The sprinkler irrigation system is the most widely used system for rubber irrigation in a nursery. However, the method is associated with high water loss during irrigation. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different irrigation systems on the growth dynamics, leaf ratio analyses, water productivity, and water use efficiency of rubber seedlings. The treatments were the irrigation systems; soil + overhead sprinkler (CON), growing media (GM) + drip irrigation (DRP), GM + capillary wick system (WCK), and GM + overhead sprinkler (SPR). Each treatment was replicated three times, and the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that the DRP and WCK had significantly (p<0.05) higher seedlings’ growth parameters by 15–39% than obtained in the SPR and CON. However, the DRP, WCK, and SPR had statistically comparable seedlings’ root length and volume by 14–43% higher relative to the CON. Similar trends of plant growth dynamics, such as crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf ratio analyses, were observed for all treatments. However, the CON had lower CGR and LAI, which could be attributed to the lower water retention of the soil used in the treatment. The DRP and WCK had comparable water productivity with 56–60% higher than the SPR and CON treatments. The sprinkler irrigation treatments (SPR and CON) had 84% lower water use efficiency than the DRP and WCK. The DRP and WCK are the best treatments in this study because their higher water application uniformity led to higher seedlings’ growth dynamics and water productivity. The sprinkler system had higher water loss due to the lack of application uniformity, leading to lower plant growth than other irrigations. However, the SPR shows the potential to be more cost-effective due to its lower recurrent cost of labor than drip and wick irrigation.
{"title":"Influence of Irrigation Systems on the Plant Growth and Leaf Ratio Analyses of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seedlings","authors":"A. Nabayi, Christopher Boon Sung Teh, Z. Sulaiman","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.14","url":null,"abstract":"The sprinkler irrigation system is the most widely used system for rubber irrigation in a nursery. However, the method is associated with high water loss during irrigation. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different irrigation systems on the growth dynamics, leaf ratio analyses, water productivity, and water use efficiency of rubber seedlings. The treatments were the irrigation systems; soil + overhead sprinkler (CON), growing media (GM) + drip irrigation (DRP), GM + capillary wick system (WCK), and GM + overhead sprinkler (SPR). Each treatment was replicated three times, and the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that the DRP and WCK had significantly (p<0.05) higher seedlings’ growth parameters by 15–39% than obtained in the SPR and CON. However, the DRP, WCK, and SPR had statistically comparable seedlings’ root length and volume by 14–43% higher relative to the CON. Similar trends of plant growth dynamics, such as crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf ratio analyses, were observed for all treatments. However, the CON had lower CGR and LAI, which could be attributed to the lower water retention of the soil used in the treatment. The DRP and WCK had comparable water productivity with 56–60% higher than the SPR and CON treatments. The sprinkler irrigation treatments (SPR and CON) had 84% lower water use efficiency than the DRP and WCK. The DRP and WCK are the best treatments in this study because their higher water application uniformity led to higher seedlings’ growth dynamics and water productivity. The sprinkler system had higher water loss due to the lack of application uniformity, leading to lower plant growth than other irrigations. However, the SPR shows the potential to be more cost-effective due to its lower recurrent cost of labor than drip and wick irrigation.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45166810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurul Asyiqin Abu Bakar, Amirul Anwar Shamsor, K. Ong, Roland Jui Heng Kueh
Acacia mangium is the major species used in the forest plantation industry due to its fast-growing feature. However, there is still a lack of research on the nutrient concentration, specifically nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), as well as carbon content in Malaysia’s forest plantations. Hence, this study aimed to assess the total N and P concentrations in the soil and forest litter. Carbon content in different ages (Year 2, Year 4, and Year 9) of A. mangium plantation (together with a natural forest as a comparison) was also determined. This study was conducted in a Licensed Planted Forest, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The natural forest was a control variable in this study. The Kjeldahl method was used to determine the total N. In contrast, dry ashing and double acid (Mehlich-1) methods were used to determine the total P in forest litter and available P in forest soil. The allometric biomass equations were used to estimate the carbon content. Total N in forest litter and forest soil was similar in all treatments. Total P in the Year 4 stand was significantly higher than in the Year 2 stand, yet, no differences were observed when compared with the control. Whereas soil available P showed no significant difference among all treatments. Acacia mangium stands recorded significantly lower total carbon content compared to the control. Old plantation stands contained much more total carbon stock than the younger stands. Also, deadwood is important in determining total carbon stock when it can account for almost 59% of above-ground biomass (AGB) carbon stock. This study revealed that forest plantations could function well in providing an adequate supply of available nutrients as well as have a potential role in carbon sink.
