Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8324
V. Suganya, V. Anuradha
Encapsulation is a process of enclosing the substances within an inert material which protects from environment as well as control drug release. Recently, two type of encapsulation has been performed in several research. Nanoencapsulation is the coating of various substances within another material at sizes on the nano scale. Microencapsulation is similar to nanoencapsulation aside from it involving larger particles and having been done for a greater period of time than nanoencapsulation. Encapsulation is a new technology that has wide applications in pharmaceutical industries, agrochemical, food industries and cosmetics. In this review, the difference between micro and nano encapsulation has been explained. This article gives an overview of different methods and reason for encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of micro and nano encapsulation technology were also clearly mentioned in this paper.
{"title":"Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation: A Review","authors":"V. Suganya, V. Anuradha","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8324","url":null,"abstract":"Encapsulation is a process of enclosing the substances within an inert material which protects from environment as well as\u0000control drug release. Recently, two type of encapsulation has been performed in several research. Nanoencapsulation is\u0000the coating of various substances within another material at sizes on the nano scale. Microencapsulation is similar to\u0000nanoencapsulation aside from it involving larger particles and having been done for a greater period of time than\u0000nanoencapsulation. Encapsulation is a new technology that has wide applications in pharmaceutical industries,\u0000agrochemical, food industries and cosmetics. In this review, the difference between micro and nano encapsulation has been\u0000explained. This article gives an overview of different methods and reason for encapsulation. The advantages and\u0000disadvantages of micro and nano encapsulation technology were also clearly mentioned in this paper.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77293864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8322
P. Apostol, Mark Anthony G. Fran, Chien-Chang Shen, C. Ragasa
Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Premna nauseosa Blanco afforded squalene (1) and a mixture of ?-sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3) in about 6:1 ratio. The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data
{"title":"Triterpene and Sterols from Premna nauseosa Blanco","authors":"P. Apostol, Mark Anthony G. Fran, Chien-Chang Shen, C. Ragasa","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8322","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Premna nauseosa Blanco afforded squalene (1) and a mixture of\u0000?-sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3) in about 6:1 ratio. The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR\u0000data with literature data","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84421136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.
{"title":"Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility","authors":"Noorzaid Muhamad, Syahirah Sazeli, Resni Mona, Jannathul Firdous","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8317","url":null,"abstract":"The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76701267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8326
Lurwan Muazu, Y. Abdullahi, Z. Umar
A prospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of human intestinal parasitic nematodes among outpatients attending Wudil General Hospital, Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 56 stool samples were randomly collected from the outpatients; processed and examined (macroscopic and microscopic) by formal ether sedimentation techniques. The prevalence of human intestinal parasitic nematode among the patient in the study area was 46.4%. The Males had the highest (48.98%) infection rate, while females had the least (28.6%) prevalence rate, however, this is not statistically significant (p>0.05). The 36-40years age groups had the highest prevalence of 75%, while 21-25years age groups had the least prevalence rate of 25%, the difference in prevalence among the ages was found to be statistically not significant (p>0.05). Strongyloides stercoralis had the highest prevalence of 30.36% while Trichuris trichiura had the least prevalence rate of 3.57%, the differences among the species of human intestinal parasitic nematode was found to be statistically not significant (p>0.05). The control of human intestinal parasitic nematode should be done by adopting drug treatment for those already infected similar to the national immunization program, improve standard sanitation and health services in Wudil L.G.A, particularly the rural area.
