception, and risk acceptance. These variables were analyzed using a hierarchically validated k-means cluster analysis, which is particularly suited to identifying heterogeneous subgroups in large datasets and provides stable solutions. In addition, open-ended responses (n ≈ 600) from the same sample on motives for use, informational needs, and preferred prevention formats were examined through qualitative content analysis. The mixed-methods design allowed for a comprehensive interpretation of user typologies and their prevention needs.

Results

Seven distinct user clusters with heterogeneous motivational and cognitive profiles were identified. Respondents particularly emphasized digital visibility, authentic testimonials, and continuous education as preferred prevention formats.

Conclusion

This study identified seven distinct user clusters that differed substantially in their attitudes, intentions, and prevention needs, highlighting the necessity of tailored, behaviorally informed prevention strategies to effectively address AAS use in recreational fitness.

在休闲健身中使用合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）已经变得越来越普遍，造成了严重的健康风险，并为预防和减少危害带来了挑战。目的根据休闲健身运动员的态度、意图和风险认知，识别不同的休闲健身运动员群体，并分析其预防需求。方法采用标准化在线调查（N = 772, N = 749， TPB数据完整）对意向、回避、风险感知和风险接受四个心理量表进行评估。这些变量使用分层验证的k-means聚类分析进行分析，这特别适合于识别大型数据集中的异构子组，并提供稳定的解决方案。此外，通过定性内容分析，对来自同一样本的关于使用动机、信息需求和首选预防形式的开放式回答（n≈600）进行了检查。混合方法的设计允许对用户类型及其预防需求进行全面的解释。结果识别出7个具有不同动机和认知特征的用户群。受访者特别强调数字可见性、真实的证明和持续教育是首选的预防形式。本研究确定了七个不同的用户群，他们在态度、意图和预防需求方面存在很大差异，强调了定制的、行为知情的预防策略的必要性，以有效解决娱乐健身中AAS的使用问题。

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