Xinlei Huang, Yaohui Yin, Goutam Saha, Isabella Francis, Suvash C. Saha
Utilizing a computed tomography (CT)‐based realistic nasal‐to‐lung respiratory tract model allows for a comprehensive investigation of the transport and deposition of nasal sprayed aerosols. This study has three main objectives: first, to determine the optimal mesh that achieves the quickest convergence for computational fluid‐particle dynamics (CFPD) simulations of a nasal‐to‐lung nasal respiratory tract by assessing the performance of different element types, sizes, and prism boundary layers; second, to design and validate a numerical method to compare grid data with different mesh structures and densities for simulation result validation; and finally, to observe and analyze fluid‐particle dynamics in the respiratory tract to aid in the development of nasal sprayed medications. This study involves reverse‐engineering a realistic and anatomically accurate respiratory tract model from CT scans. Results reveal that the optimal numerical approach for minimum calculation time is the polyhedral hybrid mesh with four boundary prism layers and the SIMPLE pressure‐velocity coupling scheme. Furthermore, observations of particle dynamics reveal that the vocal cords' location contains a concentration site of deposited small aerosols due to the turbulent airflow in the region. The optimal diameters of nasal sprayed aerosols to target each region are concluded in the end.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Numerical Study on the Transport and Deposition of Nasal Sprayed Pharmaceutical Aerosols in a Nasal‐To‐Lung Respiratory Tract Model","authors":"Xinlei Huang, Yaohui Yin, Goutam Saha, Isabella Francis, Suvash C. Saha","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400004","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing a computed tomography (CT)‐based realistic nasal‐to‐lung respiratory tract model allows for a comprehensive investigation of the transport and deposition of nasal sprayed aerosols. This study has three main objectives: first, to determine the optimal mesh that achieves the quickest convergence for computational fluid‐particle dynamics (CFPD) simulations of a nasal‐to‐lung nasal respiratory tract by assessing the performance of different element types, sizes, and prism boundary layers; second, to design and validate a numerical method to compare grid data with different mesh structures and densities for simulation result validation; and finally, to observe and analyze fluid‐particle dynamics in the respiratory tract to aid in the development of nasal sprayed medications. This study involves reverse‐engineering a realistic and anatomically accurate respiratory tract model from CT scans. Results reveal that the optimal numerical approach for minimum calculation time is the polyhedral hybrid mesh with four boundary prism layers and the SIMPLE pressure‐velocity coupling scheme. Furthermore, observations of particle dynamics reveal that the vocal cords' location contains a concentration site of deposited small aerosols due to the turbulent airflow in the region. The optimal diameters of nasal sprayed aerosols to target each region are concluded in the end.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saman Bagherpour, Patricia Vázquez, Mariano Redondo‐Horcajo, Teresa Suárez, José Antonio Plaza, Lluïsa Pérez‐García
Glutathione (GSH), a thiol containing small peptide, plays pivotal roles in maintaining cellular redox balance, metabolism, detoxification, and scavenging of free radicals. Aberrant GSH levels in cells and tissues are associated with various disorders, underscoring the importance of accurate GSH detection for clinical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. Several molecular probes have been designed as fluorescent‐based GSH sensors. However, their water insolubility and the need of using organic cosolvents hinder their applicability on biological samples. Alternatively, nanomaterials have proven to be highly promising for boosting the precision of treatments and enhancing the accuracy of diagnosing diseases, thanks to their compatibility with biological environments and improved cell uptake. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐based probe (PB) are reported, incorporating a fluorescent BODIPY core, chlorine substituents for reaction with GSH, and a linking moiety for conjugation to the surface of silicon oxide nanoparticles (SONPs). Functionalized SONPs with PB are also characterized at the nanoscale using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–Vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies, confirming the surface functionalization and water‐dispersibility of functionalized SONPs with PB. GSH sensing is evaluated in aqueous solution, conjugated to SONPs, and in living cells, showing promising potential for ratiometric GSH detection.
