N. H. Saidan, Mohd Shahrul Ridzuan Hamil, Khomaizon Abdul Kadir Pahirul Zaman, N. N. A. Zakaria, Norsyafiera Syuhada Fadzil, Kharul Azmi Muazzam Abdul Rahman
The local agricultural industry has produced a lot of biomass waste from agro-based materials, which contain much lignocellulose that can be used as substrates for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation. This study aims to compare the effect of different lignocellulose biomass-based substrates on oyster mushrooms’ growth, yield, and nutritional composition. Three different substrates (cassava peel, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust) were prepared, and the growth response was observed and measured. The fastest mycelial colonization was achieved from sugarcane bagasse after 29 days of cultivation. Oyster mushrooms grown with sugarcane bagasse substrate showed the highest carbohydrate, fiber, and energy content with 10.70%, 7.70%, and 52.00 kcal, respectively, compared to mushrooms grown with other substrates. The biological efficiency of sugarcane bagasse is also comparable to sawdust. Thus, it can be concluded that sugarcane bagasse has a high potential to be used as an alternative biomass-based substrate for cultivating P. ostreatus with enhancement on the growth, yield, and nutritional composition.
{"title":"The Effect of Different Lignocellulose Biomass-Based Substrates on the Enhancement of Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Grey Oyster Mushrooms","authors":"N. H. Saidan, Mohd Shahrul Ridzuan Hamil, Khomaizon Abdul Kadir Pahirul Zaman, N. N. A. Zakaria, Norsyafiera Syuhada Fadzil, Kharul Azmi Muazzam Abdul Rahman","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"The local agricultural industry has produced a lot of biomass waste from agro-based materials, which contain much lignocellulose that can be used as substrates for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation. This study aims to compare the effect of different lignocellulose biomass-based substrates on oyster mushrooms’ growth, yield, and nutritional composition. Three different substrates (cassava peel, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust) were prepared, and the growth response was observed and measured. The fastest mycelial colonization was achieved from sugarcane bagasse after 29 days of cultivation. Oyster mushrooms grown with sugarcane bagasse substrate showed the highest carbohydrate, fiber, and energy content with 10.70%, 7.70%, and 52.00 kcal, respectively, compared to mushrooms grown with other substrates. The biological efficiency of sugarcane bagasse is also comparable to sawdust. Thus, it can be concluded that sugarcane bagasse has a high potential to be used as an alternative biomass-based substrate for cultivating P. ostreatus with enhancement on the growth, yield, and nutritional composition.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46222459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Najihah, A. Nurul Najian, A. Syahir, J. Abu, K. L. Ho, Wen Siang Tan, A. R. Mariatulqabtiah
Papillomaviruses (PVs), double-stranded circular DNA viruses, typically cause regressing papillomas (warts) on mucosal or keratinized epithelia of a wide spectrum of species. The viruses largely infect mammals, whereby PV infections in humans, bovines, and rabbits are extensively reported. However, studies on non-mammalian PVs, particularly avian ones, are relatively lacking and worthy of investigation. This study performed a meta-analysis post-systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines to evaluate the occurrences of avian papillomaviruses (APVs) in bird species and effective materials used for virus detection. The electronic databases Science Direct, Medline via PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to search for the journal articles. Upon article eligibility check, the QUADAS-2 was employed to assess the data. Of 1139 records, 31 were eligible for full-text review, but only 9 were significant for the final review. The results showed that APVs are highly prevalent among the Fringillidae family, with a proportion of 81%, followed by Laridae (30%) and Anatidae (13%). The pooled prevalence of APV in tissue samples was 38%, while in swab samples was 13%. Only one study reported positive APV from fecal materials (0.4%); hence, the reliability comparison between these three samples was not performed. This study concluded that APVs are most prevalent in the Fringillidae bird family, while tissues are the most suitable biological samples for APV screening and should be considered as a single sample material. From epidemiology, knowledge of APV incidences and distribution may assist in controlling papillomatosis in bird species.
