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Three paradoxes of bounded rationality 有限理性的三个悖论
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.1198
D. Thorstad
My aim in this paper is to develop a unified solution to three paradoxes of bounded rationality. The first is the regress problem that incorporating cognitive bounds into models of rational decisionmaking generates a regress of higher-order decision problems. The second is the problem of rational irrationality: it sometimes seems rational for bounded agents to act irrationally on the basis of rational deliberation. The third is the rational inevitability of maximization: it seems that behavior must maximize some important quantity such as value or choiceworthiness in order to be rational, contradicting the claim that bounded rationality is a form of satisficing rather than maximization. I review two strategies which have been brought to bear on these problems: the way of weakening which responds by weakening rational norms, and the way of indirection which responds by letting the rationality of behavior be determined by the rationality of the deliberative processes which produced it. Then I propose and defend a third way to confront the paradoxes: the way of level separation.
我在这篇论文中的目的是为有限理性的三个悖论开发一个统一的解决方案。第一个是回归问题,将认知界限纳入理性决策模型会产生高阶决策问题的回归。第二个问题是理性非理性问题:有界主体在理性思考的基础上做出非理性行为有时似乎是理性的。第三是最大化的理性必然性:行为似乎必须最大化一些重要的量,如价值或选择性,才能是理性的,这与有限理性是一种满足而不是最大化的说法相矛盾。我回顾了针对这些问题提出的两种策略:一种是通过弱化理性规范来回应的弱化方式,另一种是让行为的合理性由产生行为的审议过程的合理性决定的间接回应方式。
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引用次数: 0
Stupefying 令人震惊的
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.2117
Michael Deigan
Assertions are often accepted without being understood, a phenomenon I call stupefying. I argue that stupefying can be a means for conversational manipulation that works through at-issue content, in contrast with the not-at-issue and back-door speech act routes identified by others. This shows that we should reject a widely assumed connection between attention and at-issue content. In exploring why stupefying happens, it also emerges that stupefying has important cooperative uses, in addition to its manipulative ones, and so should not be avoided altogether.
断言往往在没有被理解的情况下被接受,我称之为令人震惊的现象。我认为,与其他人确定的无争议和后门言语行为路线相比,昏迷可能是通过有争议的内容进行对话操纵的一种手段。这表明,我们应该拒绝人们普遍认为的注意力和有争议的内容之间的联系。在探究昏迷发生的原因时,还发现昏迷除了具有操纵性外,还有重要的合作用途,因此不应完全避免。
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引用次数: 0
In Defence of Hybrid Contingentism 为混合偶然主义辩护
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.2118
L. Skiba
Hybrid contingentism combines first-order contingentism, the view that it is contingent what individuals there are, with higher-order necessitism, the view that it is non-contingent what properties and propositions there are (where these are conceived as entities in the range of appropriate higher-order quantifiers). This combination of views avoids the most delicate problems afflicting alternative contingentist positions while preserving the central contingentist claim that ordinary, concrete entities exist contingently. Despite these attractive features, hybrid contingentism is usually faced with rejection. The main reason for this is an objection that crucially involves haecceitistic properties, properties such as being identical to Plato or being identical to Aristotle. The objection alleges that by accepting the necessary existence of such haecceities, hybrid contingentists incur an explanatory commitment that they are unable to discharge, namely that of explaining how it is that certain haecceities ‘lock onto’ their target individuals even when those individuals are absent. To defend hybrid contingentism against this charge, I first clarify the haecceities objection in several respects and consider, in particular, what notion of explanation the objection is operating with. After arguing that it can be fruitfully understood as a challenge to provide metaphysical grounds for certain haecceity facts, I develop a contingentist response to the objection that draws on recent work on the connection between ground and essence.