{"title":"Evaluation of Carbon Stock, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Contents in Forest Soil and Litter at Bintulu’s Acacia mangium Chronosequence Age Stand Plantation, Sarawak, Malaysia","authors":"Nurul Asyiqin Abu Bakar, Amirul Anwar Shamsor, K. Ong, Roland Jui Heng Kueh","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.13","url":null,"abstract":"Acacia mangium is the major species used in the forest plantation industry due to its fast-growing feature. However, there is still a lack of research on the nutrient concentration, specifically nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), as well as carbon content in Malaysia’s forest plantations. Hence, this study aimed to assess the total N and P concentrations in the soil and forest litter. Carbon content in different ages (Year 2, Year 4, and Year 9) of A. mangium plantation (together with a natural forest as a comparison) was also determined. This study was conducted in a Licensed Planted Forest, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The natural forest was a control variable in this study. The Kjeldahl method was used to determine the total N. In contrast, dry ashing and double acid (Mehlich-1) methods were used to determine the total P in forest litter and available P in forest soil. The allometric biomass equations were used to estimate the carbon content. Total N in forest litter and forest soil was similar in all treatments. Total P in the Year 4 stand was significantly higher than in the Year 2 stand, yet, no differences were observed when compared with the control. Whereas soil available P showed no significant difference among all treatments. Acacia mangium stands recorded significantly lower total carbon content compared to the control. Old plantation stands contained much more total carbon stock than the younger stands. Also, deadwood is important in determining total carbon stock when it can account for almost 59% of above-ground biomass (AGB) carbon stock. This study revealed that forest plantations could function well in providing an adequate supply of available nutrients as well as have a potential role in carbon sink.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45064697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amirah Syafiqah Zamri, Z. Zulperi, Y. Esa, F. Syukri
Aquaculture has been the fastest-growing area of worldwide food production and is becoming a vital component of the global economy to feed the rising world population. Hence, directed toward continuing the current level of per head consumption, comprehensive aquaculture production needs to attain eighty million tonnes by 2050. However, some cultured marine fish species, such as salmonids, striped bass, and gilthead seabream, as well as freshwater fish, such as captive Mediterranean amberjack populations (Seriola dumerili) and Mekong River giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas), exhibit reproductive dysfunction, especially in female brood stock when reared in captivity. Captive females face complications with unsynchronised ovulation, fail to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM), and no longer spawn due to a lack of luteinising hormone (LH). Thus, artificial breeding has been widely used in aquaculture practices to increase cultured fish production. Farmer has extensively applied commercial hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Ovaprim, Ovatide, and Ovaplant, through injection and implantation of hormones to stimulate breeding in many farmed fish species. However, artificial breeding is still in its development phase, and some methods are still unable to induce spawning in certain fish species. Different methods, doses, and delivery systems of artificial hormones could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of artificial breeding. This paper discusses the current research on artificial breeding in various fish species as well as new approaches or techniques to be applied in the area to regulate the reproductive process in captive fish for sustainable aquaculture.
