Gary Antonio Lirio, James Jr. Cerado, Jenine Tricia Esteban, Jeffrey Adriano Ferrer, Claire Salvedia
The increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices and the quest for food security has intensified the need for alternative solutions to promote healthy growth in farm animals. One potential strategy is the use of probiotics derived from diverse sources, which remains relatively uncharted. In this context, this study aimed to assess the probiotic potentials of Bacillus velezensis D01Ca and Bacillus siamensis G01Bb, strains sourced from the gut of ducks and goats. Using two completely randomized experimental designs with 150-day-old broiler chickens, two distinct set-ups were implemented. In the first, broilers were subjected to either a control condition, a single dose of B. velezensis D01Ca at 2.4 × 107 cfu/ml, or its double dose. The second set-up followed a similar setup, but with B. siamensis G01Bb at 2.29 × 107 cfu/ml. Throughout the 42-day trial, all broilers consumed a commercial ration ad libitum and accessed water freely, with specific groups receiving the supplemented water based on the treatment. Results show that the feed intake of broilers remained unaffected by the probiotic supplementation, with no significant difference (P≤0.05). However, broilers in the supplemented groups exhibited a noticeable increase in body weight and body weight gain when compared to the control. The feed conversion ratio, crucially, was consistent across all test groups. Conclusively, our findings suggest that B. velezensis D01Ca and B. siamensis G01Bb hold promise as viable probiotics for broiler chickens, offering potential strides toward sustainable agricultural practices and enhanced food security.
{"title":"Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Supplemented with Bacillus velezensis D01Ca and Bacillus siamensis G01Bb Isolated from Goat and Duck Microbiota","authors":"Gary Antonio Lirio, James Jr. Cerado, Jenine Tricia Esteban, Jeffrey Adriano Ferrer, Claire Salvedia","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices and the quest for food security has intensified the need for alternative solutions to promote healthy growth in farm animals. One potential strategy is the use of probiotics derived from diverse sources, which remains relatively uncharted. In this context, this study aimed to assess the probiotic potentials of Bacillus velezensis D01Ca and Bacillus siamensis G01Bb, strains sourced from the gut of ducks and goats. Using two completely randomized experimental designs with 150-day-old broiler chickens, two distinct set-ups were implemented. In the first, broilers were subjected to either a control condition, a single dose of B. velezensis D01Ca at 2.4 × 107 cfu/ml, or its double dose. The second set-up followed a similar setup, but with B. siamensis G01Bb at 2.29 × 107 cfu/ml. Throughout the 42-day trial, all broilers consumed a commercial ration ad libitum and accessed water freely, with specific groups receiving the supplemented water based on the treatment. Results show that the feed intake of broilers remained unaffected by the probiotic supplementation, with no significant difference (P≤0.05). However, broilers in the supplemented groups exhibited a noticeable increase in body weight and body weight gain when compared to the control. The feed conversion ratio, crucially, was consistent across all test groups. Conclusively, our findings suggest that B. velezensis D01Ca and B. siamensis G01Bb hold promise as viable probiotics for broiler chickens, offering potential strides toward sustainable agricultural practices and enhanced food security.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136010409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the problems in microalgae is harvesting. Currently, many chemical methods are used that impact the environment. Not all of them can be used as a filter, so bioflocculation is used because there is no need to change the medium. This method is an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative to chemical flocculants that usually cause contamination of biomass and health. Previous studies have shown that different ratios of auto-flocculated microalgae in cocultures affect the flocculation rate. This research was carried out by the Glagah Consortium bioflocculation using Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp., which had never been done before. The study aims to study the effect of the mixing ratio on the flocculation rate, carbohydrates, and lipid content of the Glagah Consortium. The consortium uses Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. as bioflocculants. Glagah and Anabaena sp. consortium was cultured in Bold Basal Medium, while Navicula sp. was cultured in F/2 medium. Cell density was measured every 24 hr for 8 days with a hemocytometer. The cultures were harvested in the stationary phase, then mixed between non-flocculated microalgae (Glagah Consortium) and flocculated microalgae (Anabaena sp., Navicula sp.) in a ratio of 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25 for 24 hr. Bioflocculation was measured by spectrophotometer at 750 nm 0 and 24 hr after mixing. Carbohydrate levels were measured using the phenol sulfuric acid method, while lipid measurements were performed using the Bligh and Dyer method. The addition of Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. as bioflocculant in Glagah Consortium culture results in an increase in flocculation rate with an effective ratio of 1:0.25 for Anabaena sp. (81%) and 1:1 for Navicula sp. (95%). Mixing of Anabaena sp. and Glagah Consortium results in carbon source competition, reducing carbohydrate content at higher mixing ratios (0.172, 0.364, and 0.500 mg/ml on 1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25) while increasing lipid content as a result of lipid production in stationary phase (highest on ratio 1:1 = 0.011 mg/ml). Navicula sp. and Glagah Consortium mixture caused no significant changes to carbohydrate content but showed an increased amount of lipid at all ratios as a result of osmotic stress on Glagah Consortium from saline F/2 medium (highest on ratio 1:1 = 0.162 mg/ml).