{"title":"Water‐Dispersible BODIPY Multifunctionalized Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles for Glutathione Sensing","authors":"Saman Bagherpour, Patricia Vázquez, Mariano Redondo‐Horcajo, Teresa Suárez, José Antonio Plaza, Lluïsa Pérez‐García","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400134","url":null,"abstract":"Glutathione (GSH), a thiol containing small peptide, plays pivotal roles in maintaining cellular redox balance, metabolism, detoxification, and scavenging of free radicals. Aberrant GSH levels in cells and tissues are associated with various disorders, underscoring the importance of accurate GSH detection for clinical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. Several molecular probes have been designed as fluorescent‐based GSH sensors. However, their water insolubility and the need of using organic cosolvents hinder their applicability on biological samples. Alternatively, nanomaterials have proven to be highly promising for boosting the precision of treatments and enhancing the accuracy of diagnosing diseases, thanks to their compatibility with biological environments and improved cell uptake. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐based probe (PB) are reported, incorporating a fluorescent BODIPY core, chlorine substituents for reaction with GSH, and a linking moiety for conjugation to the surface of silicon oxide nanoparticles (SONPs). Functionalized SONPs with PB are also characterized at the nanoscale using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–Vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies, confirming the surface functionalization and water‐dispersibility of functionalized SONPs with PB. GSH sensing is evaluated in aqueous solution, conjugated to SONPs, and in living cells, showing promising potential for ratiometric GSH detection.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Azila Mhd Wahi, Faris Darwish Fadzil, Sharifah Mohamad, Arniza Khairani Mohd Jamil
An alternative solid phase extraction (SPE) material, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride–silver nanoparticles/eggshell membrane ([BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs/ESM), is developed by synthesizing [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs using a simple reduction method and immobilizing directly on ESM. The newly developed material is successfully applied for extraction and detection of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in environmental aqueous samples via a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD). Characterization is accomplished by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray (FESEM/EDX), confirming the presence of [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs on ESM. The optimization of [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs/ESM‐based SPE method is studied by the one variable at a time (OVAT) approach. Method validation shows good linearity (R2 = 0.9995) in the range of 10–500 µg L−1, with the detection and quantification limits determined to be 3.07 and 9.31 µg L−1 respectively. Additionally, a reusability study shows the developed material can extract SMX up for three cycles without significant reduction in its efficiency. Excellent recoveries (90.07–104.08%) in spiked tap and lake water demonstrate the potential of [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs/ESM for trace‐level detection of pollutants.
{"title":"[BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs Immobilized on Eggshell Membrane as an Adsorbent for Solid Phase Extraction of Sulfamethoxazole in Lake and Tap Water","authors":"Nur Azila Mhd Wahi, Faris Darwish Fadzil, Sharifah Mohamad, Arniza Khairani Mohd Jamil","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400122","url":null,"abstract":"An alternative solid phase extraction (SPE) material, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride–silver nanoparticles/eggshell membrane ([BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs/ESM), is developed by synthesizing [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs using a simple reduction method and immobilizing directly on ESM. The newly developed material is successfully applied for extraction and detection of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in environmental aqueous samples via a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD). Characterization is accomplished by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray (FESEM/EDX), confirming the presence of [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs on ESM. The optimization of [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs/ESM‐based SPE method is studied by the one variable at a time (OVAT) approach. Method validation shows good linearity (R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.9995) in the range of 10–500 µg L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, with the detection and quantification limits determined to be 3.07 and 9.31 µg L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> respectively. Additionally, a reusability study shows the developed material can extract SMX up for three cycles without significant reduction in its efficiency. Excellent recoveries (90.07–104.08%) in spiked tap and lake water demonstrate the potential of [BMIM]Cl‐AgNPs/ESM for trace‐level detection of pollutants.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marion Görke, Sherif Okeil, Dirk Menzel, Bogdan Semenenko, Georg Garnweitner
Whilst the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles via the non‐aqueous thermal decomposition method has proven to lead to the most defined products, the tailoring of their properties is still largely achieved empirically, in particular for metal oxide nanoparticles. In this paper, the influence of ligands with varying length and concentration on the properties of the resulting magnetic nanoparticles is studied, and it is shown that the reaction temperature rather than the ligand length or concentration crucially influences the properties in various ways. The obtained particles are characterized with regard to their size, morphology, crystallinity, and magnetic characteristics, using techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements. It is thereby shown that the optimum choice of ligand and synthesis conditions not only serves to ensure monodispersity of the resulting particles but also to realize high colloidal stability and redispersibility.