{"title":"Hormone Application for Artificial Breeding towards Sustainable Aquaculture - A Review","authors":"Amirah Syafiqah Zamri, Z. Zulperi, Y. Esa, F. Syukri","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.11","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture has been the fastest-growing area of worldwide food production and is becoming a vital component of the global economy to feed the rising world population. Hence, directed toward continuing the current level of per head consumption, comprehensive aquaculture production needs to attain eighty million tonnes by 2050. However, some cultured marine fish species, such as salmonids, striped bass, and gilthead seabream, as well as freshwater fish, such as captive Mediterranean amberjack populations (Seriola dumerili) and Mekong River giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas), exhibit reproductive dysfunction, especially in female brood stock when reared in captivity. Captive females face complications with unsynchronised ovulation, fail to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM), and no longer spawn due to a lack of luteinising hormone (LH). Thus, artificial breeding has been widely used in aquaculture practices to increase cultured fish production. Farmer has extensively applied commercial hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Ovaprim, Ovatide, and Ovaplant, through injection and implantation of hormones to stimulate breeding in many farmed fish species. However, artificial breeding is still in its development phase, and some methods are still unable to induce spawning in certain fish species. Different methods, doses, and delivery systems of artificial hormones could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of artificial breeding. This paper discusses the current research on artificial breeding in various fish species as well as new approaches or techniques to be applied in the area to regulate the reproductive process in captive fish for sustainable aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47754443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an important vegetable crop grown with high demand and economic value. Thus, to improve the growth and development of okra, organic fertilizer can minimize inorganic fertilizer usage. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse for 6 weeks to compare the growth rate of okra between a combination of organic waste fertilizers and NPK fertilizer and to determine the most suitable organic waste fertilizer combination with NPK fertilizer for the growth and development of okra. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications consisting of 5 treatments, where T0: no fertilizer, T1: NPK 12:12:17:2 (20 g), T2: NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + vermicompost (25 g), T3: NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + biochar (25 g), T4: NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + chicken manure (25 g), respectively. Parameters assessed were plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of fruits, fresh and dry weight, and soil pH. Results indicated that the growth and development of okra were significantly the lowest in T0 and T1 while the highest in T4. Okra in T4 showed the best performance by achieving the highest value for all parameters assessed after 6 weeks of planting. It can be deduced that NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + chicken manure (25 g) might be the most suitable fertilizer combination to promote the higher growth of okra while reducing the dependency on inorganic compound fertilizers.
{"title":"Effect of Organic Waste Fertilizers on Growth and Development of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)","authors":"Ameera Abdul Reeza, Ummu Hanisah Azman","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an important vegetable crop grown with high demand and economic value. Thus, to improve the growth and development of okra, organic fertilizer can minimize inorganic fertilizer usage. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse for 6 weeks to compare the growth rate of okra between a combination of organic waste fertilizers and NPK fertilizer and to determine the most suitable organic waste fertilizer combination with NPK fertilizer for the growth and development of okra. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications consisting of 5 treatments, where T0: no fertilizer, T1: NPK 12:12:17:2 (20 g), T2: NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + vermicompost (25 g), T3: NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + biochar (25 g), T4: NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + chicken manure (25 g), respectively. Parameters assessed were plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of fruits, fresh and dry weight, and soil pH. Results indicated that the growth and development of okra were significantly the lowest in T0 and T1 while the highest in T4. Okra in T4 showed the best performance by achieving the highest value for all parameters assessed after 6 weeks of planting. It can be deduced that NPK 12:12:17:2 (10 g) + chicken manure (25 g) might be the most suitable fertilizer combination to promote the higher growth of okra while reducing the dependency on inorganic compound fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46295735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rachmawati, T. Elfitasari, I. Samidjan, D. Nurhayati, Putut Har Riyadi
The high consumer demand in Indonesia encourages catfish farmers to conduct an intensive culture. A low feed efficiency mainly occurs in cultivating Sangkuriang catfish resulting in poor growth. This condition might be caused by low lysine content, as lysine is an essential amino acid that the fish cannot synthesize. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation in feed on protein digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) fingerlings. The study used 270 Sangkuriang catfish with an average wet weight of 7.54 ± 0.13 g/fish. The experimental feed contained protein, energy, and amino acid, and then various doses of lysine were added to the experimental feed: (1) 0.0%, (2) 0.5%, (3) 1.0%, (4) 1.5%, (5) 2.0%, and (6) 2.5%. Weight gain (WG), protein digestibility (ADCp), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) of catfish were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results found that the supplementation of lysine in feed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced WG, ADCp, EFU, RGR, FCR, PER, and PR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the SR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. The supplementation of 1% lysine/kg feed was the optimal dose to improve the feed efficiency and growth of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings by 83.79% and 3.94%/day, respectively. Therefore, the supplementation of lysine could increase Sangkuriang catfish production.
