Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100291
Mair Underwood
It has long been noted that people who use image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) generate and disseminate their own IPED knowledge, and that it is this knowledge that informs IPED practice, including harm reduction. Described as the ‘ethnopharmacology’, or (borrowing a bodybuilding term), the ‘broscience’, of IPEDs, this knowledge has rarely been explored. IPED broscience has generally been dismissed as dangerous, and as part of the risk environment of IPED use. However, in recent times some academics have recognised the potential of broscience to reduce harm, and thus be part of the enabling environment of IPED use. However, the potential for broscience to reduce harm has not been investigated. This paper, by taking a holistic perspective on broscience and examining it in context, seeks to identify ways that broscience can inform IPED harm reduction. Specifically, it describes the findings of an online ethnographic study of the IPED broscience of enhanced bodybuilders. It asks the questions, ‘why does IPED broscience exist?’, ‘what is IPED broscience?’, and ‘how is IPED broscience generated, disseminated and used?’. But most importantly it asks, what is the relationship between IPED broscience and professional knowledge, and how can understanding broscience guide us forward in our efforts to reduce IPED harm?
{"title":"From ‘bro, do you even lift?’ to ‘bro, do you even science?’: How the relationship between science and broscience can inform the development of allied image and performance enhancing drug harm reduction","authors":"Mair Underwood","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has long been noted that people who use image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) generate and disseminate their own IPED knowledge, and that it is this knowledge that informs IPED practice, including harm reduction. Described as the ‘ethnopharmacology’, or (borrowing a bodybuilding term), the ‘broscience’, of IPEDs, this knowledge has rarely been explored. IPED broscience has generally been dismissed as dangerous, and as part of the risk environment of IPED use. However, in recent times some academics have recognised the potential of broscience to reduce harm, and thus be part of the enabling environment of IPED use. However, the potential for broscience to reduce harm has not been investigated. This paper, by taking a holistic perspective on broscience and examining it in context, seeks to identify ways that broscience can inform IPED harm reduction. Specifically, it describes the findings of an online ethnographic study of the IPED broscience of enhanced bodybuilders. It asks the questions, ‘why does IPED broscience exist?’, ‘what is IPED broscience?’, and ‘how is IPED broscience generated, disseminated and used?’. But most importantly it asks, what is the relationship between IPED broscience and professional knowledge, and how can understanding broscience guide us forward in our efforts to reduce IPED harm?</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100312
Andrea Petróczi , Dennis Dreiskämper , Vassilis Barkoukis , Dmitri Bondarev , Sebastian Brueckner , Alessandra De Maria , Anne-Marie Elbe , Andrew Heyes , Lambros Lazuras , Annalena Veltmaat , Arnaldo Zelli
This article responds to Ruwuya et al.'s (2024) critique of epistemic racism in anti-doping research, particularly their mischaracterization of our study (Veltmaat et al., 2023). We challenge their claims, emphasising the importance of shared responsibility within the research community to produce culturally relevant, contextually accurate findings, as well as data-close and nuanced interpretations. Contrary to accusations of perpetuating stereotypes about athletes from developing nations, our research in Veltmaat et al. (2023) explores the complex interplay of cultural, social, and economic factors influencing athletes' vulnerability to doping. We stress the need to consider well-documented cultural value differences, such as those between Western and African countries, in shaping anti-doping education and policy. Our findings in Veltmaat et al. (2023) demonstrate that athletes’ internalisation of societal values of sport varies, and influenced by a combination of individual and contextual factors. Vulnerability to doping is not confined to any specific race, gender, or location, but arises where values tied to safety, economic stability, or social mobility outweigh rule compliance or the ‘spirit of sport’. We advocate for a decolonised approach to anti-doping that embraces cultural diversity and integrates local values into global frameworks. Personal values, not solely the ‘spirit of sport,’ often serve as protective factors against doping. Our research highlights that values-based anti-doping education may falter when overly reliant on a colonialised narrative of values, particularly in contexts where athletes face diverse pressures. We caution against over-sensitising critiques of epistemic bias, because doing so can hinder constructive dialogue and stifle progress in anti-doping research.