混合偶然性将一阶偶然性与高阶必然性相结合,前者认为存在哪些个体是偶然的,后者认为存在哪些属性和命题是非偶然的(其中这些属性和命题被认为是适当的高阶量词范围内的实体)。这种观点的结合避免了影响替代应急主义立场的最微妙问题,同时保留了应急主义者的核心主张,即普通、具体的实体是偶然存在的。尽管有这些吸引人的特征,但杂交偶然性通常会遭到拒绝。其主要原因是一个反对意见,该反对意见关键地涉及接受主义性质,例如与柏拉图相同或与亚里士多德相同。反对意见称,通过接受这种豁免的必要存在,混合应急人员产生了他们无法履行的解释性承诺,即解释某些豁免是如何“锁定”其目标个体的,即使这些个体不在。为了对这一指控进行辩护,我首先从几个方面澄清了haececities异议,并特别考虑了异议的解释概念。在论证了为某些接受性事实提供形而上学依据可以被有效地理解为一种挑战之后,我根据最近关于基础和本质之间联系的工作,对反对意见做出了应急反应。
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引用次数: 1
Kant on Decomposing Synthesis and the Intuition of Infinite Space 康德论分解综合与无限空间的直观
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.2122
Tobias Rosefeldt
In the Transcendental Aesthetic of the Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant famously claims that we have an a priori intuition of space as an ‘infinite given magnitude’ (A25/B39f.). Later on, in the Transcendental Analytic, he seems to add that the intuition of space presupposes a synthetic activity of the transcendental imagination. Several authors have recently pointed out that these two claims taken together give rise to two problems. First, it is unclear how the transcendental imagination of a finite mind could ever result in the intuition of an entity that is infinitely large. Second, Kant claims that our intuition of space has a ‘whole-prior-to-its-parts’ structure, such that its parts are given only as limitations of the whole, while synthesis is compositional and has a ‘parts-prior-to-their-whole’ structure, because it consists in first running through and then taking together the parts of a sensible manifold. I will solve these two problems by showing that Kant thought that synthesis does not always have a compositional structure but that there is also a form of ‘decomposing’ synthesis, which has a whole-prior-to-its-parts structure. Building on similarities between Kant, Edmund Husserl and G. W. F. Hegel, I will argue that infinite space is given to us in intuition by precisely such an activity of decomposition, one that allows us to differentiate between finite spatial objects and the unlimited phenomenal horizon in which they appear.
在《纯粹理性批判的超验美学》中,伊曼纽尔·康德著名地宣称,我们对空间有一种先验的直觉,认为它是“无限给定的量值”(A25/B39f)。后来,在《超验分析》中,他似乎补充道,空间的直觉以超验想象的合成活动为前提。几位作者最近指出,这两种说法加在一起会产生两个问题。首先,目前尚不清楚有限心灵的先验想象是如何产生无限大实体的直觉的。其次,康德声称,我们对空间的直觉有一个“整体先于其部分”的结构,因此其部分仅作为整体的限制而给出,而综合是组成的,有一个”部分先于其整体“的结构,因为它包括首先贯穿,然后将可感流形的部分集合在一起。我将通过证明康德认为合成并不总是有组成结构,但也有一种“分解”合成的形式来解决这两个问题,即在其部分结构之前有一个整体。基于康德、埃德蒙·胡塞尔和G·W·F·黑格尔之间的相似性,我认为无限空间正是通过这种分解活动在直觉中赋予我们的,这种分解活动使我们能够区分有限的空间对象和它们出现的无限现象视界。
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引用次数: 4
Thinking, Guessing, and Believing 思考、猜测和相信
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.2123
Ben Holguín
This paper defends the view, put roughly, that to think that p is to guess that p is the answer to the question at hand, and that to think that p rationally is for one’s guess to that question to be in a certain sense non-arbitrary. Some theses that will be argued for along the way include: that thinking is question-sensitive and, correspondingly, that ‘thinks’ is context-sensitive; that it can be rational to think that p while having arbitrarily low credence that p; that, nonetheless, rational thinking is closed under entailment; that thinking does not supervene on credence; and that in many cases what one thinks on certain matters is, in a very literal sense, a choice. Finally, since there are strong reasons to believe that thinking just is believing, there are strong reasons to think that all this goes for belief as well.