印度尼西亚的高消费需求鼓励鲶鱼养殖户进行集约化养殖。饲料效率低主要发生在桑古良鲶鱼的养殖中，导致其生长不良。这种情况可能是由于赖氨酸含量低造成的，因为赖氨酸是鱼不能合成的必需氨基酸。本试验旨在研究饲料中添加赖氨酸对桑库里良鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang)鱼苗蛋白质消化率、饲料效率和生长的影响。本研究选用270条桑库良鲶鱼，平均湿重为7.54±0.13 g/条。试验饲料中含有蛋白质、能量和氨基酸，然后在试验饲料中添加不同剂量的赖氨酸:(1)0.0%、(2)0.5%、(3)1.0%、(4)1.5%、(5)2.0%、(6)2.5%。对鲶鱼增重(WG)、蛋白质消化率(ADCp)、饲料利用效率(EFU)、相对生长率(RGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和蛋白质保留率(PR)进行为期8周的评价。结果发现，饲料中添加赖氨酸显著(P < 0.05)影响了桑库里良鲶鱼鱼种的WG、ADCp、EFU、RGR、FCR、PER和PR。但对桑库里良鲶鱼鱼种的SR无显著影响(P < 0.05)。以添加1%赖氨酸/kg饲料为最佳添加量，可使桑姑良鲶鱼鱼苗的饲料效率和生长分别提高83.79%和3.94%/d。因此，添加赖氨酸可以提高桑库里良鲶鱼的产量。
{"title":"Influence of Dietary Lysine Level on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, and Body Composition of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) Fingerlings","authors":"D. Rachmawati, T. Elfitasari, I. Samidjan, D. Nurhayati, Putut Har Riyadi","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.12","url":null,"abstract":"The high consumer demand in Indonesia encourages catfish farmers to conduct an intensive culture. A low feed efficiency mainly occurs in cultivating Sangkuriang catfish resulting in poor growth. This condition might be caused by low lysine content, as lysine is an essential amino acid that the fish cannot synthesize. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation in feed on protein digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) fingerlings. The study used 270 Sangkuriang catfish with an average wet weight of 7.54 ± 0.13 g/fish. The experimental feed contained protein, energy, and amino acid, and then various doses of lysine were added to the experimental feed: (1) 0.0%, (2) 0.5%, (3) 1.0%, (4) 1.5%, (5) 2.0%, and (6) 2.5%. Weight gain (WG), protein digestibility (ADCp), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) of catfish were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results found that the supplementation of lysine in feed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced WG, ADCp, EFU, RGR, FCR, PER, and PR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the SR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. The supplementation of 1% lysine/kg feed was the optimal dose to improve the feed efficiency and growth of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings by 83.79% and 3.94%/day, respectively. Therefore, the supplementation of lysine could increase Sangkuriang catfish production.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48727126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice bran (RB) is an underutilised fibre source due to undesirable effects when incorporated into food products. Thus, this study aims to improve the physicochemical properties of RB by using ultrasound (US) and steam explosion (SE) treatments, making it more usable in food applications. The US treatment of unpurified RB resulted in inconsistent average particle size, water binding capacity (WBC), and swelling capacity (SC). The bulk density (BD) decreased while the oil binding capacity (OBC) increased as the amplitude and time increased. While the purified rice bran resulted in decreased average particle size and BD; and increased WBC, SC, and OBC. The surface microstructure of the unpurified and purified rice bran became more porous, and the colour of the RB was darkened proportionally to the intensity of US treatment. The average particle size of unpurified increased while the purified RB increased after steam explosion treatment regardless of the intensity. The SE treatment also decreased WBC and SC of unpurified and purified RB, but no changes were observed on the surface microstructure of both samples. The BD of unpurified RB decreased, while the BD of purified RB increased after SE treatment. The SE treatment also resulted in a decrease in the OBC of purified RB, but no significant (p > 0.05) improvement was observed in the OBC of unpurified RB. Ultrasound brought these changes in the two treatments more effectively than steam explosion. The alteration of physicochemical properties of RB by the US and SE treatment in this study will allow it to be more applicable in the formulation of food products.