{"title":"Prevalence of Human Intestinal Parasitic Nematode Among OutPatients Attending Wudil General Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria","authors":"Lurwan Muazu, Y. Abdullahi, Z. Umar","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8326","url":null,"abstract":"A prospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of human intestinal parasitic nematodes among outpatients\u0000attending Wudil General Hospital, Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 56 stool\u0000samples were randomly collected from the outpatients; processed and examined (macroscopic and microscopic) by formal\u0000ether sedimentation techniques. The prevalence of human intestinal parasitic nematode among the patient in the study area\u0000was 46.4%. The Males had the highest (48.98%) infection rate, while females had the least (28.6%) prevalence rate,\u0000however, this is not statistically significant (p>0.05). The 36-40years age groups had the highest prevalence of 75%, while\u000021-25years age groups had the least prevalence rate of 25%, the difference in prevalence among the ages was found to be\u0000statistically not significant (p>0.05). Strongyloides stercoralis had the highest prevalence of 30.36% while Trichuris\u0000trichiura had the least prevalence rate of 3.57%, the differences among the species of human intestinal parasitic nematode\u0000was found to be statistically not significant (p>0.05). The control of human intestinal parasitic nematode should be done\u0000by adopting drug treatment for those already infected similar to the national immunization program, improve standard\u0000sanitation and health services in Wudil L.G.A, particularly the rural area.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91098428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8329
S. S, R. Samson, C. Amalraj, S. Sundaresan
Neglected pain in neonates leads to various ill effects and it can be prevented by using simple and safe non-pharmacological pain relieving measures. Pharmacologic agents are not recommended in neonates for acute pain due toinvasive procedures however, administration of 24% oralsucrose solutionis found to be effective. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 24%oral sucrose in combination with Facilitated tucking during BCG Vaccination through intradermalroute in term neonates which is not done elsewhere. Fifty five healthy term neonates who fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as gestational age above 37 weeks, within 24 hoursof birth age, and neonates delivered only through spontaneous vaginal delivery were included in the study. The study intervention consists of administration of 2 ml of oral 24% sucrose 2 minutes before BCG Vaccination through intradermal route and Facilitated tuckingat the time of vaccination. The primary outcome measure of cumulative NIPS score at 0, 3,5 minuteswas not significant in both the study groups. Whereas there was significant reduction in the level of pain and mean cry time in the neonates of sucrose group. Heart rateand oxygen saturation after intradermal injection also showed significant (p less than 0.001) differenceamong the neonates, who received 24% of oral sucroseand Facilitated tucking than for neonates of control group. Thus oral (24%)sucrose solution given 2 minutes before injection was effective in reducing level of neonatal pain following Intradermal Vaccination. It is a simple, safe and fast acting analgesic and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in term neonates which last for 5-7minutes.
{"title":"Sucrose and Facilitated Tucking for Pain Among Neonates Receiving Vaccination, in Puducherry","authors":"S. S, R. Samson, C. Amalraj, S. Sundaresan","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8329","url":null,"abstract":"Neglected pain in neonates leads to various ill effects and it can be prevented by using simple and safe non-pharmacological\u0000pain relieving measures. Pharmacologic agents are not recommended in neonates for acute pain due toinvasive procedures\u0000however, administration of 24% oralsucrose solutionis found to be effective. The objective of this study was to assess the\u0000efficacy of 24%oral sucrose in combination with Facilitated tucking during BCG Vaccination through intradermalroute in\u0000term neonates which is not done elsewhere. Fifty five healthy term neonates who fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as\u0000gestational age above 37 weeks, within 24 hoursof birth age, and neonates delivered only through spontaneous vaginal\u0000delivery were included in the study. The study intervention consists of administration of 2 ml of oral 24% sucrose 2 minutes\u0000before BCG Vaccination through intradermal route and Facilitated tuckingat the time of vaccination. The primary outcome\u0000measure of cumulative NIPS score at 0, 3,5 minuteswas not significant in both the study groups. Whereas there was\u0000significant reduction in the level of pain and mean cry time in the neonates of sucrose group. Heart rateand oxygen\u0000saturation after intradermal injection also showed significant (p less than 0.001) differenceamong the neonates, who received 24%\u0000of oral sucroseand Facilitated tucking than for neonates of control group. Thus oral (24%)sucrose solution given 2 minutes\u0000before injection was effective in reducing level of neonatal pain following Intradermal Vaccination. It is a simple, safe and\u0000fast acting analgesic and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in term neonates which last for 5-7minutes.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"药学与临床研究","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87044973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8323
N. RaviKiranS, M. Gowrav, H. Gangadharappa, G. Ravi
Background of the study: Difficult lies at the core of drug producer successful operation. Laboratory testing, which is compulsory by the CGMP regulations are required to check that components, containers and closures, in-process materials, and finished products conform to specifications, including stability specifications. Objective of the study: The objective of the investigation procedure should clearly state when the investigation is required, and define OOS, OOT, and aberrant results. OOS results are most often generated due to laboratory or manufacturing-related errors, the setting of inappropriate specifications, or poor method development. Materials and Methods: The current work is an effort to deliberate several aspects of finding the root cause for the OOS during the finished product analysis by using HPLC. Results and Discussion: Product’s individual unknown impurity was not in specification limit and, hence study carried out to find the root cause. Conclusion: After conducting detail investigation it was proved that an analyst conducted the analysis of the product after the due date to expiry.