{"title":"Optimisation of Bioflocculation Using Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. for Harvesting of Glagah Microalgae Consortium","authors":"Erik Lawijaya, Dwi Umi Siswanti, Eko Agus Suyono","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.4.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.4.01","url":null,"abstract":"One of the problems in microalgae is harvesting. Currently, many chemical methods are used that impact the environment. Not all of them can be used as a filter, so bioflocculation is used because there is no need to change the medium. This method is an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative to chemical flocculants that usually cause contamination of biomass and health. Previous studies have shown that different ratios of auto-flocculated microalgae in cocultures affect the flocculation rate. This research was carried out by the Glagah Consortium bioflocculation using Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp., which had never been done before. The study aims to study the effect of the mixing ratio on the flocculation rate, carbohydrates, and lipid content of the Glagah Consortium. The consortium uses Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. as bioflocculants. Glagah and Anabaena sp. consortium was cultured in Bold Basal Medium, while Navicula sp. was cultured in F/2 medium. Cell density was measured every 24 hr for 8 days with a hemocytometer. The cultures were harvested in the stationary phase, then mixed between non-flocculated microalgae (Glagah Consortium) and flocculated microalgae (Anabaena sp., Navicula sp.) in a ratio of 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25 for 24 hr. Bioflocculation was measured by spectrophotometer at 750 nm 0 and 24 hr after mixing. Carbohydrate levels were measured using the phenol sulfuric acid method, while lipid measurements were performed using the Bligh and Dyer method. The addition of Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. as bioflocculant in Glagah Consortium culture results in an increase in flocculation rate with an effective ratio of 1:0.25 for Anabaena sp. (81%) and 1:1 for Navicula sp. (95%). Mixing of Anabaena sp. and Glagah Consortium results in carbon source competition, reducing carbohydrate content at higher mixing ratios (0.172, 0.364, and 0.500 mg/ml on 1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25) while increasing lipid content as a result of lipid production in stationary phase (highest on ratio 1:1 = 0.011 mg/ml). Navicula sp. and Glagah Consortium mixture caused no significant changes to carbohydrate content but showed an increased amount of lipid at all ratios as a result of osmotic stress on Glagah Consortium from saline F/2 medium (highest on ratio 1:1 = 0.162 mg/ml).","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136010408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are among the micronutrients humans need. However, the main food sources in developing countries such as Malaysia have low micronutrients, making it insufficient to supply the minimum daily requirement. Foliar fertilization is one of the most effective and safe ways to enrich important micronutrients in plants. This study investigated variations in Zn and Fe sources to evaluate the effects of individual Zn and Fe foliar applications on growth, dry matter, and nutrient uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Based on the result, the application of Zn and Fe in the form of sulfate salt showed a lower toxicity effect in terms of growth and dry matter of plants than Fe and Zn in the form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In terms of Zn uptake, it was found that there was a significant difference observed compared to the control, especially when 3 kg/ha Zn was applied, regardless of whether it was in the form of sulfate or EDTA. Furthermore, there was an increase in Fe uptake observed with increased Zn application. In contrast, the Fe application showed no difference in Fe intake compared to the control. It was found that there is a decrease in Zn uptake observed with increasing application of Fe rate. Sufficient Fe content is already available in the soil, and plants only take up what is needed for growth.