{"title":"Effects of Ultrasound and Steam Explosion Treatments on the Physicochemical Properties of Rice Bran Fibre","authors":"Norshafiq Ismail, Jian Zhao","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"Rice bran (RB) is an underutilised fibre source due to undesirable effects when incorporated into food products. Thus, this study aims to improve the physicochemical properties of RB by using ultrasound (US) and steam explosion (SE) treatments, making it more usable in food applications. The US treatment of unpurified RB resulted in inconsistent average particle size, water binding capacity (WBC), and swelling capacity (SC). The bulk density (BD) decreased while the oil binding capacity (OBC) increased as the amplitude and time increased. While the purified rice bran resulted in decreased average particle size and BD; and increased WBC, SC, and OBC. The surface microstructure of the unpurified and purified rice bran became more porous, and the colour of the RB was darkened proportionally to the intensity of US treatment. The average particle size of unpurified increased while the purified RB increased after steam explosion treatment regardless of the intensity. The SE treatment also decreased WBC and SC of unpurified and purified RB, but no changes were observed on the surface microstructure of both samples. The BD of unpurified RB decreased, while the BD of purified RB increased after SE treatment. The SE treatment also resulted in a decrease in the OBC of purified RB, but no significant (p > 0.05) improvement was observed in the OBC of unpurified RB. Ultrasound brought these changes in the two treatments more effectively than steam explosion. The alteration of physicochemical properties of RB by the US and SE treatment in this study will allow it to be more applicable in the formulation of food products.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46015489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhamad Hafiz Muhamad Hassan, Y. Awang, Juju Nakasha Jaafar, Z. Sayuti, Muhammad Najib Othman Ghani, Z. H. Mohamad Sabdin, Muhamad Hazim Nazli
There is an increase in demand for high-quality rock melon for the local market. Supplementing salt with a nutrient solution is a viable approach that can be implemented to improve fruit quality. Therefore, this study aims to determine the best salt treatment that can be utilized to increase fruit quality without reducing growth, yield, and physiological process. The study is conducted by grafting (DAG) rock melon/bottle gourd at 18 days with four sources of salinity: basic nutrient solution (BNS) (2.5 dS m-1), sodium chloride (NaCl) (50 mM) + BNS (7.1 dS m-1), potassium nitrate (KNO3) (50 mM) + BNS (7.1 dS m-1), and high strength nutrient solution (NS) (7.1 dS m-1). The plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Salinity induced using KNO3 + BNS sustained most growth variables, fruit quality, relative water content, and leaf gas exchange compared with control. However, applying NaCl + BNS and high strength NS could sustain all physiological processes and increase fruit quality components, such as total soluble solid and sugar-acid ratio compared to control. Fruit weight had reduced regardless of salinity sources than those grown in control with their respective fruit weight reduction of 28.8%, 28.26%, and 27.72%. To conclude, incorporating NaCl at 50 mM is the most feasible approach to be applied on grafted rock melon/bottle gourd even though the fruit weight had reduced. It is due to the high fruit quality measured, capable of sustaining all physiological processes, provides lower cost, and is easily accessible than other sources of salinity.