{"title":"Tuning the Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Thermal Decomposition Synthesis: A Comparative Study of the Influence of Temperature, Ligand Length and Ligand Concentration","authors":"Marion Görke, Sherif Okeil, Dirk Menzel, Bogdan Semenenko, Georg Garnweitner","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400059","url":null,"abstract":"Whilst the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles via the non‐aqueous thermal decomposition method has proven to lead to the most defined products, the tailoring of their properties is still largely achieved empirically, in particular for metal oxide nanoparticles. In this paper, the influence of ligands with varying length and concentration on the properties of the resulting magnetic nanoparticles is studied, and it is shown that the reaction temperature rather than the ligand length or concentration crucially influences the properties in various ways. The obtained particles are characterized with regard to their size, morphology, crystallinity, and magnetic characteristics, using techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements. It is thereby shown that the optimum choice of ligand and synthesis conditions not only serves to ensure monodispersity of the resulting particles but also to realize high colloidal stability and redispersibility.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neha Sharma, Umesh K. Dwivedi, Umesh T. Nakate, Mukhtiyar Singh, Sandip Paul Choudhury
One of the most prevalent pollutants that pollute the environment is nitrogen oxide (NOx). NO and NO2 gases, which are hazardous to both human health and the environment, are included in NOx. The rare earth element Ce doped metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) ZnO is employed to reveal their NO gas sensing properties. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the optimized surface of ZnO (0001), Ce‐doped ZnO (0001), adsorbate structure of NO, and adsorbate NO on the modified ZnO (0001) surface are obtained. The gas sensing properties are examined through adsorption energy, Bader charge analysis, charge density difference (CDD), charge transfer, band structure, total density of state (DOS), and partial density of states (PDOS). For the Ce‐doped ZnO (0001) surface the NO adsorption energy is more negative than the bare ZnO. From the observation of Bader charge analysis, the charge transfer value increases from the substrate to adsorbate after doping with Ce, which indicates that the Ce‐doped ZnO (0001) surface is more favorable for NO gas sensing. Favorable electronic properties and suitable adsorption energy of Ce‐doped ZnO can be a potential gas sensor for NO molecule. The obtained DFT results are also compared with the existing experimental results.
氮氧化物（NOx）是污染环境最普遍的污染物之一。氮氧化物中包括对人类健康和环境都有害的 NO 和 NO2 气体。稀土元素掺杂金属氧化物半导体（MOS）氧化锌被用来揭示其氮氧化物气体传感特性。基于密度泛函理论（DFT）计算，得到了 ZnO (0001)、掺杂 Ce 的 ZnO (0001)、NO 的吸附结构以及改性 ZnO (0001) 表面吸附 NO 的优化表面。通过吸附能、Bader 电荷分析、电荷密度差（CDD）、电荷转移、能带结构、总态密度（DOS）和部分态密度（PDOS）对气体传感特性进行了研究。掺杂 Ce 的氧化锌（0001）表面的 NO 吸附能比裸氧化锌更负。从 Bader 电荷分析的观察结果来看，掺杂 Ce 后，从基底到吸附物的电荷转移值增加，这表明掺杂 Ce 的 ZnO (0001) 表面更有利于 NO 气体的传感。掺杂 Ce 的 ZnO 具有良好的电子特性和合适的吸附能，可以成为一种潜在的 NO 分子气体传感器。所得到的 DFT 结果还与现有的实验结果进行了比较。
{"title":"Gas‐Sensing Properties of NO on Ce‐Doped Zinc Oxide: A DFT Study","authors":"Neha Sharma, Umesh K. Dwivedi, Umesh T. Nakate, Mukhtiyar Singh, Sandip Paul Choudhury","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400126","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most prevalent pollutants that pollute the environment is nitrogen oxide (NO<jats:sub>x</jats:sub>). NO and NO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> gases, which are hazardous to both human health and the environment, are included in NO<jats:sub>x</jats:sub>. The rare earth element Ce doped metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) ZnO is employed to reveal their NO gas sensing properties. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the optimized surface of ZnO (0001), Ce‐doped ZnO (0001), adsorbate structure of NO, and adsorbate NO on the modified ZnO (0001) surface are obtained. The gas sensing properties are examined through adsorption energy, Bader charge analysis, charge density difference (CDD), charge transfer, band structure, total density of state (DOS), and partial density of states (PDOS). For the Ce‐doped ZnO (0001) surface the NO adsorption energy is more negative than the bare ZnO. From the observation of Bader charge analysis, the charge transfer value increases from the substrate to adsorbate after doping with Ce, which indicates that the Ce‐doped ZnO (0001) surface is more favorable for NO gas sensing. Favorable electronic properties and suitable adsorption energy of Ce‐doped ZnO can be a potential gas sensor for NO molecule. The obtained DFT results are also compared with the existing experimental results.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leptospirosis is a re‐emerging bacterial zoonotic disease that affects both humans and animals, with a significantly higher incidence in tropical and sub‐tropical regions. Disease control, epidemiology, and surveillance rely on a One Health approach, as accurate detection can be applied to humans, animals, and the environment. This study represents the first attempt to develop a method for detecting the pathogenic Leptospira santarosai serovar Shermani based on the latex agglutination reaction. The serological activity of the antibody is examined to achieve a high titer of antibody before adsorption onto polystyrene particles. Using a pH medium of 6.8–7.8, total antibody adsorption of up to 3 mg m−2 is achieved. Particle agglutination is observed after incubating the antibody‐adsorbed PS with leptospiral culture for 4 min, revealing a detection limit of 1.7 × 102 leptospires mL−1. Interestingly, the detection limit increased by 1000 times when observing agglutination using spectrophotometer. The test exhibits high specificity with Shermani and shows negligible cross‐agglutination with non‐pathogenic Leptospira and water‐borne bacteria. Agglutination testing in collected water samples from natural sources demonstrates a good correlation with culture technique. This simple and rapid leptospires agglutination detection method can be applied as a screening test in environmental, human, and animal specimens.
{"title":"Pathogenic Leptospira Detection in Environmental Contaminant Water Sources by Highly Performance Antibody Absorption Polystyrene Agglutinating Particles","authors":"Patcharapan Suwannin, Duangporn Polpanich, Noureddine Lebaz, Kween Saimuang, Jirawan Jindakaew, Pramuan Tangboriboonrat, Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa, Abdelhamid Elaissari","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400023","url":null,"abstract":"Leptospirosis is a re‐emerging bacterial zoonotic disease that affects both humans and animals, with a significantly higher incidence in tropical and sub‐tropical regions. Disease control, epidemiology, and surveillance rely on a One Health approach, as accurate detection can be applied to humans, animals, and the environment. This study represents the first attempt to develop a method for detecting the pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira santarosai</jats:italic> serovar Shermani based on the latex agglutination reaction. The serological activity of the antibody is examined to achieve a high titer of antibody before adsorption onto polystyrene particles. Using a pH medium of 6.8–7.8, total antibody adsorption of up to 3 mg m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> is achieved. Particle agglutination is observed after incubating the antibody‐adsorbed PS with leptospiral culture for 4 min, revealing a detection limit of 1.7 × 10<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> leptospires mL<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. Interestingly, the detection limit increased by 1000 times when observing agglutination using spectrophotometer. The test exhibits high specificity with Shermani and shows negligible cross‐agglutination with non‐pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira</jats:italic> and water‐borne bacteria. Agglutination testing in collected water samples from natural sources demonstrates a good correlation with culture technique. This simple and rapid leptospires agglutination detection method can be applied as a screening test in environmental, human, and animal specimens.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"371 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Hassan Mujtaba, Rabia Arshad, Waqar Aman, Kashif Barkat, Abdul Malik, Anam Fatima, Salman Arshad Khan, Haleema Sadia, Gul e Maryam, Zeinab Moafian, Abbas Rahdar, M. Ali Aboudzadeh