{"title":"The Effect of Zinc and Iron Applications from Different Sources to Growth, Dry Matter, and Its Uptake by Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)","authors":"Dayang Safinah Nayan, Suhaila Fouzi","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.4.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.4.03","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are among the micronutrients humans need. However, the main food sources in developing countries such as Malaysia have low micronutrients, making it insufficient to supply the minimum daily requirement. Foliar fertilization is one of the most effective and safe ways to enrich important micronutrients in plants. This study investigated variations in Zn and Fe sources to evaluate the effects of individual Zn and Fe foliar applications on growth, dry matter, and nutrient uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Based on the result, the application of Zn and Fe in the form of sulfate salt showed a lower toxicity effect in terms of growth and dry matter of plants than Fe and Zn in the form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In terms of Zn uptake, it was found that there was a significant difference observed compared to the control, especially when 3 kg/ha Zn was applied, regardless of whether it was in the form of sulfate or EDTA. Furthermore, there was an increase in Fe uptake observed with increased Zn application. In contrast, the Fe application showed no difference in Fe intake compared to the control. It was found that there is a decrease in Zn uptake observed with increasing application of Fe rate. Sufficient Fe content is already available in the soil, and plants only take up what is needed for growth.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136010549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gianmarco Goycochea Casas, Carlos Pedro Boechat Soares, Márcio Leles Romarco de Oliveira, Daniel Henrique Breda Binoti, Leonardo Pereira Fardin, Mathaus Messias Coimbra Limeira, Zool Hilmi Ismail, Antonilmar Araújo Lopes da Silva, Hélio Garcia Leite
Whole-stand Models (WSM) have always been fitted with permanent plot data organised in a sequential age-matched database, i.e., i and i+1, where i = 1, 2, ... N plot measurements. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the statistical efficiency of a monthly distributed data structure by fitting the models of Clutter (1963), Buckman (1962) in the version modified by A. L. da Silva et al. (2006), and deep learning, and (2) to evaluate the possibility of gaining accuracy in yield projections made from an early age to harvest age of eucalypt stands. Three alternatives for organizing the data were analyzed. The first is with data paired in sequential measurement ages, i.e., i and i+1, where i = 1, 2, ... N plot measurements. In the second, all possible measurement intervals for each plot were considered, i.e., ii+1; i, i+2; ...; iN; i+1, i+2; ..., N-1, N. The third has data paired by month (j), always with an interval of one month, i.e., j, j+1; j+1, j+2; j+M-1, M, where M is the stand age of the plot measurement in months. This study shows that the accuracy and consistency of the projections depend on the organization of the monthly distributed data, except for the Clutter model. A better alternative to increasing the statistical assumptions of the forecast from early to harvest age is based on a monthly distributed data structure using a deep learning method.