{"title":"Management of Out of Specification (OOS) for Finished Product","authors":"N. RaviKiranS, M. Gowrav, H. Gangadharappa, G. Ravi","doi":"10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8323","url":null,"abstract":"Background of the study: Difficult lies at the core of drug producer successful operation. Laboratory testing, which is compulsory by the CGMP regulations are required to check that components, containers and closures, in-process materials, and finished products conform to specifications, including stability specifications. Objective of the study: The objective of the investigation procedure should clearly state when the investigation is required, and define OOS, OOT, and aberrant results. OOS results are most often generated due to laboratory or manufacturing-related errors, the setting of inappropriate specifications, or poor method development. Materials and Methods: The current work is an effort to deliberate several aspects of finding the root cause for the OOS during the finished product analysis by using HPLC. Results and Discussion: Product’s individual unknown impurity was not in specification limit and, hence study carried out to find the root cause. Conclusion: After conducting detail investigation it was proved that an analyst conducted the analysis of the product after the due date to expiry.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"药学与临床研究","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86405772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8325
S. Mahfouz, Z. Ikawati, D. Wahyono
COPD therapy aims to prevent and overcome acute exacerbation on COPD which could be fatal and even lead to death. Thus, it must be prevented with optimum medication during stable condition. Bronchodilator in the form of inhalation are preferred in COPD medication because systemic bronchodilator has many side effects compared to that of topical bronchodilator (inhalation). DPI (dry-powder inhaler) has been developed and introduced to the market since 1967 as a solution or choice concerning MDI (metered-dose inhaler) setbacks where patients felt difficult in coordinating hands and lungs. Evidences suggested that multi-unit dose DPI such as Diskus® offered most reliable and consistent performance and it is preferred by patients. The improper using of inhaler is one of the main causes holding up asthma control since it can affect patients dosage intake which is not optimal. This research aimed to know the efficacy of Diskus® preparation usage education given to COPD patients. Method used in this research was one study group pre-test dan post test. The number of respondents involved in this research was 55 respondents. The result of t-test suggested that t-count is fewer than p-value (0.05) suggesting that there was difference between pre and post test score as a result of oral or motor evaluation. It is then concluded that Diskus® usage education affected the patients in the improvement of inhaler usage accuracy based on oral and motor evaluation. This research only reviewed COPD patients skill in using Diskus®, thus it is required to conduct further research to dig the understanding in the usage of Diskus® like drug indications, interval, how to notice side effects and how to overcome them. Also, this research only reviewed knowledge increase, but yet described outcome improvement from the using of COPD therapy itself.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Video Education How to Use Diskus® DryPowder inhaler on Out-Patients Copd In Mojokerto, Indonesia","authors":"S. Mahfouz, Z. Ikawati, D. Wahyono","doi":"10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8325","url":null,"abstract":"COPD therapy aims to prevent and overcome acute exacerbation on COPD which could be fatal and even lead to death. Thus, it must be prevented with optimum medication during stable condition. Bronchodilator in the form of inhalation are preferred in COPD medication because systemic bronchodilator has many side effects compared to that of topical bronchodilator (inhalation). DPI (dry-powder inhaler) has been developed and introduced to the market since 1967 as a solution or choice concerning MDI (metered-dose inhaler) setbacks where patients felt difficult in coordinating hands and lungs. Evidences suggested that multi-unit dose DPI such as Diskus® offered most reliable and consistent performance and it is preferred by patients. The improper using of inhaler is one of the main causes holding up asthma control since it can affect patients dosage intake which is not optimal. This research aimed to know the efficacy of Diskus® preparation usage education given to COPD patients. Method used in this research was one study group