{"title":"Context is everything: A realist response to the commentary on epistemic racism in anti-doping research by Ruwuya et al. 2024","authors":"Andrea Petróczi , Dennis Dreiskämper , Vassilis Barkoukis , Dmitri Bondarev , Sebastian Brueckner , Alessandra De Maria , Anne-Marie Elbe , Andrew Heyes , Lambros Lazuras , Annalena Veltmaat , Arnaldo Zelli","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article responds to Ruwuya et al.'s (2024) critique of epistemic racism in anti-doping research, particularly their mischaracterization of our study (Veltmaat et al., 2023). We challenge their claims, emphasising the importance of shared responsibility within the research community to produce culturally relevant, contextually accurate findings, as well as data-close and nuanced interpretations. Contrary to accusations of perpetuating stereotypes about athletes from developing nations, our research in Veltmaat et al. (2023) explores the complex interplay of cultural, social, and economic factors influencing athletes' vulnerability to doping. We stress the need to consider well-documented cultural value differences, such as those between Western and African countries, in shaping anti-doping education and policy. Our findings in Veltmaat et al. (2023) demonstrate that athletes’ internalisation of societal values of sport varies, and influenced by a combination of individual and contextual factors. Vulnerability to doping is not confined to any specific race, gender, or location, but arises where values tied to safety, economic stability, or social mobility outweigh rule compliance or the ‘spirit of sport’. We advocate for a decolonised approach to anti-doping that embraces cultural diversity and integrates local values into global frameworks. Personal values, not solely the ‘spirit of sport,’ often serve as protective factors against doping. Our research highlights that values-based anti-doping education may falter when overly reliant on a colonialised narrative of values, particularly in contexts where athletes face diverse pressures. We caution against over-sensitising critiques of epistemic bias, because doing so can hinder constructive dialogue and stifle progress in anti-doping research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100321
Joanna Wall Tweedie , Lindsey E. Darvin , John T. Holden
{"title":"College athletes in the perfect storm for online abuse: A call to action","authors":"Joanna Wall Tweedie , Lindsey E. Darvin , John T. Holden","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100316
Maria Luisa M. Guinto , Denise F. Ang
This study examines how elite athletes perceived, experienced, and coped with the significant interruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including canceled competitions, closed facilities, and restricted interactions with coaches and teammates. Framed by Existential Positive Psychology (EPP), this qualitative research explores the meaning-making processes, emotional experiences, and existential challenges of athletes when confronted with life and career disruptions. Semi-structured virtual interviews were conducted with twenty Filipino national athletes (10 female, 10 male) to capture their experiences during the early phase of the global crisis. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed the overarching theme, "being with uncertainty," which portrays how athletes were positioned amid the widescale ambiguity that derailed their career trajectories. Four primary themes were generated: "navigating the ebb and flow of emotions," "redefining identity and selfhood," "strengthening social connections," and "anchoring on meaning, purpose, and faith." The findings are discussed within Indigenous psychological concepts upheld by EPP, offering culturally nuanced insights into athlete well-being that extend beyond Western notions of individual happiness and success. This research provides valuable considerations for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive support systems to help athletes from diverse backgrounds navigate unprecedented disruptions to their lives and careers.