{"title":"Effects of Salinity Sources on Growth, Physiological Process, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Grafted Rock Melon (Cucumis melo L.)","authors":"Muhamad Hafiz Muhamad Hassan, Y. Awang, Juju Nakasha Jaafar, Z. Sayuti, Muhammad Najib Othman Ghani, Z. H. Mohamad Sabdin, Muhamad Hazim Nazli","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.05","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increase in demand for high-quality rock melon for the local market. Supplementing salt with a nutrient solution is a viable approach that can be implemented to improve fruit quality. Therefore, this study aims to determine the best salt treatment that can be utilized to increase fruit quality without reducing growth, yield, and physiological process. The study is conducted by grafting (DAG) rock melon/bottle gourd at 18 days with four sources of salinity: basic nutrient solution (BNS) (2.5 dS m-1), sodium chloride (NaCl) (50 mM) + BNS (7.1 dS m-1), potassium nitrate (KNO3) (50 mM) + BNS (7.1 dS m-1), and high strength nutrient solution (NS) (7.1 dS m-1). The plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Salinity induced using KNO3 + BNS sustained most growth variables, fruit quality, relative water content, and leaf gas exchange compared with control. However, applying NaCl + BNS and high strength NS could sustain all physiological processes and increase fruit quality components, such as total soluble solid and sugar-acid ratio compared to control. Fruit weight had reduced regardless of salinity sources than those grown in control with their respective fruit weight reduction of 28.8%, 28.26%, and 27.72%. To conclude, incorporating NaCl at 50 mM is the most feasible approach to be applied on grafted rock melon/bottle gourd even though the fruit weight had reduced. It is due to the high fruit quality measured, capable of sustaining all physiological processes, provides lower cost, and is easily accessible than other sources of salinity.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45011748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minninga Geethika Neranjani Rupasinghe, M. Hanafi, M. Yusop, Roesnita Ismail, P. Azizi, Liyana Rallage Mahesh Chaminda Liyanage, Amoda Piyangi Mayakaduwa
The rice plant accumulates silicon (Si) in greater quantity, which varies among the rice genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the optimum fertilization rate and its effect on growth, yield, yield attributes, and soil nutrient uptake. Six different silicon dioxide (SiO2) rates, including 0, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg SiO2/ha, were applied initially. The optimum rate of SiO2 was obtained by statistical analysis, utilizing the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to separate the means. The results showed that shoot dry weight and plant height were significantly affected by Si fertilization. The highest Si tissue concentration of 395.27 μg/100 mg was recorded in 100 kg SiO2/ha treated plants, and their potassium, phosphorous, silicon, and magnesium uptakes were increased by 2, 1.3, 11 and 1.8 folds, respectively. Further, in yield attributes, 32 and 52% increments and a 30% decrease were observed in the total number of grains, filled grains, and unfilled grains per panicle, respectively, and were not significantly different from those observed in 125 kg SiO2/ha rate. The highest grain yield of 104.6 g/pot was obtained with 100 kg SiO2/ha level of Si fertilizer, and it was statistically at par with the yields obtained with 125 kg SiO2/ha. The quadratic function found the rate of Si fertilizer for optimum grain yield (100.5 g/pot) as 115 kg SiO2/ha; thus, it could be concluded that indica rice genotypes need to be fertilized with 115 kg SiO2/ha for optimum yield for higher growth and nutrient uptake.