乳头状瘤病毒（PV）是一种双链环状DNA病毒，通常会在多种物种的粘膜或角化上皮上引起退行性乳头状瘤（疣）。这种病毒主要感染哺乳动物，因此人类、牛和兔子的PV感染被广泛报道。然而，对非哺乳动物PVs，特别是鸟类PVs的研究相对缺乏，值得研究。本研究根据系统评价的首选报告项目和荟萃分析声明指南进行了系统后荟萃分析，以评估禽乳头瘤病毒（APV）在鸟类和用于病毒检测的有效材料中的发生率。电子数据库Science Direct、Medline via PubMed和Google Scholar用于搜索期刊文章。在物品合格性检查后，采用QUADAS-2对数据进行评估。在1139份记录中，有31份符合全文审查条件，但只有9份对最终审查具有重要意义。结果表明，APVs在弗林吉利科中高度流行，占81%，其次是Laridae（30%）和Anatidae（13%）。APV在组织样本中的合并患病率为38%，而在拭子样本中为13%。只有一项研究报告粪便中的APV呈阳性（0.4%）；因此，没有进行这三个样本之间的可靠性比较。这项研究得出的结论是，APV在弗林鸟科中最为普遍，而组织是最适合APV筛查的生物样本，应被视为单一样本材料。从流行病学角度来看，了解禽流感病毒的发病率和分布可能有助于控制鸟类的乳头状瘤病。
{"title":"Evaluation of Avian Papillomavirus Occurrences and Effective Sampling Materials for Screening Purpose in Bird Species Through Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Nur Najihah, A. Nurul Najian, A. Syahir, J. Abu, K. L. Ho, Wen Siang Tan, A. R. Mariatulqabtiah","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"Papillomaviruses (PVs), double-stranded circular DNA viruses, typically cause regressing papillomas (warts) on mucosal or keratinized epithelia of a wide spectrum of species. The viruses largely infect mammals, whereby PV infections in humans, bovines, and rabbits are extensively reported. However, studies on non-mammalian PVs, particularly avian ones, are relatively lacking and worthy of investigation. This study performed a meta-analysis post-systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines to evaluate the occurrences of avian papillomaviruses (APVs) in bird species and effective materials used for virus detection. The electronic databases Science Direct, Medline via PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to search for the journal articles. Upon article eligibility check, the QUADAS-2 was employed to assess the data. Of 1139 records, 31 were eligible for full-text review, but only 9 were significant for the final review. The results showed that APVs are highly prevalent among the Fringillidae family, with a proportion of 81%, followed by Laridae (30%) and Anatidae (13%). The pooled prevalence of APV in tissue samples was 38%, while in swab samples was 13%. Only one study reported positive APV from fecal materials (0.4%); hence, the reliability comparison between these three samples was not performed. This study concluded that APVs are most prevalent in the Fringillidae bird family, while tissues are the most suitable biological samples for APV screening and should be considered as a single sample material. From epidemiology, knowledge of APV incidences and distribution may assist in controlling papillomatosis in bird species.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49163507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aiesyaa Majdiena Emlee, Che Nurul Aini CHE AMRI, Mohd Razik Midin
A comparative study of leaf anatomy was attempted on Garcinia species in Peninsular Malaysia to identify anatomical features useful in species identification and classification. The species are Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana , Garcinia mangostana var. malaccensis , and Garcinia celebica. Leaves were collected from two different regions: Kuantan, Pahang and Kepong, Kuala Lumpur. The leaf anatomical study was done using the methods of leaf peeling, leaf venation, leaf cross-section, and scanning electron microscopy. The assessment of the leaf anatomy found that these three Garcinia species showed similarities in anatomical features, including the presence of paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface, a straight to wavy anticlinal wall of both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, a thick cuticle wax layer, the presence of druses, mucilage canal, petiole vascular bundle, the presence of collenchyma cells in the midrib, and also the presence of sclerenchyma cells in midrib and petiole. Meanwhile, the notable anatomical variation observed in this study included three types of midrib vascular bundles: the outline of the leaf margin, the presence of tanniferous idioblast, leaf marginal, and laminal venation as six types of epicuticular waxes present on epidermal surface. Overall, this study highlighted the anatomical features that are taxonomically valuable, which could be used to identify selected Garcinia species in Malaysia.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Leaf Anatomy in Selected Garcinia Species in Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Aiesyaa Majdiena Emlee, Che Nurul Aini CHE AMRI, Mohd Razik Midin","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.18","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative study of leaf anatomy was attempted on Garcinia species in Peninsular Malaysia to identify anatomical features useful in species identification and classification. The species are Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana , Garcinia mangostana var. malaccensis , and Garcinia celebica. Leaves were collected from two different regions: Kuantan, Pahang and Kepong, Kuala Lumpur. The leaf anatomical study was done using the methods of leaf peeling, leaf venation, leaf cross-section, and scanning electron microscopy. The assessment of the leaf anatomy found that these three Garcinia species showed similarities in anatomical features, including the presence of paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface, a straight to wavy anticlinal wall of