pre-test dan post test. The number of respondents involved in this research was 55 respondents. The result of t-test suggested that t-count is fewer than p-value (0.05) suggesting that there was difference between pre and post test score as a result of oral or motor evaluation. It is then concluded that Diskus® usage education affected the patients in the improvement of inhaler usage accuracy based on oral and motor evaluation. This research only reviewed COPD patients skill in using Diskus®, thus it is required to conduct further research to dig the understanding in the usage of Diskus® like drug indications, interval, how to notice side effects and how to overcome them. Also, this research only reviewed knowledge increase, but yet described outcome improvement from the using of COPD therapy itself.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"药学与临床研究","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84882375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8327
S. Srividya, G. Sridevi, A. Manimegalai
The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Cassia occidentalis (Co) were subjected to phytochemical analysis by standard qualitative analysis and the invitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by determination of total antioxidant capacity, 1.1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity, superoxide scavenging activity and Ferric reducing anti oxidant potential (FRAP). The analyses revealed that the ethanolic extract of Co was able to efficiently scavenge the free radicals in a dose dependant manner. The results were compared with the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The results have shown that crude ethanolic extract of the leaves of Co showed excellent antioxidant activity due to the presence of bioactive compounds namely alkaloids, betacyanin, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, anthraquinones and emodins.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia occidentalis","authors":"S. Srividya, G. Sridevi, A. Manimegalai","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I3.8327","url":null,"abstract":"The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Cassia occidentalis (Co) were subjected to phytochemical analysis by standard\u0000qualitative analysis and the invitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by determination of total antioxidant capacity, 1.1-\u0000diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity,\u0000superoxide scavenging activity and Ferric reducing anti oxidant potential (FRAP). The analyses revealed that the ethanolic\u0000extract of Co was able to efficiently scavenge the free radicals in a dose dependant manner. The results were compared\u0000with the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The results have shown that crude ethanolic extract of the leaves of Co showed\u0000excellent antioxidant activity due to the presence of bioactive compounds namely alkaloids, betacyanin, cardiac glycosides,\u0000coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, anthraquinones and emodins.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87710569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I2.8298
Mayson H. Alkhatib, Dalal A. Al-Saedi, W. S. Backer
The combination of anticancer drugs in nanoparticles has great potential as a promising strategy to maximize efficacies by eradicating resistant, reduce the dosage of the drug and minimize toxicities on the normal cells. Gemcitabine (GEM), a nucleoside analogue, and atorvastatin (ATV), a cholesterol lowering agent, have shown anticancer effect with some limitations. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of the combination therapy of GEM and ATVencapsulated in a microemulsion (ME) formulation in the HCT116 colon cancer cells. The cytotoxicity and efficacy of the formulation were assessed by the 3- (4,5dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphyneltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mechanism of cell death was examined by observing the morphological changes of treated cells under light microscope, identifying apoptosis by using the ApopNexin apoptosis detection kit, and viewing the morphological changes in the chromatin structure stained with 4?,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) under the inverted fluorescence microscope. It has been found that reducing the concentration of GEM loaded on ME (GEM-ME) from 5?M to 1.67?M by combining it with 3.33?M of ATV in a ME formulation (GEM/2ATV-ME) has preserved the strong cytotoxicity of GEM-ME against HCT116 cells. The current study proved that formulating GEM with ATV in ME has improved the therapeutic potential of GEM and ATV as anticancer drugs.