水稻植株积累的硅含量更高，这在水稻基因型之间有所不同。本研究旨在确定最佳施肥量及其对生长、产量、产量属性和土壤养分吸收的影响。最初施用六种不同的二氧化硅（SiO2）速率，包括0、50、75、100、125和150 kg SiO2/ha。通过统计分析，利用方差分析（ANOVA）和Duncan’s Multiple Range Test（DMRT）分离平均值，获得SiO2的最佳比率。结果表明，施硅对地上部干重和株高有显著影响。在100kg SiO2/ha处理的植物中，硅组织的最高浓度为395.27μg/100mg，其钾、磷、硅和镁的吸收量分别增加了2、1.3、11和1.8倍。此外，在产量属性方面，每穗总粒数、灌浆粒数和未灌浆粒数分别增加了32%和52%，减少了30%，与125kg SiO2/ha的产量没有显著差异。硅肥施用100公斤二氧化硅/公顷可获得104.6克/盆的最高粮食产量，在统计上与125公斤SiO2/公顷的产量持平。二次函数计算出最适粮食产量（100.5g/盆）的硅肥用量为115 kg SiO2/ha；因此，可以得出这样的结论：籼稻基因型需要施用115公斤/公顷的SiO2以获得更高的生长和养分吸收的最佳产量。
{"title":"Optimizing Silicon Application to Improve Growth, Grain Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of indica Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Bw 367)","authors":"Minninga Geethika Neranjani Rupasinghe, M. Hanafi, M. Yusop, Roesnita Ismail, P. Azizi, Liyana Rallage Mahesh Chaminda Liyanage, Amoda Piyangi Mayakaduwa","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.08","url":null,"abstract":"The rice plant accumulates silicon (Si) in greater quantity, which varies among the rice genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the optimum fertilization rate and its effect on growth, yield, yield attributes, and soil nutrient uptake. Six different silicon dioxide (SiO2) rates, including 0, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg SiO2/ha, were applied initially. The optimum rate of SiO2 was obtained by statistical analysis, utilizing the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to separate the means. The results showed that shoot dry weight and plant height were significantly affected by Si fertilization. The highest Si tissue concentration of 395.27 μg/100 mg was recorded in 100 kg SiO2/ha treated plants, and their potassium, phosphorous, silicon, and magnesium uptakes were increased by 2, 1.3, 11 and 1.8 folds, respectively. Further, in yield attributes, 32 and 52% increments and a 30% decrease were observed in the total number of grains, filled grains, and unfilled grains per panicle, respectively, and were not significantly different from those observed in 125 kg SiO2/ha rate. The highest grain yield of 104.6 g/pot was obtained with 100 kg SiO2/ha level of Si fertilizer, and it was statistically at par with the yields obtained with 125 kg SiO2/ha. The quadratic function found the rate of Si fertilizer for optimum grain yield (100.5 g/pot) as 115 kg SiO2/ha; thus, it could be concluded that indica rice genotypes need to be fertilized with 115 kg SiO2/ha for optimum yield for higher growth and nutrient uptake.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47447684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sharir, Nurfatin Zulkipli, A. Mohamad, Farah Ayuni Farinordin, S. Zakeyuddin, A. Samat, Amir Shah Ruddin Md Sah, S. Md Nor
Telemetry is an emerging method to study fish ecology and a reliable tool that provides useful information for managing and conserving aquatic fauna and river habitats. However, the reliability of telemetry depends on several technical factors. Implantation of the acoustic transmitter is one of the major aspects that ensure the survivability of the animal subject when released into the wild. Studies on the technicalities involving telemetry methods are limited; therefore, this study investigated the surgical insertion of an acoustic transmitter into the peritoneal cavity of Channa lucius and Neolissochilus soroides or locally known as Bujuk and Tengas. A severity index was used to rate the appearance of surgical wounds observed on the day of release into the river. Fish mortality and complications such as bleeding were not observed in both species post-surgery. The progress and prognosis of wound healing of C. lucius were better compared to N. soroides, with generally lesser inflammation and more sutures shed. Despite visually severe inflammation on N. soroides on day-12 and day-19 post-surgery, there was a good indication that skin integuments were healing. This data suggests that C. lucius has faster wound healing abilities compared to N. soroides. All fishes implanted with the acoustic telemetry method survived up to 244 days upon release into the Tembat River, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia, and retained the tag throughout the tracking period.