{"title":"Beyond the game: Well-being amid life disruptions among elite athletes","authors":"Maria Luisa M. Guinto , Denise F. Ang","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how elite athletes perceived, experienced, and coped with the significant interruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including canceled competitions, closed facilities, and restricted interactions with coaches and teammates. Framed by Existential Positive Psychology (EPP), this qualitative research explores the meaning-making processes, emotional experiences, and existential challenges of athletes when confronted with life and career disruptions. Semi-structured virtual interviews were conducted with twenty Filipino national athletes (10 female, 10 male) to capture their experiences during the early phase of the global crisis. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed the overarching theme, \"being with uncertainty,\" which portrays how athletes were positioned amid the widescale ambiguity that derailed their career trajectories. Four primary themes were generated: \"navigating the ebb and flow of emotions,\" \"redefining identity and selfhood,\" \"strengthening social connections,\" and \"anchoring on meaning, purpose, and faith.\" The findings are discussed within Indigenous psychological concepts upheld by EPP, offering culturally nuanced insights into athlete well-being that extend beyond Western notions of individual happiness and success. This research provides valuable considerations for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive support systems to help athletes from diverse backgrounds navigate unprecedented disruptions to their lives and careers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100315
John Toner , Jacquelyn Allen-Collinson , Patricia C. Jackman , Luke Jones , Joe Addrison
Data visualisations represent an important source of regulatory information and feedback for competitive and recreational runners alike. However, athletes' embodied or sensory engagements with data visualisations are often ignored by researchers in favour of the cognitive processes underlying their use. The current study addressed this lacuna by conducting interviews with endurance runners who are habitual users of wearables devices, to explore how these athletes intra-act with visualisations to understand, explore, and navigate their performance taskscapes/landscapes. Using ecological dynamics as a theoretical lens, findings revealed that runners dwell (are immersed) with data visualisations to identify wayfinding aids that can be used to inform future practice. Engagements with visualisations were also found to be an embodied experience that enabled runners to contextually interpret data generated by wearables. These findings extend our understanding of ecological dynamics by showing how visualisations help runners identify key affordances and information that they can use to navigate their taskscape and respond to emergent challenges "as they go".
{"title":"Wearables, wayfinding, and data visualisations for distance running","authors":"John Toner , Jacquelyn Allen-Collinson , Patricia C. Jackman , Luke Jones , Joe Addrison","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data visualisations represent an important source of regulatory information and feedback for competitive and recreational runners alike. However, athletes' embodied or sensory engagements with data visualisations are often ignored by researchers in favour of the cognitive processes underlying their use. The current study addressed this lacuna by conducting interviews with endurance runners who are habitual users of wearables devices, to explore how these athletes intra-act with visualisations to understand, explore, and navigate their performance taskscapes/landscapes. Using ecological dynamics as a theoretical lens, findings revealed that runners <em>dwell</em> (are immersed) with data visualisations to identify wayfinding aids that can be used to inform future practice. Engagements with visualisations were also found to be an embodied experience that enabled runners to contextually interpret data generated by wearables. These findings extend our understanding of ecological dynamics by showing how visualisations help runners identify key affordances and information that they can use to navigate their taskscape and respond to emergent challenges \"as they go\".</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100314
Lovely Dasgupta
{"title":"Western bias in anti-doping studies: a call for broader methodologies and representation","authors":"Lovely Dasgupta","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100305
Guillaume Levillain , Guillaume Martinent , Yohan Saby , Michel Nicolas
Objectives
Based on emotional intelligence (EI) theory and cognitive motivational relational theory of emotions, this study aimed to explore longitudinal relationships between the core constructs of the emotional process (appraisals, coping and emotions) and perceived performances during competition and to examine the moderating role of EI on these relationships.
Methods
A total of 453 athletes (Mage= 20.6; 117 females and 336 males) from different sports and different competitive levels participated in the study. Appraisals, coping, emotions, and perceived performances were assessed after five competitions across the season and EI was assessed at the beginning of the competitive season. Hierarchical linear modelling analyses were conducted to: (a) Evaluate the mediational role of coping strategies on the appraisals – emotions relationships and on the appraisals – perceived performances relationships; (b) explore the mediational role of emotions on the appraisals – perceived performances relationships; and (c) test the moderating role of EI on these relationships.
Results
The results showed that: (a) coping played a mediational role on the appraisals-emotions relationships; (b) emotions mediated the appraisals-perceived performances relationships; and (c) EI moderated the aforementioned relationships between the core constructs of emotional process and perceived performances.
Conclusions
As a whole, this study furthered knowledge about the ways the core emotional constructs are interrelated and impact perceived performances within competitive settings. Through coping strategies and cognitive appraisals, EI was associated with higher intensity of pleasant emotions and perceived performances. As an applied implication, we encourage sport psychologists and coaches to provide training programs aimed at enhancing EI.