both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, a thick cuticle wax layer, the presence of druses, mucilage canal, petiole vascular bundle, the presence of collenchyma cells in the midrib, and also the presence of sclerenchyma cells in midrib and petiole. Meanwhile, the notable anatomical variation observed in this study included three types of midrib vascular bundles: the outline of the leaf margin, the presence of tanniferous idioblast, leaf marginal, and laminal venation as six types of epicuticular waxes present on epidermal surface. Overall, this study highlighted the anatomical features that are taxonomically valuable, which could be used to identify selected Garcinia species in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49483020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rachmawati, P. H. Riyadi, I. Samidjan, T. Elfitasari, Diana Chilamawati, S. Windarto, Rosa Amalia, Dewi Nurhayati, Tristiana Yuniarti, Yunanto Yunanto
Due to their nutritional value, alternative vegetable materials such as soybean are needed to promote sustainable aquaculture development. However, phytate in soybean could interfere with the protein digestion of the fish body. This study examines the effectiveness of phytate enzymes in enhancing protein digestibility, growth performance, mineral digestion, and body chemical composition of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) juveniles. The study was completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. One hundred thirteen Sangkuriang catfish juveniles (7.65 ± 0.14 g) were used for each repetition. The fish were fed with an experimental diet supplemented with various doses of phytase enzyme: 0 (A), 500 (B), 1,000 (C), and 1,500 (D) FTU/kg of feed. The mineral digestibility, protein digestibility, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCp), relative growth rate (RGR), and survival rate (SR) were observed. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that adding 1,000 FTU/kg of phytase enzyme (C) exhibited the highest PER, FCR, EFU, ADCp, and RGR value of Sangkuriang catfish juveniles compared to other treatments. All treatment groups (B-C) had the same SR value (100%) and had the highest crude protein and ash content compared to the A group. All group treatments also exhibited a higher phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt. Therefore, phytase enzyme supplementation could improve protein digestibility, mineral digestibility, growth performance, and body chemical composition of Sangkuriang catfish juveniles.
{"title":"Phytase Enzyme Improves Growth Performance and Body Chemical Composition of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) Juvenile","authors":"D. Rachmawati, P. H. Riyadi, I. Samidjan, T. Elfitasari, Diana Chilamawati, S. Windarto, Rosa Amalia, Dewi Nurhayati, Tristiana Yuniarti, Yunanto Yunanto","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.20","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their nutritional value, alternative vegetable materials such as soybean are needed to promote sustainable aquaculture development. However, phytate in soybean could interfere with the protein digestion of the fish body. This study examines the effectiveness of phytate enzymes in enhancing protein digestibility, growth performance, mineral digestion, and body chemical composition of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) juveniles. The study was completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. One hundred thirteen Sangkuriang catfish juveniles (7.65 ± 0.14 g) were used for each repetition. The fish were fed with an experimental diet supplemented with various doses of phytase enzyme: 0 (A), 500 (B), 1,000 (C), and 1,500 (D) FTU/kg of feed. The mineral digestibility, protein digestibility, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCp), relative growth rate (RGR), and survival rate (SR) were observed. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that adding 1,000 FTU/kg of phytase enzyme (C) exhibited the highest PER, FCR, EFU, ADCp, and RGR value of Sangkuriang catfish juveniles compared to other treatments. All treatment groups (B-C) had the same SR value (100%) and had the highest crude protein and ash content compared to the A group. All group treatments also exhibited a higher phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt. Therefore, phytase enzyme supplementation could improve protein digestibility, mineral digestibility, growth performance, and body chemical composition of Sangkuriang catfish juveniles.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44200353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zahrah-Izati Azhar Shapawi, S. H. Ariffin, R. Shamsudin, Muhammad Syahmeer How, Ahmad Hafiz Baharom
