Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences最新文献

In this study, a rapid, simple and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was established for the quantification of granisetron in human plasma for the prevention of vomiting after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The precipitated proteins were extracted and gradient eluted on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1×50mm, 1.8μm) to achieve ideal chromatographic separation. Multiple reaction mode (MRM) was performed using a Turboion Spray API5500 mass spectrometer equipped with Electron Spray Ionization (ESI). For method validation, good linearity was observed for each analyte of interest in the validation concentration range of 0.05 to 20.0ng/mL. The CV% of inter-batch and intra-batch precision were in the range of -3.6% to 4.7% and the precision of both inter-batch and intra-batch was ≤15.0%. In addition, the method had the advantage of a low matrix effect. In human plasma, all analytes remained stable for 2 hours when kept at room temperature; samples were stable within the autosampler (5^°C) for 141 h after preparation and after four freeze-thaw cycles at -20^°C and -70^°C for 48 days. The UPLC-MS method that had been validated was later utilized for the pharmacokinetic investigation of granisetron hydrochloride tablets in orally administered doses to healthy Chinese volunteers, both before and after meals.

Gardenia jasminoides suspension culture has gained recognition as a functional approach for bioactive component development in the pharmaceutical industries but exhibits limited biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production. This study presents the first record of maximum biomass production and demonstrates the cumulative levels of phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids observed through the growth trajectory of G. jasminoides suspension culture. Successful callus induction was obtained from leaf explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with a standardized conjunction of 1 mg/L of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L kinetin (KT). The experimental outcomes revealed that on the 35^th day, the in vitro suspension culture exhibited the highest biomass accumulation which was 5.43 times greater than the initial inoculation level. The study quantified total phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids present in leaf explants, callus cultures, and suspension cultures and determined antioxidant efficacy. Findings suggest that an optimized growth regulator in G. jasminoides suspension culture significantly increases biomass accumulation. Quantification of secondary metabolites offers a promising path for future enhancement of their yield through elicitation and holds the potential to achieve extensive yield of cost-effective bioactive components.

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) has an enormous impact on patients' quality of life. SSIs further stresses on allocation of different health care resources and contribute significantly in terms of high cost of care. This was a prospective study carried out in tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan, involving abdominal surgeries and few other surgeries, in patients having 20 years of age and above, were admitted from June 2016 to May 2017. Total number of 554 patients were included. Data was collected in all relevant areas including utilization pattern of antibiotics, cost in term of infected and uninfected patients, the duration of patient stay etc. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. P value less than 0.005 was taken as significant. Single therapy of co amoxiclav or along with metronidazole and third generation cephalosporin were the most common prescribed antimicrobial groups. Amikacin most commonly used to treat post-surgical wound infection. Economic cost was high in terms of SSI patients. Duration of stay was found longer in infected patients. It can be concluded that SSI, may prolong length of hospitalization, cause morbidity, upsurge the health care cost and even may lead to mortality.

This study scrutinized the phytochemical composition, curative, hepato and nephro protective effect of different doses of lyophilized juice of Citrus reticulata fruit against paracetamol induced toxicity. Phytochemical screening and RP-HPLC analysis were conducted to quantify total polyphenols and flavonoids respectively. For evaluation of in vivo curative and protective effects, thirty six rats were randomly divided into six groups. In first four groups 1, II, III and IV paracetamol 75mg/kg, i.p, 150mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg p.o doses of lyophilized juice were administered to rats respectively. Blood samples were withdrawn at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours in paracetamol treated rats. For screening of hepato and nephro protective effect Group V and VI were fed on lyophilized juice (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg p.o) for seven days and on 8^th day blood samples were collected at 0,24,48 and 72 hours. Hepatic and renal biomarkers were monitored. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of total polyphenols (20.7±0.3GAEmg/g) and flavonoid contents (21.2±0.4QE mg/g). RP-HPLC also confirmed the presence of Myricetin, Quercetin and Kaempferol in fruit juice. The lyophilized juice at 500mg/kg dose have shown profound decrease in paracetamol induced elevated serum levels of liver and kidney functions, which suggests a possible therapeutic role of its constituents in hepatic and kidney malfunctions.

Herbal remedies are used for managing different ailments including male sexual abnormalities. Mucuna pruriens, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans, are some of the important herbs of these remedies for male sexual disorders. This study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of these drugs, individually and in combination on fertility parameters in mice. The study was carried out on male and female albino mice of BALB/c strain bearing weight of 20-25 g and age 12 to 13 weeks. Animals were divided into control and test batches (n=10). Drugs were given to the male mice test groups daily for 52 days by oral route and on 53^rd day the fertility parameters were measured. Afterwards, histopathological analysis was also done. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc was applied for statistical analysis. Important contrast was found in fertility parameters, including pregnancy outcome, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and histological examination of tested batches as compared to control. The fertility enhancing effect of the drugs were found in the tested doses used in this study in male albino mice of BALB/c strain. However further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to determine the safety of these drugs.