{"title":"Longitudinal relationships between emotional processes and perceived performances among athletes: The moderating effect of emotional intelligence","authors":"Guillaume Levillain , Guillaume Martinent , Yohan Saby , Michel Nicolas","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Based on emotional intelligence (EI) theory and cognitive motivational relational theory of emotions, this study aimed to explore longitudinal relationships between the core constructs of the emotional process (appraisals, coping and emotions) and perceived performances during competition and to examine the moderating role of EI on these relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 453 athletes (<em>Mage</em>= 20.6; 117 females and 336 males) from different sports and different competitive levels participated in the study. Appraisals, coping, emotions, and perceived performances were assessed after five competitions across the season and EI was assessed at the beginning of the competitive season. Hierarchical linear modelling analyses were conducted to: (a) Evaluate the mediational role of coping strategies on the appraisals – emotions relationships and on the appraisals – perceived performances relationships; (b) explore the mediational role of emotions on the appraisals – perceived performances relationships; and (c) test the moderating role of EI on these relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that: (a) coping played a mediational role on the appraisals-emotions relationships; (b) emotions mediated the appraisals-perceived performances relationships; and (c) EI moderated the aforementioned relationships between the core constructs of emotional process and perceived performances.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>As a whole, this study furthered knowledge about the ways the core emotional constructs are interrelated and impact perceived performances within competitive settings. Through coping strategies and cognitive appraisals, EI was associated with higher intensity of pleasant emotions and perceived performances. As an applied implication, we encourage sport psychologists and coaches to provide training programs aimed at enhancing EI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2024.100307
Sthefano Ventura Hernandez , Luhana Ahadia , Ali Ali Redha , Reza Zare , Asli Devrim-Lanpir , Alan A. Aragon
Dietary supplements (DS) are products that are taken alongside the usual diet and utilized to attain a particular health result or enhance exercise performance. DS are increasingly popular among the general population, including gym users without sufficient knowledge. This systematic review aims to understand the sources of knowledge, reasons for supplement usage, and practices of DS usage among gym users. A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed to identify the cross-sectional survey-based studies, published between 2013 and 2023, related to knowledge, attitudes, and practice of DS use among gym users. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Instrument for Cross-Sectional Surveys of Attitudes and Practices. A total of 24 eligible studies were included in this review. These studies were conducted in: Africa (n = 3), Asia (n = 6), Europe (n = 6), and South America (n = 1). Participants in the included studies were gym users (n = 9202) with the total supplement users being (n = 5370). Results showed that there is a high prevalence of supplement usage among gym users, the internet and media were the most used sources of information, healthcare improvement is the most reported reason for supplement usage, and protein supplements are the most used type of supplements. These findings suggest that there should be more attention to sources of information on the use of dietary supplements with the finding of a high prevalence of dietary supplement usage accompanied by the prevalent use of non-trustworthy sources of information, such as the internet, media and non-healthcare professionals.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of gym users towards the use of dietary supplements–A systematic review","authors":"Sthefano Ventura Hernandez , Luhana Ahadia , Ali Ali Redha , Reza Zare , Asli Devrim-Lanpir , Alan A. Aragon","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dietary supplements (DS) are products that are taken alongside the usual diet and utilized to attain a particular health result or enhance exercise performance. DS are increasingly popular among the general population, including gym users without sufficient knowledge. This systematic review aims to understand the sources of knowledge, reasons for supplement usage, and practices of DS usage among gym users. A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed to identify the cross-sectional survey-based studies, published between 2013 and 2023, related to knowledge, attitudes, and practice of DS use among gym users. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Instrument for Cross-Sectional Surveys of Attitudes and Practices. A total of 24 eligible studies were included in this review. These studies were conducted in: Africa (<em>n</em> = 3), Asia (<em>n</em> = 6), Europe (<em>n</em> = 6), and South America (<em>n</em> = 1). Participants in the included studies were gym users (<em>n</em> = 9202) with the total supplement users being (<em>n</em> = 5370). Results showed that there is a high prevalence of supplement usage among gym users, the internet and media were the most used sources of information, healthcare improvement is the most reported reason for supplement usage, and protein supplements are the most used type of supplements. These findings suggest that there should be more attention to sources of information on the use of dietary supplements with the finding of a high prevalence of dietary supplement usage accompanied by the prevalent use of non-trustworthy sources of information, such as the internet, media and non-healthcare professionals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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