The edible coating is one of the preservation methods widely applied by food industries as it is beneficial in suppressing respiration, minimising moisture loss, and reducing food wastage. This study investigates the effects of edible coating (Spirulina platensis and chitosan) on the quality and shelf life of B10 throughout storage at room temperature 27°C. The quality analysis of colour (L*, a*, b*, and hue), browning index, fresh weight and physical appearance were evaluated on days 0, 4, 8, 12, and 14. There was a significant difference for all quality analyses between storage days (p < 0.05). The physical appearance showed that at day 8, B10 coated with spirulina maintained the greenish colour while chitosan-coated and controlled turned the fruit bright yellowish, indicating ripening. Control samples were observed to have major browning at day 12, whereas samples coated with spirulina and chitosan only showed early signs of browning. Samples with spirulina coating have the least a* (greenness-redness) and b* (blueness-yellowness) values, which showed that spirulina was able to slow down the ripening process in comparison to chitosan and control (p < 0.05). For the hue value, samples with chitosan coating showed the least colour changes (p < 0.05), followed by spirulina and control with 9.04, 9.43, and 30.82°, respectively. It proved that coated samples provide the best results in slowing down the colour changes and browning of the carambola compared to the control. Besides, the regression analysis resulted in a good fitness (R2 near 1) for browning and weight loss analysis for all coatings, which were agreed to be reliable and had a good predictive indicator power when the storage days were extended. Hence, these results would be potentially useful for the fresh produce industry to prolong the shelf-life of B10 during distribution, transportation, and commercialisation.
{"title":"The Effect of Edible Coatings (Spirulina and Chitosan) on the Quality and Shelf Life of Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L. cv. B10) Throughout Storage","authors":"Zahrah-Izati Azhar Shapawi, S. H. Ariffin, R. Shamsudin, Muhammad Syahmeer How, Ahmad Hafiz Baharom","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"The edible coating is one of the preservation methods widely applied by food industries as it is beneficial in suppressing respiration, minimising moisture loss, and reducing food wastage. This study investigates the effects of edible coating (Spirulina platensis and chitosan) on the quality and shelf life of B10 throughout storage at room temperature 27°C. The quality analysis of colour (L*, a*, b*, and hue), browning index, fresh weight and physical appearance were evaluated on days 0, 4, 8, 12, and 14. There was a significant difference for all quality analyses between storage days (p < 0.05). The physical appearance showed that at day 8, B10 coated with spirulina maintained the greenish colour while chitosan-coated and controlled turned the fruit bright yellowish, indicating ripening. Control samples were observed to have major browning at day 12, whereas samples coated with spirulina and chitosan only showed early signs of browning. Samples with spirulina coating have the least a* (greenness-redness) and b* (blueness-yellowness) values, which showed that spirulina was able to slow down the ripening process in comparison to chitosan and control (p < 0.05). For the hue value, samples with chitosan coating showed the least colour changes (p < 0.05), followed by spirulina and control with 9.04, 9.43, and 30.82°, respectively. It proved that coated samples provide the best results in slowing down the colour changes and browning of the carambola compared to the control. Besides, the regression analysis resulted in a good fitness (R2 near 1) for browning and weight loss analysis for all coatings, which were agreed to be reliable and had a good predictive indicator power when the storage days were extended. Hence, these results would be potentially useful for the fresh produce industry to prolong the shelf-life of B10 during distribution, transportation, and commercialisation.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42014593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amnat Phetsuwan, Narisa Kunpratum, Marootpong Pooam, K. Somtrakoon, W. Chouychai
The Napier grass continues to be a popular forage crop in Nakhonsawan Province and other areas in the northern and east-northern parts of Thailand. Increasing the growth and biomass of Napier grass growing in low-quality sandy soil will increase the economic value of this plant. The stem cutting of two cultivars of Napier grass, cv. Pakchong 1 (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum) and sweet grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham), were exposed to two plant growth regulators, gibberellic acid and salicylic acid, and two application methods, soaking for 24 hr and watering after inoculation into the soil, were studied. For one plant growth regulator test, the most appropriate concentration of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid were 0.01 and 100 mg/L, respectively, for the soaking and watering method. There was an interaction between the combination of plant growth regulator type and application method for both cultivars. The best stimulation effect for sweet grass was soaking with 100 mg/L salicylic acids only. The response of Napier grass cv. Pakchong 1 was different. Soaking with 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid and watering with 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid was suitable for increasing shoot and root length while soaking with 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid and watering with 100 mg/L salicylic acid was suitable for increasing fresh and dry weight. This information will be useful for stimulating the growth of Napier grass in agricultural purposes.