本文大致地为这样一种观点辩护,即认为p就是猜测p是手头问题的答案,而理性地认为p就是在某种意义上对这个问题的猜测是非任意的。在这一过程中,一些论点包括:思维是问题敏感的,相应地,“思考”是上下文敏感的;认为p是合理的,而对p的信任度任意低;尽管如此,理性思维在蕴涵下是封闭的;这种想法并不依赖于信任;在许多情况下,从字面意义上讲,一个人对某些事情的想法是一种选择。最后,既然有充分的理由相信思考就是相信,那么也有充分的原因认为所有这些都是为了相信。
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引用次数: 20
The Fragmentation of Felt Time 感觉时间的碎片化
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.2121
Carla Merino-Rajme
Why does time seem to fly by when we are absorbed? The case of listening to music is of particular interest, given that listening to music itself requires experiencing time. In this paper, I argue that neither the prevailing psychological model nor some initially appealing alternative explanations can account for the experience of time flying by in cases where, like listening to music, the activity we are absorbed in itself requires experiencing time. I then put forward a novel view on which the fragmentation of felt time is what best explains these cases. More specifically, I develop a view on which attentive engagement fragments felt time such that we experience the activity we are engaged in as if it is located in a temporally isolated branch or fragment of the main timeline. Time then seems to pass only in this branch, creating the sensation — upon integration — that less time has passed in the main timeline. In support of this proposal, I draw upon ideas in the empirical literature, and I suggest some underlying neuropsychological mechanisms that might serve to implement the model. I then extend the fragmentation model to cases where thinking about time makes it feel as though more of it passes. I end the paper by examining the possibility that an analogous model holds for the case of space.
为什么当我们全神贯注的时候,时间似乎飞逝?听音乐的情况特别令人感兴趣,因为听音乐本身需要经历时间。在这篇论文中,我认为,无论是主流的心理模型还是一些最初有吸引力的替代解释,都无法解释时间飞逝的体验,在这种情况下,就像听音乐一样,我们所吸收的活动本身需要经历时间。然后,我提出了一个新颖的观点,认为感知时间的碎片化最能解释这些情况。更具体地说,我发展了一种观点,即专注的参与片段感受到了时间,这样我们就可以体验到我们所参与的活动,就好像它位于主时间线的一个时间上孤立的分支或片段中一样。时间似乎只在这个分支中流逝,在整合时产生了一种在主时间线上流逝的时间更少的感觉。为了支持这一提议,我借鉴了实证文献中的观点,并提出了一些可能有助于实施该模型的潜在神经心理学机制。然后,我将碎片模型扩展到思考时间会让人感觉更多时间过去的情况。在论文的结尾,我考察了一个类似的模型适用于空间情况的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
My Delicate Taste: Aesthetic Deference Revisited 我的细腻品味:审美缺陷再探
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.1523
Iskra Fileva
Pessimistsabout aesthetic testimony argue that it is inappropriate to rely on otherpeople’s aesthetic judgments in forming our own aesthetic beliefs. Some suggestthat such reliance violates an epistemic norm, others – that it violates anon-epistemic norm. In making their case, pessimists offer several arguments.They also put forward cases meant to elicit pessimist intuitions. In thispaper, I claim that none of the main pessimist arguments succeeds against aplausible version of optimism, that is, the view that reliance on testimony inaesthetic matters is appropriate. However, I suggest also that pessimistintuitions have a certain pull that optimists must account for. My second taskis to explain the force of pessimist intuitions by shedding new light on theirsource.    
审美见证的悲观主义者认为,依靠别人的审美判断来形成自己的审美信念是不合适的。一些人认为这种依赖违反了认知规范,另一些人则认为它违反了非认知规范。悲观主义者提出了几个论点。他们还提出了一些案例,旨在引发悲观主义者的直觉。在本文中,我声称没有一个主要的悲观主义论点能够成功地反对一种似是而非的乐观主义,即在美学问题上依赖证词是适当的观点。然而,我也认为悲观的直觉有一定的吸引力,这是乐观主义者必须解释的。我的第二个任务是通过揭示悲观直觉的来源来解释它们的力量。
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引用次数: 1
Cavendish’s Aesthetic Realism 卡文迪许的美学现实主义
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-02-22 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.1538
Daniel Whiting
This paper offers a new interpretation of Margaret Cavendish’s remarks on beauty. According to it, Cavendish takes beauty to be a real, response-independent quality of objects. In this sense, Cavendish is an aesthetic realist. In broad outline, I argue, this position remains constant throughout her writings. While there are passages in Cavendish’s work that might seem to count against this reading—specifically, passages on disagreement in aesthetic judgement, on the power of beauty to elicit the passions, and on our inability to specify the nature of beauty—I show that, when situated against the background of Cavendish’s broader metaphysical views, those passages in fact support the realist interpretation.