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) adversely affects ≈4 million individuals globally and remains pervasive among 5–10% of the general population. Mucosal lesions prompted by the ulceration lead to the penetration through mucosal layers, ultimately resulting in cavity formation and inflammation. Conventional therapeutic modalities for peptic ulcers have shown unfavorable effects, relapses, and numerous drug interactions. The genesis of gastric ulcers is catalyzed via an imbalanced interplay between environmental lesions, defensive mechanisms, and the restoration of gastric mucosa. Lipid based nanotechnology involved in self‐nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is being tremendously involved in opening avenues in innovative pharmaceutical delivery systems in terms of improving solubility and regenerative healing against peptic ulcers. Biological macromolecules can be incorporated into SNEDDS to embellish the drug delivery system on an advanced level. Herein, in this review, the potential of SNEDDS as a viable carrier for administering biomacromolecules for regenerative healing in ulcers is discussed in detail.
{"title":"Innovative Self Nano‐Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for Peptic Ulcer Therapy: A Review","authors":"Syed Hassan Mujtaba, Rabia Arshad, Waqar Aman, Kashif Barkat, Abdul Malik, Anam Fatima, Salman Arshad Khan, Haleema Sadia, Gul e Maryam, Zeinab Moafian, Abbas Rahdar, M. Ali Aboudzadeh","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400070","url":null,"abstract":"Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) adversely affects ≈4 million individuals globally and remains pervasive among 5–10% of the general population. Mucosal lesions prompted by the ulceration lead to the penetration through mucosal layers, ultimately resulting in cavity formation and inflammation. Conventional therapeutic modalities for peptic ulcers have shown unfavorable effects, relapses, and numerous drug interactions. The genesis of gastric ulcers is catalyzed via an imbalanced interplay between environmental lesions, defensive mechanisms, and the restoration of gastric mucosa. Lipid based nanotechnology involved in self‐nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is being tremendously involved in opening avenues in innovative pharmaceutical delivery systems in terms of improving solubility and regenerative healing against peptic ulcers. Biological macromolecules can be incorporated into SNEDDS to embellish the drug delivery system on an advanced level. Herein, in this review, the potential of SNEDDS as a viable carrier for administering biomacromolecules for regenerative healing in ulcers is discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141784225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the contact characteristics of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) formed on n‐type GaN semiconductors are investigated. Blue‐luminescent GQDs prepared using a hydrothermal method are sprayed onto a GaN wafer, and the electrical and optical properties of the fabricated contacts are investigated. The GQD/GaN contacts exhibit rectifying behavior with a typical Schottky barrier height of 0.64 eV. A metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodiode with interdigitated GQD contacts on n‐type GaN is fabricated and provides an extremely low dark current. The spectral photoresponse of the GQD/GaN MSM photodiode includes a sharp increase in responsivity at wavelengths shorter than 375 nm. The responsivity of the MSM photodiode is remarkably improved with increasing the GQD reduction temperature (up to 800 °C), showing a good photoresponse in the ultraviolet region.