整林模型(WSM)一直都是用序列年龄匹配数据库中组织的永久地块数据进行拟合，即i和i+1，其中i = 1,2，…N个地块测量值。本研究的目标是:(1)通过拟合a . L. da Silva等人(2006)修改的版本中的Clutter(1963)、Buckman(1962)模型和深度学习来评估月度分布式数据结构的统计效率，以及(2)评估从桉树林分早期到收获年龄的产量预测获得准确性的可能性。分析了组织数据的三种备选方案。第一种是序列测量年龄配对的数据，即i和i+1，其中i = 1,2，…N个地块测量值。其次，考虑每个地块的所有可能的测量区间，即ii+1;我,我+ 2;…;;我+ 1,+ 2;…， N-1, N.第三个是按月(j)配对的数据，总是以一个月为间隔，即j, j+1;j + 1, + 2;j+M-1, M，其中M为测量样地林龄，单位为月。研究表明，除杂波模型外，预测的准确性和一致性取决于月度分布数据的组织。从早期到收获年龄增加预测的统计假设的更好替代方案是基于使用深度学习方法的月度分布式数据结构。
{"title":"Assessment of a Monthly Data Structure for Growth and Yield Projections from Early to Harvest Age in Hybrid Eucalypt Stands","authors":"Gianmarco Goycochea Casas, Carlos Pedro Boechat Soares, Márcio Leles Romarco de Oliveira, Daniel Henrique Breda Binoti, Leonardo Pereira Fardin, Mathaus Messias Coimbra Limeira, Zool Hilmi Ismail, Antonilmar Araújo Lopes da Silva, Hélio Garcia Leite","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"Whole-stand Models (WSM) have always been fitted with permanent plot data organised in a sequential age-matched database, i.e., i and i+1, where i = 1, 2, ... N plot measurements. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the statistical efficiency of a monthly distributed data structure by fitting the models of Clutter (1963), Buckman (1962) in the version modified by A. L. da Silva et al. (2006), and deep learning, and (2) to evaluate the possibility of gaining accuracy in yield projections made from an early age to harvest age of eucalypt stands. Three alternatives for organizing the data were analyzed. The first is with data paired in sequential measurement ages, i.e., i and i+1, where i = 1, 2, ... N plot measurements. In the second, all possible measurement intervals for each plot were considered, i.e., ii+1; i, i+2; ...; iN; i+1, i+2; ..., N-1, N. The third has data paired by month (j), always with an interval of one month, i.e., j, j+1; j+1, j+2; j+M-1, M, where M is the stand age of the plot measurement in months. This study shows that the accuracy and consistency of the projections depend on the organization of the monthly distributed data, except for the Clutter model. A better alternative to increasing the statistical assumptions of the forecast from early to harvest age is based on a monthly distributed data structure using a deep learning method.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136010411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.
{"title":"Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Poultry Flocks: A Review of Current Knowledge","authors":"Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jafar Ali Natasha, A. R. Yasmin, Reuben Sunil Kumar Sharma, Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila, Md Isa Nur-Mahiza, S. Arshad, H. Mohammed, Kiven Kumar, Shih Keng Loong, Mohd Kharip Shah Ahmad Khusaini
Mosquitoes are extremely important vectors that transmit zoonotic West Nile virus (WNV) globally, resulting in significant outbreaks in birds, humans, and mammals. The abundance of mosquito vectors combined with the migratory flying behaviour of wild birds across the globe has exacerbated the dynamics of WNV infection. Depth understanding of the WNV infection requires a comprehensive understanding of the character of the vector in terms of their taxonomy, morphology, biology, behaviours, preferences, and factors that promote their breeding. Most susceptible animals and humans may experience serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis. Little is known about the susceptibility of mosquitoes to WNV infection. This review provides insightful knowledge about the characteristics of mosquitoes that carry WNV and their susceptibility to WNV infection. The context of mosquito’s involvement in WNV transmission is demonstrated through space and time from the 1950’s until to date. The historical timeline of WNV transmission strength was significantly intensified via the complex interactions between vector, virus, and environment. Such knowledge will provide valuable insights into vector control intervention mitigation strategies, especially in tropical climate countries like Malaysia.