{"title":"Surgical Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Neolissochilus soroides and Channa lucius and Post-Surgical Wound Observation to Study Fish Telemetry","authors":"S. Sharir, Nurfatin Zulkipli, A. Mohamad, Farah Ayuni Farinordin, S. Zakeyuddin, A. Samat, Amir Shah Ruddin Md Sah, S. Md Nor","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.01","url":null,"abstract":"Telemetry is an emerging method to study fish ecology and a reliable tool that provides useful information for managing and conserving aquatic fauna and river habitats. However, the reliability of telemetry depends on several technical factors. Implantation of the acoustic transmitter is one of the major aspects that ensure the survivability of the animal subject when released into the wild. Studies on the technicalities involving telemetry methods are limited; therefore, this study investigated the surgical insertion of an acoustic transmitter into the peritoneal cavity of Channa lucius and Neolissochilus soroides or locally known as Bujuk and Tengas. A severity index was used to rate the appearance of surgical wounds observed on the day of release into the river. Fish mortality and complications such as bleeding were not observed in both species post-surgery. The progress and prognosis of wound healing of C. lucius were better compared to N. soroides, with generally lesser inflammation and more sutures shed. Despite visually severe inflammation on N. soroides on day-12 and day-19 post-surgery, there was a good indication that skin integuments were healing. This data suggests that C. lucius has faster wound healing abilities compared to N. soroides. All fishes implanted with the acoustic telemetry method survived up to 244 days upon release into the Tembat River, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia, and retained the tag throughout the tracking period.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42352436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadhirah Misman, N. Samsulrizal, A. L. Noh, Mohd Aswad Wahab, Khairulmazmi Ahmad, Nur Sabrina Ahmad Azmi
Phytophthora palmivora is a destructive plant pathogenic oomycete that has caused lethal diseases in a wide range of hosts. It is a pan-tropical distributed pathogen that can infect plants at all growth stages. Extensive studies have linked P. palmivora to severe diseases in several crops, such as black pepper, rubber, cocoa, and durian, causing global economic losses. This review covers the following topics in depth: (i) P. palmivora as phytopathogen; (ii) identification and infection mechanism in rubber, cocoa, and durian; and (iii) management and control applied for P. palmivora diseases. Effective management strategies were studied and practiced to prevent the spread of P. palmivora disease. Genetic resistance and biocontrol are the best methods to control the disease. A better understanding of P. palmivora infection mechanisms in our main crops and early disease detection can reduce the risk of catastrophic pandemics.
{"title":"Host Range and Control Strategies of Phytophthora palmivora in Southeast Asia Perennial Crops","authors":"Nadhirah Misman, N. Samsulrizal, A. L. Noh, Mohd Aswad Wahab, Khairulmazmi Ahmad, Nur Sabrina Ahmad Azmi","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.45.4.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.09","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora palmivora is a destructive plant pathogenic oomycete that has caused lethal diseases in a wide range of hosts. It is a pan-tropical distributed pathogen that can infect plants at all growth stages. Extensive studies have linked P. palmivora to severe diseases in several crops, such as black pepper, rubber, cocoa, and durian, causing global economic losses. This review covers the following topics in depth: (i) P. palmivora as phytopathogen; (ii) identification and infection mechanism in rubber, cocoa, and durian; and (iii) management and control applied for P. palmivora diseases. Effective management strategies were studied and practiced to prevent the spread of P. palmivora disease. Genetic resistance and biocontrol are the best methods to control the disease. A better understanding of P. palmivora infection mechanisms in our main crops and early disease detection can reduce the risk of catastrophic pandemics.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46016316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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