Napier草仍然是Nakhonsawan省和泰国北部和东北部其他地区的一种受欢迎的饲料作物。增加生长在低质量沙质土壤中的纳皮尔草的生长和生物量将增加该植物的经济价值。采用赤霉酸和水杨酸两种植物生长调节剂和浸泡24小时和接种后浇水两种施用方法，研究了巴基斯坦草1号（Pennisetum purpureum x Penniseum americanum）和甜草（Penniseum purpureum cv.Mahasarakham）的茎部扦插。在一次植物生长调节剂试验中，浸泡法和浇水法最合适的赤霉酸和水杨酸浓度分别为0.01和100mg/L。两个品种的植物生长调节剂类型组合和施用方法之间存在相互作用。对甜草的刺激效果最好的是仅用100mg/L水杨酸浸泡。纳皮尔草品种巴冲1号的反应不同。用0.01mg/L的赤霉酸浸泡和用0.01mg/L赤霉酸浇水适合增加地上部和根系长度，而用0.01mg/L赤霉素浸泡和用100mg/L水杨酸浇水适合增加鲜重和干重。这些信息将有助于刺激纳皮尔草在农业中的生长。
{"title":"Application of Salicylic Acid and Gibberellic Acid Increase Stem Cutting Growth of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham and Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum","authors":"Amnat Phetsuwan, Narisa Kunpratum, Marootpong Pooam, K. Somtrakoon, W. Chouychai","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.01","url":null,"abstract":"The Napier grass continues to be a popular forage crop in Nakhonsawan Province and other areas in the northern and east-northern parts of Thailand. Increasing the growth and biomass of Napier grass growing in low-quality sandy soil will increase the economic value of this plant. The stem cutting of two cultivars of Napier grass, cv. Pakchong 1 (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum) and sweet grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham), were exposed to two plant growth regulators, gibberellic acid and salicylic acid, and two application methods, soaking for 24 hr and watering after inoculation into the soil, were studied. For one plant growth regulator test, the most appropriate concentration of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid were 0.01 and 100 mg/L, respectively, for the soaking and watering method. There was an interaction between the combination of plant growth regulator type and application method for both cultivars. The best stimulation effect for sweet grass was soaking with 100 mg/L salicylic acids only. The response of Napier grass cv. Pakchong 1 was different. Soaking with 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid and watering with 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid was suitable for increasing shoot and root length while soaking with 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid and watering with 100 mg/L salicylic acid was suitable for increasing fresh and dry weight. This information will be useful for stimulating the growth of Napier grass in agricultural purposes.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48498550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. L. Fernandes, G. G. Casas, L. Fardin, Gilciano Saraiva Nogueira, R. Leite, L. Couto, H. Leite
Optimizing tree spacing in a forest plantation is one of the main management techniques to improve stand quality and productivity. Its influence on growth from an early age is an important matter for forest management. This study aims to evaluate the effect of tree spacing on early growth rate and yield over time in Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis hybrids. The data were obtained from an experiment in Itamarandiba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The plots were composed of five planting spacing (3.00 m × 0.50 m, 3.00 m × 1.00 m, 3.00 m × 1.50 m, 3.00 m × 2.00 m, and 3.00 m × 3.00 m) measured at the ages of 7, 12, 24, 36, 48, 61, 77, 85, and 102 months. Growth and yield were analyzed by fitting the Gompertz model and a baseline exponential model up to 36 months of age to evaluate the influence of early growth on the harvest age. A Pearson correlation matrix was also generated to find out the relationship between the mean annual increment in the respective treatments during the studied period. It was observed that a positive correlation in the average annual increase in the 3 × 2 and 3 × 3 spacings. It was verified that tree spacing influenced the yielded wood volume and the optimal harvest age. The early growth rate influences the optimal harvest, which may explain a possible loss of yield during the productive cycle of the forest stand.