本文对玛格丽特·卡文迪什的美论进行了新的解读。根据它,卡文迪什认为美是一种真实的、独立于反应的物体的品质。从这个意义上说,卡文迪什是一位审美现实主义者。大体上,我认为,这一立场在她的作品中始终如一。虽然卡文迪什的作品中有一些段落似乎与这种解读相悖,特别是关于审美判断上的分歧,关于美引发激情的力量,以及关于我们无法明确美的本质的段落,但我表明,当置于卡文迪什更广泛的形而上学观点的背景下时,这些段落实际上支持现实主义的解释。
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引用次数: 0
Trouble on the Horizon for Presentism 现代主义的麻烦即将来临
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-02-22 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.823
Sam Baron, B. Le Bihan
Surface presentism is the combination of a general relativistic physics with a presentist metaphysics. In this paper, we provide an argument against this combination based on black holes. The problem focuses on the notion of an event horizon. We argue that the present locations of event horizons are ontologically dependent on future black hole regions, and that this dependence is incompatible with presentism. We consider five responses to the problem available to the surface presentist, and argue that none succeed. Surface presentism thus faces the prospect of empirical refutation based on the evidence available for the existence of black holes.
表面存在论是一般相对论物理学与存在论形而上学的结合。在本文中,我们提供了一个反对这种基于黑洞的组合的论点。问题集中在事件视界的概念上。我们认为,事件视界的当前位置在本体论上依赖于未来的黑洞区域,这种依赖与存在论是不相容的。我们考虑了表面呈现主义者对这个问题的五种回应,并认为没有一种成功。因此,表面存在论面临着基于黑洞存在的证据进行实证反驳的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Just As Planned: Bayesianism, Externalism, and Plan Coherence 按计划进行:贝叶斯主义、外在主义和计划一致性
IF 1.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.3998/phimp.1300
Pablo Zendejas Medina
Two of the most influential arguments for Bayesian updating ("Conditionalization") -- Hilary Greaves' and David Wallace's Accuracy Argumentand David Lewis' Diachronic Dutch Book Argument-- turn out to imose a strong and surprising limitation on rational uncertainty: that one can never be rationally uncertain of what one's evidence is. Many philosophers ("externalists") reject that claim, and now seem to face a difficult choice: either to endorse the arguments and give up Externalism, or to reject the arguments and lose some of the best justifications of Bayesianism. The author argues that the key to resolving this conflict lies in recognizing that both arguments are plan-based, in that they argue for Conditionalization by first arguing that one should planto conditionalize. With this in view, we can identify the culprit common to both arguments: for an externalist, they misconceive the requirement to carry out a plan made at an earlier time. They should therefore not persuade us to reject Externalism. Furthermore, rethinking the nature of this requirement allows us to give two new arguments for Conditionalization that do not rule out rational uncertainty about one's evidence and that can thus serve as common ground in the debate between externalists and their opponents.
对贝叶斯更新(“条件化”)最有影响力的两个论点——希拉里·格里夫斯和大卫·华莱士的准确性论点,以及大卫·刘易斯的“荷兰书的时间”论点——对理性不确定性提出了一个强大而令人惊讶的限制:一个人永远不可能理性地不确定自己的证据是什么。许多哲学家(“外在主义者”)拒绝这种说法,现在似乎面临着一个艰难的选择:要么支持这些论点,放弃外在主义,要么拒绝这些论点,失去贝叶斯主义的一些最好的理由。作者认为,解决这一冲突的关键在于认识到这两种观点都是基于计划的,因为它们通过首先论证一个人应该计划条件化来论证条件化。考虑到这一点,我们可以找出两种观点共同的罪魁祸首:对于外部主义者来说,他们误解了执行早先制定的计划的要求。因此,他们不应该说服我们拒绝外在主义。此外,重新思考这一要求的性质使我们能够为条件化提出两个新的论点,它们不排除对证据的理性不确定性,因此可以作为外在主义者与其反对者之间辩论的共同点。
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引用次数: 2
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