{"title":"Mosquito as West Nile Virus Vector: Global Timeline of Detection, Characteristic, and Biology","authors":"Jafar Ali Natasha, A. R. Yasmin, Reuben Sunil Kumar Sharma, Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila, Md Isa Nur-Mahiza, S. Arshad, H. Mohammed, Kiven Kumar, Shih Keng Loong, Mohd Kharip Shah Ahmad Khusaini","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.18","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes are extremely important vectors that transmit zoonotic West Nile virus (WNV) globally, resulting in significant outbreaks in birds, humans, and mammals. The abundance of mosquito vectors combined with the migratory flying behaviour of wild birds across the globe has exacerbated the dynamics of WNV infection. Depth understanding of the WNV infection requires a comprehensive understanding of the character of the vector in terms of their taxonomy, morphology, biology, behaviours, preferences, and factors that promote their breeding. Most susceptible animals and humans may experience serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis. Little is known about the susceptibility of mosquitoes to WNV infection. This review provides insightful knowledge about the characteristics of mosquitoes that carry WNV and their susceptibility to WNV infection. The context of mosquito’s involvement in WNV transmission is demonstrated through space and time from the 1950’s until to date. The historical timeline of WNV transmission strength was significantly intensified via the complex interactions between vector, virus, and environment. Such knowledge will provide valuable insights into vector control intervention mitigation strategies, especially in tropical climate countries like Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45783992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bahiyah Azli, Nur Farhana Salim, A. Omar, M. Hair-Bejo, Norfitriah Mohamed Sohaimi, Nurulfiza Mat Isa
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is reported to pose a severe risk to the poultry industry, affecting food and nutrient security nationally and globally. FAdV is identified as the primary pathogen for inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) disease in avians during outbreaks in farms. Numerous interventions have been employed to reduce the chicken’s mortality rate in future outbreaks, such as local autogenous vaccine production that has yet to be successfully commercialised. Fibre and hexon protein are two out of the three major components of the adenoviral capsid, identified to contribute towards FAdV virulence. Hence, this study aims to determine the fibre and hexon gene molecular changes of a local isolate, FAdV UPMT1901, in Malaysia’s recent IBH outbreak and identify the evolutionary relationship with known FAdV strains. Propagation of FAdV UPMT1901 was performed in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken prior to genomic extraction. The genes were amplified, and the retrieved nucleotide sequences were aligned with the published FAdV sequences. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that UPMT1901 partial fibre and hexon genes are 99% similar to other known FAdV serotype 8b (FAdV-8b) species, especially the published Malaysian FAdV-8b isolates. Interestingly, the amino acid residue analysis further supported consistent residues amongst Malaysian isolates at fibre positions T176A, Q195H, D213E, S243T, A258V, F335Y, and F353V and hexon position T422M. These findings elucidate the structural proteins’ functional capacity and molecular diversity, specifically amongst Malaysian FAdV isolates and FAdV-8b, while contributing to global initiatives to establish biosecurity, such as a vaccine or antiviral production against future outbreaks.
{"title":"Molecular Characterisation of Partial Structural Genes of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 8b UPMT1901 Field Strain Isolate Associated with the Inclusion Body Hepatitis in Malaysia’s Commercial Broiler Chickens","authors":"Bahiyah Azli, Nur Farhana Salim, A. Omar, M. Hair-Bejo, Norfitriah Mohamed Sohaimi, Nurulfiza Mat Isa","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.15","url":null,"abstract":"Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is reported to pose a severe risk to the poultry industry, affecting food and nutrient security nationally and globally. FAdV is identified as the primary pathogen for inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) disease in avians during outbreaks in farms. Numerous interventions have been employed to reduce the chicken’s mortality rate in future outbreaks, such as local autogenous vaccine production that has yet to be successfully commercialised. Fibre and hexon protein are two out of the three major components of the adenoviral capsid, identified to contribute towards FAdV virulence. Hence, this study aims to determine the fibre and hexon gene molecular changes of a local isolate, FAdV UPMT1901, in Malaysia’s recent IBH outbreak and identify the evolutionary relationship with known FAdV strains. Propagation of FAdV UPMT1901 was performed in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken prior to genomic extraction. The genes were amplified, and the retrieved nucleotide sequences were aligned with the published FAdV sequences. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that UPMT1901 partial fibre and hexon genes are 99% similar to other known FAdV serotype 8b (FAdV-8b) species, especially the published Malaysian FAdV-8b isolates. Interestingly, the amino acid residue analysis further supported consistent residues amongst Malaysian isolates at fibre positions T176A, Q195H, D213E, S243T, A258V, F335Y, and F353V and hexon position T422M. These findings elucidate the structural proteins’ functional capacity and molecular diversity, specifically amongst Malaysian FAdV isolates and FAdV-8b, while contributing to global initiatives to establish biosecurity, such as a vaccine or antiviral production against future outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49150313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amera Natasha Mah Muhammad Adam Mah, Chong Leong Puan, M. Zakaria
Nest boxes have been used as artificial cavities for decades to attract cavity-nesting birds that rely on such structures to roost and breed. Nest boxes aid research efforts to understand the biology and behaviour of birds and may increase breeding success, thereby contributing to the conservation of a species. The type and dimension of nest boxes and the survey design used in the tropics vary, depending on the targeted species. This paper reviewed 30 published in-situ works using nest boxes and their survey design in Malaysia. Most studies were done on Barn Owls (Tyto alba javanica) (25), followed by hornbills (5), where they were conducted in oil palm plantations (50%), rice fields (20%), forest habitats (16.7%), urban landscapes (10%), and different habitat matrices (3.3%). Attempts to enhance/manage the local populations were the main research purpose. Unlike studies from other tropical countries, studies involving nest boxes in Malaysia are still in their infancy. This review suggests future research focus on forest species, especially those requiring immediate conservation attention, and delineate parameters highlighted in published works to counter literature inconsistency. Such research involving nest boxes may also be further expanded to the study and/or conserve other interconnected fauna species.
几十年来，巢箱一直被用作人工洞穴，以吸引依靠这种结构栖息和繁殖的洞穴筑巢鸟类。巢箱有助于研究工作，了解鸟类的生物学和行为，并可能提高繁殖成功率，从而有助于物种的保护。巢箱的类型和尺寸以及热带地区使用的调查设计因目标物种而异。本文回顾了马来西亚30个已发表的使用巢箱的原位作品及其调查设计。对仓鸮(Tyto alba javanica)的研究最多(25)，其次是犀鸟(5)，分别在油棕种植园(50%)、稻田(20%)、森林生境(16.7%)、城市景观(10%)和不同生境基质(3.3%)中进行。试图加强/管理当地人口是主要的研究目的。与其他热带国家的研究不同，涉及马来西亚巢箱的研究仍处于起步阶段。本文建议未来的研究重点是森林物种，特别是那些需要立即保护的物种，并划定已发表作品中突出的参数，以解决文献不一致的问题。这种涉及巢箱的研究也可以进一步扩展到研究和/或保护其他相互联系的动物物种。
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This article analysed the 25–30 years of growth of dipterocarps forests that were logged under the Selective Management System (SMS) at three sites in Peninsular Malaysia to understand how management regimes affected forest stem density and basal area. The management regimes were (1) unlogged, (2) moderately logged forests that logged all dipterocarps ≥ 65 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) and all non-dipterocarps ≥ 60 cm dbh, and (3) intensely logged forests that logged all dipterocarps ≥ 50 cm dbh and non-dipterocarps ≥ 45 cm dbh. The intensely logged regime is similar to the SMS practices in Peninsular Malaysia. This result showed that one-year post-logging, there was no difference in the total stem density and basal area between forests logged according to the two management regimes. Forest stem density decreased over time in all management regimes, significantly greater in unlogged forests (-15.1 stems/ha/yr, confidence interval (CI): -16.9 to -13.3). This decline in stem density reflected that mortality exceeded recruitment in all management regimes. Despite the consistent decline of forest stem density, the basal area increased over time, and the rate of increase in the intensely logged forest (0.22 m2 /ha/yr, CI: 0.19 to 0.25) was significantly greater than the other management regimes. Our study showed that 30 years post-logging, the effect of selective logging remained evident. Both logged forest stem density and the basal area did not recover to that of unlogged forests, indicating the importance of enrichment planting and extending the cutting cycles beyond 30 years for the sustainability of dipterocarps forests.