优化林分间距是提高林分质量和生产力的主要管理技术之一。它对幼年生长的影响是森林管理的一个重要问题。本研究旨在评价树间距对大桉×山核桃桉杂交品种早期生长速率和产量的影响。这些数据来自巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州伊塔马兰迪巴的一项实验。在7、12、24、36、48、61、77、85和102个月龄测量5种种植间距(3.00 m × 0.50 m、3.00 m × 1.00 m、3.00 m × 1.50 m、3.00 m × 2.00 m和3.00 m × 3.00 m)。通过拟合Gompertz模型和36月龄前的基线指数模型分析生长和产量，以评估早期生长对收获年龄的影响。生成Pearson相关矩阵，求出研究期间各处理的年平均增量之间的关系。3 × 2和3 × 3间距的年平均增加量呈显著正相关。结果表明，树间距对木材产量和最佳采伐年龄均有影响。早期生长速度影响最佳收获，这可以解释林分在生产周期中可能出现的产量损失。
{"title":"Effects of Spacing on Early Growth Rate and Yield of Hybrid Eucalyptus Stands","authors":"G. L. Fernandes, G. G. Casas, L. Fardin, Gilciano Saraiva Nogueira, R. Leite, L. Couto, H. Leite","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing tree spacing in a forest plantation is one of the main management techniques to improve stand quality and productivity. Its influence on growth from an early age is an important matter for forest management. This study aims to evaluate the effect of tree spacing on early growth rate and yield over time in Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis hybrids. The data were obtained from an experiment in Itamarandiba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The plots were composed of five planting spacing (3.00 m × 0.50 m, 3.00 m × 1.00 m, 3.00 m × 1.50 m, 3.00 m × 2.00 m, and 3.00 m × 3.00 m) measured at the ages of 7, 12, 24, 36, 48, 61, 77, 85, and 102 months. Growth and yield were analyzed by fitting the Gompertz model and a baseline exponential model up to 36 months of age to evaluate the influence of early growth on the harvest age. A Pearson correlation matrix was also generated to find out the relationship between the mean annual increment in the respective treatments during the studied period. It was observed that a positive correlation in the average annual increase in the 3 × 2 and 3 × 3 spacings. It was verified that tree spacing influenced the yielded wood volume and the optimal harvest age. The early growth rate influences the optimal harvest, which may explain a possible loss of yield during the productive cycle of the forest stand.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42419154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Norshidah Baharuddin, Muhamad Aidilfitri Mohamad Roslan, Noor Amani Ramli, Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme, Zuraida Ab Rahman, M. E. Khayat, Helmi Wasoh, Zulfazli M. Sobri
Mimosa pudica is a medicinal plant worthy of therapeutic properties. It is often overlooked as one of the weed species, and the potential was underappreciated despite its abundance in nature, particularly in tropical climate countries. Considering the aptitude of this species, the micropropagation protocol of M. pudica was revisited and enhanced. The seed surface sterilization and germination were assessed, followed by shoot multiplication rate and root initiation efficiency. Seeds of M. pudica were best surface sterilized with 35% of Clorox and recorded the highest germination rate at 65.55% in media of three-quarter strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) combined with 30 g of sucrose. The explants were harvested and subcultured into multiplication media fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin, and coconut water. The highest number of new shoots and leaves were obtained at 3 shoots and 3.27 cm in media of MS combined with 17.6 μm kinetin. Half-strength MS media devoid of hormone was recommended for root induction, resulting in the 5 healthy roots at 2.06 cm after 4 weeks of culture. Overall, the developed micropropagation protocol of M. pudica could facilitate its large-scale cultivation, indicating its potential as a medicinal crop for the extraction of bioactive compounds.