{"title":"Cytotoxic Effect of the Combination of Gemcitabine and Atorvastatin Loaded in Microemulsion on the HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells","authors":"Mayson H. Alkhatib, Dalal A. Al-Saedi, W. S. Backer","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I2.8298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I2.8298","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of anticancer drugs in nanoparticles has great potential as a promising strategy to maximize efficacies by eradicating resistant, reduce the dosage of the drug and minimize toxicities on the normal cells. Gemcitabine (GEM), a nucleoside analogue, and atorvastatin (ATV), a cholesterol lowering agent, have shown anticancer effect with some limitations. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of the combination therapy of GEM and ATVencapsulated in a microemulsion (ME) formulation in the HCT116 colon cancer cells. The cytotoxicity and efficacy of the formulation were assessed by the 3- (4,5dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphyneltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mechanism of cell death was examined by observing the morphological changes of treated cells under light microscope, identifying apoptosis by using the ApopNexin apoptosis detection kit, and viewing the morphological changes in the chromatin structure stained with 4?,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) under the inverted fluorescence microscope. It has been found that reducing the concentration of GEM loaded on ME (GEM-ME) from 5?M to 1.67?M by combining it with 3.33?M of ATV in a ME formulation (GEM/2ATV-ME) has preserved the strong cytotoxicity of GEM-ME against HCT116 cells. The current study proved that formulating GEM with ATV in ME has improved the therapeutic potential of GEM and ATV as anticancer drugs.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88314981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-25DOI: 10.25258/IJPCR.V9I2.8296
S. Mahfouz, A. Abou-Sreea, R. M. Zewainy
This study was performed in order to investigate how the foliar spray of propolis aqueous extract can influence the vegetative growth and flowering characters, chemical constituents and oil composition of Calendula plants. The aqueous extract was applied at four levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 gL). It was revealed that propolis was of a positive effect upon all studied parameters; there was an increase done due to the application of the aqueous extract of propolis. The highest results were obtained due to the application of 5, 10 and 15 g L from the aqueous extract of propolis compared to 20 g L and the control plants. 5 and 10 g L gave the highest records of vegetative characters. While, 15 g L had the highest records of all flowering attributes. In chemical composition optimum results ranged between 10 and 15 gL. The highest percentage of the most important components of the essential oil; sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (cadinene, α-Muurolene and Muurolene) and sesquiter phenols (αcadinol, α-Cadinol (Epi) and α-Muurolol (Epi)) resulted from 15 g L. Hence, it could be suggested that propolise aqueous extract could be sprayed on calendula plants at a rate not exceeding 15 g L to get higher results.
为了研究蜂胶水提物叶面喷施对金盏花植物营养生长和开花特性、化学成分和油脂组成的影响。水提物以4个水平(0、5、10、15和20 gL)施用。结果表明，蜂胶对所有研究参数均有积极影响;由于蜂胶的水萃取物的应用，有一个增加。与20 g L和对照植物相比，使用5、10和15 g L蜂胶水提取物获得的结果最高。5和10 g L处理的营养性状最高。而15 g L在所有开花性状中记录最高。在化学成分方面，最佳结果在10 ~ 15gl之间。精油中最重要成分的含量最高;15g L可产生倍半萜烯类化合物(丁二烯、α-癸二烯和穆二烯)和倍半酚类化合物(α -癸二醇、α-癸二醇(Epi)和α-穆二醇(Epi))，因此建议蜂胶水浸提液在金盏花植株上喷施量不超过15g L可获得较好的效果。
{"title":"Effectiveness of Propolis Aqueous Extract on Chemical Constituents of Calendula Plants","authors":"S. Mahfouz, A. Abou-Sreea, R. M. Zewainy","doi":"10.25258/IJPCR.V9I2.8296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/IJPCR.V9I2.8296","url":null,"abstract":"This study was performed in order to investigate how the foliar spray of propolis aqueous extract can influence the vegetative growth and flowering characters, chemical constituents and oil composition of Calendula plants. The aqueous extract was applied at four levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 gL). It was revealed that propolis was of a positive effect upon all studied parameters; there was an increase done due to the application of the aqueous extract of propolis. The highest results were obtained due to the application of 5, 10 and 15 g L from the aqueous extract of propolis compared to 20 g L and the control plants. 5 and 10 g L gave the highest records of vegetative characters. While, 15 g L had the highest records of all flowering attributes. In chemical composition optimum results ranged between 10 and 15 gL. The highest percentage of the most important components of the essential oil; sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (cadinene, α-Muurolene and Muurolene) and sesquiter phenols (αcadinol, α-Cadinol (Epi) and α-Muurolol (Epi)) resulted from 15 g L. Hence, it could be suggested that propolise aqueous extract could be sprayed on calendula plants at a rate not exceeding 15 g L to get higher results.","PeriodicalId":19889,"journal":{"name":"药学与临床研究","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77658194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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