{"title":"Tropical Forests Stand Recovery 30-year After Selectively Logged in Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Aldrich Richard, Mohamad Roslan Mohamad Kassim, Kamziah Abd. Kudus, M. Saleh","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.16","url":null,"abstract":"This article analysed the 25–30 years of growth of dipterocarps forests that were logged under the Selective Management System (SMS) at three sites in Peninsular Malaysia to understand how management regimes affected forest stem density and basal area. The management regimes were (1) unlogged, (2) moderately logged forests that logged all dipterocarps ≥ 65 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) and all non-dipterocarps ≥ 60 cm dbh, and (3) intensely logged forests that logged all dipterocarps ≥ 50 cm dbh and non-dipterocarps ≥ 45 cm dbh. The intensely logged regime is similar to the SMS practices in Peninsular Malaysia. This result showed that one-year post-logging, there was no difference in the total stem density and basal area between forests logged according to the two management regimes. Forest stem density decreased over time in all management regimes, significantly greater in unlogged forests (-15.1 stems/ha/yr, confidence interval (CI): -16.9 to -13.3). This decline in stem density reflected that mortality exceeded recruitment in all management regimes. Despite the consistent decline of forest stem density, the basal area increased over time, and the rate of increase in the intensely logged forest (0.22 m2 /ha/yr, CI: 0.19 to 0.25) was significantly greater than the other management regimes. Our study showed that 30 years post-logging, the effect of selective logging remained evident. Both logged forest stem density and the basal area did not recover to that of unlogged forests, indicating the importance of enrichment planting and extending the cutting cycles beyond 30 years for the sustainability of dipterocarps forests.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Danapriatna, I. Ismarani, Ridwan Lutfiadi, M. Dede
Agricultural productivity depends mainly on soil fertility, particularly in intensified-paddy fields. Heavily relying on synthetic agrochemicals in intensified agriculture could be changed to regenerative agriculture utilizing cultivation wastes to achieve sustainable food production. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw compost for intensified-rice cultivation. Rice straw compost from the previous planting season was composted on the field (in situ). The composting used “Effective Microorganisms version 4” (EM-4), which contains Lactobacillus sp., Rhodopseudomonas sp., Actinomycetes sp., Streptomyces sp., yeast, and cellulose-decomposing fungus. The test field used 4 tons of straw compost and treatments adopted from the local farmers’ planting style named Legowo 4:1. Observations on these treatments include the plant nutrients, plant contents, rice components, and yield production. The differences in the results were analyzed using the paired t-test. The results show that the application of straw compost provides a significant increase in dry grain weight, panicle length, and the number of grains per rice plant. However, the treatment did not give significant results on the clumps number and rice grain weight. Besides improving rice production, straw compost improved the C-organic, total N, and K levels in the soil. Based on this study, rice straw compost brings benefits for paddy cultivation as well as the reuse of agricultural waste in a simple way, especially in tropical lowland areas of Indonesia.
{"title":"Effect of Straw Compost (Oryza sativa L.) on Crop Production","authors":"N. Danapriatna, I. Ismarani, Ridwan Lutfiadi, M. Dede","doi":"10.47836/pjtas.46.3.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.46.3.17","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural productivity depends mainly on soil fertility, particularly in intensified-paddy fields. Heavily relying on synthetic agrochemicals in intensified agriculture could be changed to regenerative agriculture utilizing cultivation wastes to achieve sustainable food production. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw compost for intensified-rice cultivation. Rice straw compost from the previous planting season was composted on the field (in situ). The composting used “Effective Microorganisms version 4” (EM-4), which contains Lactobacillus sp., Rhodopseudomonas sp., Actinomycetes sp., Streptomyces sp., yeast, and cellulose-decomposing fungus. The test field used 4 tons of straw compost and treatments adopted from the local farmers’ planting style named Legowo 4:1. Observations on these treatments include the plant nutrients, plant contents, rice components, and yield production. The differences in the results were analyzed using the paired t-test. The results show that the application of straw compost provides a significant increase in dry grain weight, panicle length, and the number of grains per rice plant. However, the treatment did not give significant results on the clumps number and rice grain weight. Besides improving rice production, straw compost improved the C-organic, total N, and K levels in the soil. Based on this study, rice straw compost brings benefits for paddy cultivation as well as the reuse of agricultural waste in a simple way, especially in tropical lowland areas of Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":19890,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47819338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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