{"title":"Revisiting In vitro Micropropagation Protocols of Mimosa pudica for Enhanced Seed Germination, Shoot Multiplication, and Root Initiation","authors":"Norshidah Baharuddin, Muhamad Aidilfitri Mohamad Roslan, Noor Amani Ramli, Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme, Zuraida Ab Rahman, M. E. Khayat, Helmi Wasoh, Zulfazli M. Sobri","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Mimosa pudica is a medicinal plant worthy of therapeutic properties. It is often overlooked as one of the weed species, and the potential was underappreciated despite its abundance in nature, particularly in tropical climate countries. Considering the aptitude of this species, the micropropagation protocol of M. pudica was revisited and enhanced. The seed surface sterilization and germination were assessed, followed by shoot multiplication rate and root initiation efficiency. Seeds of M. pudica were best surface sterilized with 35% of Clorox and recorded the highest germination rate at 65.55% in media of three-quarter strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) combined with 30 g of sucrose. The explants were harvested and subcultured into multiplication media fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin, and coconut water. The highest number of new shoots and leaves were obtained at 3 shoots and 3.27 cm in media of MS combined with 17.6 μm kinetin. Half-strength MS media devoid of hormone was recommended for root induction, resulting in the 5 healthy roots at 2.06 cm after 4 weeks of culture. Overall, the developed micropropagation protocol of M. pudica could facilitate its large-scale cultivation, indicating its potential as a medicinal crop for the extraction of bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70929308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noorazizah Arsad, Azman Abd Samad, H. Jamaluddin, W. R. Z. Wan Dagang
The pineapple waste from the pineapple industry has contributed to an increase in waste in Malaysia and worldwide every year. A major type of endopeptidase enzymes found in pineapple is fruit bromelain, stem bromelain, ananain, and comasain. This study aims to extract and purify protease from the crown of MD2 pineapple. Protease was extracted and purified using anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and desalting before being identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Proteolytic activity was determined using the well diffusion method and Casein Digestion Unit. In the present study, the proteolytic assay showed that 1 kg crown of MD2 cultivar produced an activity of 126.0 ± 3.86 U/ml, a specific activity of 3937.50 U/mg. In the present study, the proteolytic assay showed that 1 kg crown of MD2 cultivar produced an activity of 126.0 ± 3.86 U/mL, a specific activity of 3937.50 U/mg and the total activity of 3.94 × 109 U. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was in the range of 25 to 35 kDa under the optimum condition of pH 7 and 37°C. Purification of the extract yielded a band at the molecular weight of 20–25 kDa at the optimum pH of 3 and 9 at 60°C. From LC-MS analysis, the purified enzyme from the crown extract was similar to ananain under accession number A0A199VSS3 (according to Uniprot). It had five unique peptides and covered 97/356 amino acids (44.9% coverage). The ananain (EC 3.4.22.31) is classified in the subfamilies of cysteine protease C1A (clan CA, family C1), a peptidase family related to papain. In conclusion, protease was extracted and identified as an ananain-like protease from the crown.
菠萝产业产生的菠萝废料每年都在马来西亚和世界范围内造成废物的增加。在菠萝中发现的一种主要的内肽酶是菠萝果蛋白酶、菠萝茎蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶和菠萝蛋白酶。本研究旨在从MD2菠萝树冠中提取和纯化蛋白酶。蛋白酶通过阴离子交换层析、凝胶过滤和脱盐提取和纯化，然后使用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)进行鉴定。采用孔扩散法和酪蛋白消化装置测定蛋白水解活性。在本研究中，MD2品种1 kg树冠产生的蛋白水解活性为126.0±3.86 U/ml，比活性为3937.50 U/mg。在本研究中，MD2品种1 kg树冠的水解酶活性为126.0±3.86 U/mL，比活性为3937.50 U/mg，总活性为3.94 × 109 U，在pH为7、37℃的最佳条件下，纯化酶的分子量在25 ~ 35 kDa之间。提取液纯化后，在60℃条件下，最佳pH为3和9，得到分子量为20-25 kDa的条带。通过LC-MS分析，纯化的酶与ananain相似，登录号为A0A199VSS3(根据Uniprot)。它有5个独特的肽，覆盖了97/356个氨基酸(覆盖率44.9%)。ananain (EC 3.4.22.31)属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶C1A亚家族(clan CA, family C1)，是一个与木瓜蛋白酶相关的肽酶家族。综上所述，从树冠中提取的蛋白酶被鉴定为一种类似安南素的蛋白酶。