{"title":"Photoresponse Characteristics of a Graphene Quantum Dot/GaN Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Ultraviolet Photodetector","authors":"Bhishma Pandit, Jaehee Cho","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400114","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the contact characteristics of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) formed on <jats:italic>n</jats:italic>‐type GaN semiconductors are investigated. Blue‐luminescent GQDs prepared using a hydrothermal method are sprayed onto a GaN wafer, and the electrical and optical properties of the fabricated contacts are investigated. The GQD/GaN contacts exhibit rectifying behavior with a typical Schottky barrier height of 0.64 eV. A metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodiode with interdigitated GQD contacts on <jats:italic>n</jats:italic>‐type GaN is fabricated and provides an extremely low dark current. The spectral photoresponse of the GQD/GaN MSM photodiode includes a sharp increase in responsivity at wavelengths shorter than 375 nm. The responsivity of the MSM photodiode is remarkably improved with increasing the GQD reduction temperature (up to 800 °C), showing a good photoresponse in the ultraviolet region.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Droplets of electrolyte solutions in an insulating medium are ubiquitous in nature. The net charges of these droplets are normally nonzero, and they fluctuate. However, a theory on the probability distribution function for the net charge of droplets is lacking, so far. Thus, a statistical‐mechanical theory of a charged droplet is developed including the effect of the electrostatic energy of charging as well as the random distribution of ions. Then, the probability distribution function for the net charge of an electrolyte droplet is calculated assuming that it is generated from a macroscopic solution with the different cation and anion concentrations. Using the Gaussian approximation and Stirling's formula, the analytic results for the average and variance of the net charge of a droplet are obtained.
{"title":"Statistical‐Mechanical Theory on the Probability Distribution Function for the Net Charge of an Electrolyte Droplet","authors":"Yuki Uematsu, Keiju Suda","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400111","url":null,"abstract":"Droplets of electrolyte solutions in an insulating medium are ubiquitous in nature. The net charges of these droplets are normally nonzero, and they fluctuate. However, a theory on the probability distribution function for the net charge of droplets is lacking, so far. Thus, a statistical‐mechanical theory of a charged droplet is developed including the effect of the electrostatic energy of charging as well as the random distribution of ions. Then, the probability distribution function for the net charge of an electrolyte droplet is calculated assuming that it is generated from a macroscopic solution with the different cation and anion concentrations. Using the Gaussian approximation and Stirling's formula, the analytic results for the average and variance of the net charge of a droplet are obtained.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AgNPs are widely used for their excellent antimicrobial properties, whereas the cytotoxicity they possess makes them an unignorable environmental problem. Considering the impact of particle size and surface coating on the antibacterial properties, four types of AgNPs are selected: citrate‐coated 20 nm (C20), polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated 20 nm (P20), citrate‐coated 100 nm (C100), and polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated 100 nm (P100) AgNPs. All four AgNPs significantly affect the ribosome pathway, with stronger binding of large and small subunits. 20 nm and 100 nm AgNPs both affected the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids (including arginine, glycine, serine, threonine, glyoxylic acid, and dicarboxylic acid). P20 and C100 exposure affected bacterial chemotaxis and flagellar motility. This study preliminarily explained the response mechanism of E. coli to AgNPs with different properties, which provided a theoretical basis for predicting the response mechanism of E. coli to metal nanoparticles with similar properties.
{"title":"Comparison of Escherichia coli Responses to Different Silver Nanoparticles with Different Particle Sizes and Surface Coatings","authors":"Qiuran Liu, Yuqiong Sun, Mengmeng Zhang, Jing Hou","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.202400105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202400105","url":null,"abstract":"AgNPs are widely used for their excellent antimicrobial properties, whereas the cytotoxicity they possess makes them an unignorable environmental problem. Considering the impact of particle size and surface coating on the antibacterial properties, four types of AgNPs are selected: citrate‐coated 20 nm (C20), polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated 20 nm (P20), citrate‐coated 100 nm (C100), and polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated 100 nm (P100) AgNPs. All four AgNPs significantly affect the ribosome pathway, with stronger binding of large and small subunits. 20 nm and 100 nm AgNPs both affected the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids (including arginine, glycine, serine, threonine, glyoxylic acid, and dicarboxylic acid). P20 and C100 exposure affected bacterial chemotaxis and flagellar motility. This study preliminarily explained the response mechanism of <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> to AgNPs with different properties, which provided a theoretical basis for predicting the response mechanism of <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> to metal nanoparticles with similar properties.","PeriodicalId":19903,"journal":{"name":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141784226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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