The investigation's aim was to explore the medical usefulness and mechanism of GBE in the management of elderly ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD).120 cases of elderly patients with ICVD admitted to our hospital from August 2022 to August 2023 were chosen as participants for this research and the sufferer were allocated to the conventional (60 cases) and GBE group (60 cases) using the method of randomized number. NIHSS score, Barthel index, hemodynamic indexes, serum inflammatory factor levels, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and clinical efficacy were recorded before (T0) and after treatment(T1),and recorded the adverse reactions of the two groups during the treatment. At T1, NIHSS score, WBLSV, PV, HCT, TNF-α, IL-6 and PAF in the two groups, which were all notably reduced compared to T0 and the Barthel index demonstrated a significant increase compared to its T0 value (P<0.05). At T1, GBE group exhibited notably reductions in NIHSS score, WBLSV, PV, HCT, TNF-α, IL-6 and PAF compared to conventional group, whereas Barthel index and the total effective rate were considerably elevated (P<0.05). Incidence of adverse reactions were similar in both groups (P>0.05). GBE has good therapeutic benefits in managing elderly ICVD, effectively facilitate the recuperation of patients' neurological function, has obvious anti-inflammatory effect, improves patients' cerebral circulation and hemorheology indexes and makes the patients' daily life ability significantly improved, which has a good clinical application value.

Insulin resistance complicates diabetes care. Its effectiveness and tolerability as an addition to metformin, DPP4 inhibitor and insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients will be examined in this research. Participants with type 2 diabetes from poor socio-economic backgrounds had HbA1c values ≥8.5% when using Insulin+Metformin+DPP-4 inhibitors. They received 10mg Empagliflozin daily for 12 weeks (n=143). The main outcome was change in HbA1c at 12^th week from baseline. Secondary outcomes were baseline weight and week 12 FPG. Adjusted mean (SE) HbA1c increases at week 12 were: Mean ± SD 10.38 (6.8-17.0) vs. Mean±SD 9.05±1.77 (5.60-16.0) with empagliflozin 10mg. When added to the regimen, empagliflozin significantly reduced FPG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The mean (SE) BMI increases from baseline were 31.28±5.89 (16.0-66.0) and 29.73±5.47 (3.0-46.0) with 10mg empagliflozin. Two individuals experienced urinary tract infections as AEs, but no genital infections. Adding empagliflozin 10mg daily to metformin+DPP4 inhibitor+insulin improved glycemic control, body weight and blood pressure for 12 weeks. The intervention was well-tolerated, highlighting empagliflozin's therapeutic potential.

Fatigue is a serious disturbance to human health, especially in people who have a severe disease such as cancer, or have been infected with COVID-19. Our research objective is to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect and mechanism of icariin through a mouse experimental model. Mice were treated with icariin for 30 days and anti-fatigue effects were evaluated by the weight-bearing swimming test, serum urea nitrogen test, lactic acid accumulation and clearance test in blood and the amount of liver glycogen. The protein expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1-α) in the skeletal muscle of mice in each group were measured by western blotting. Results showed that icariin prolonged the weight-bearing swimming time of animals, reduced the serum urea nitrogen level after exercise, decreased the blood lactic acid concentration after exercise and increased the liver glycogen content observably. Compared to that in the control group, icariin upregulated AMPK and PGC1-α expression in skeletal muscle. Icariin can improve fatigue resistance in mice and its mechanism may be through improving the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in skeletal muscle to enhance energy synthesis, decreasing the accumulation of metabolites and slowing glycogen consumption and decomposition.

The field of bio-fabricated noble metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has gained significant attention in applied research due to their eco-friendly and biocompatible nature. This study focuses on employing a green synthesis method to produce silver and gold nanoparticles (bio-fabricated) using a Mangrove plant extract and assessing their insecticidal and growth-inhibitory effects for environmentally friendly pest control. The resulting NPs underwent comprehensive characterization through various spectroscopy techniques. The morphology of both silver and gold mediated nanoparticles of Avicennia marina leaf extract displayed a spherical shape, with average sizes measuring around 70-80 nm and 95-100 nm, respectively. Regarding cytotoxicity, the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles were less than that observed by the extract alone while gold nanoparticles showed stronger cell growth inhibitory effects on splenic cells. The hepatic toxicity of silver and gold nanoparticles showed significant toxic effects as compared to A. marina extract alone. Notably, as prepared silver nanoparticles exhibited substantial larvicidal toxicity as compared to gold nanoparticles, when tested against fourth instar Culex pipiens larvae. These biocompatible silver and gold nanoparticles prepared from A. marina leaf extract hold promise for future applications as larvicides to effectively control mosquito species.

Solanum lyratum Thunb., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a promising background. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of its component steroid alkaloid have not been explored. In this study, animal and cell experiments were performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of Solanum lyratum Thunb steroid alkaloid (SLTSA), in order to provide evidence for its potential utilization. SLTSA effectively inhibited ear swelling and acute abdominal inflammation of mice. We observed concentration-dependent inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines by SLTSA, as confirmed by the ELISA and RT-qPCR results. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that SLTSA suppressed TLR4 expression. Western blot results indicated that SLTSA inhibited the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that SLTSA possesses anti-inflammatory properties.