{"title":"Isolation of Proteolytic Enzyme from Pineapple Crown","authors":"Noorazizah Arsad, Azman Abd Samad, H. Jamaluddin, W. R. Z. Wan Dagang","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"The pineapple waste from the pineapple industry has contributed to an increase in waste in Malaysia and worldwide every year. A major type of endopeptidase enzymes found in pineapple is fruit bromelain, stem bromelain, ananain, and comasain. This study aims to extract and purify protease from the crown of MD2 pineapple. Protease was extracted and purified using anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and desalting before being identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Proteolytic activity was determined using the well diffusion method and Casein Digestion Unit. In the present study, the proteolytic assay showed that 1 kg crown of MD2 cultivar produced an activity of 126.0 ± 3.86 U/ml, a specific activity of 3937.50 U/mg. In the present study, the proteolytic assay showed that 1 kg crown of MD2 cultivar produced an activity of 126.0 ± 3.86 U/mL, a specific activity of 3937.50 U/mg and the total activity of 3.94 × 109 U. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was in the range of 25 to 35 kDa under the optimum condition of pH 7 and 37°C. Purification of the extract yielded a band at the molecular weight of 20–25 kDa at the optimum pH of 3 and 9 at 60°C. From LC-MS analysis, the purified enzyme from the crown extract was similar to ananain under accession number A0A199VSS3 (according to Uniprot). It had five unique peptides and covered 97/356 amino acids (44.9% coverage). The ananain (EC 3.4.22.31) is classified in the subfamilies of cysteine protease C1A (clan CA, family C1), a peptidase family related to papain. In conclusion, protease was extracted and identified as an ananain-like protease from the crown.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44315958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parthenium hysterophorus L. is regarded as one of the most invasive weed species. This study evaluated the effect of soil pH on P. hyterophorus weed growth and fecundity, as well as the effect of burial depths on P. hyterophorus seed survival and emergence. The first study evaluated five soil pH levels (acidic, sub-acidic, neutral, sub-basic, and basic) in a randomised complete block design. Seed germinability and subsequent seedling growth (height, leaf area, biomass, and seed number/plant) were evaluated. This study showed that P. hysterophorus seeds have a similar germination capacity under varying soil pH conditions. However, acidic soil indicated accelerated growth (25% higher biomass with 15.2% more leaf area) and fecundity (13.4% faster to enter the flowering stage at 74 days after sowing). In the second study, two factors were tested; burial depths (0.5, 5, 10, and 20 cm) being nested into seven burial durations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months). Seed viability (final germination percentage and germination rate index), electrical conductance, and emergence percentage were assessed with the burial conditions. The results showed that only seed buried at 0.5 cm depth indicated emergence (81.3% of cumulative emergence). Forty per cent of the seeds remained viable after exhumation at 0.5–5 cm depth, while only 19–27% survived as the burial depth increased beyond 10 cm depth within 12 months. The seed remained viable for more than 12 months as a seed bank, despite faster deterioration at increasing soil depth.
{"title":"Parthenium hysterophorus Weed Fecundity and Seed Survival at Different Soil pH and Burial Conditions","authors":"M. Ghazali, U. Sinniah, M. S. Ahmad-Hamdani","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Parthenium hysterophorus L. is regarded as one of the most invasive weed species. This study evaluated the effect of soil pH on P. hyterophorus weed growth and fecundity, as well as the effect of burial depths on P. hyterophorus seed survival and emergence. The first study evaluated five soil pH levels (acidic, sub-acidic, neutral, sub-basic, and basic) in a randomised complete block design. Seed germinability and subsequent seedling growth (height, leaf area, biomass, and seed number/plant) were evaluated. This study showed that P. hysterophorus seeds have a similar germination capacity under varying soil pH conditions. However, acidic soil indicated accelerated growth (25% higher biomass with 15.2% more leaf area) and fecundity (13.4% faster to enter the flowering stage at 74 days after sowing). In the second study, two factors were tested; burial depths (0.5, 5, 10, and 20 cm) being nested into seven burial durations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months). Seed viability (final germination percentage and germination rate index), electrical conductance, and emergence percentage were assessed with the burial conditions. The results showed that only seed buried at 0.5 cm depth indicated emergence (81.3% of cumulative emergence). Forty per cent of the seeds remained viable after exhumation at 0.5–5 cm depth, while only 19–27% survived as the burial depth increased beyond 10 cm depth within 12 months. The seed remained viable for more than 12 months as a seed bank, despite faster deterioration at increasing soil depth.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43572766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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