Non-equilibrium condensation (NQC) induced heat transfer in the supersonic nozzle (SSN) results in entropy production and alters the flow structure. The analysis of entropy production offers valuable insights for enhancing the design of industrial equipment by pinpointing the origins of energy losses. The interplay between frictional entropy, thermal entropy, and NQC is a fascinating but relatively unexplored subject in the field. This study aims to examine the impact of the superheat degree on NQC, frictional entropy, and thermal entropy. The goal is to enhance our understanding of the interconnectedness among these three parameters and their relationship. The findings revealed that within the SSN, the generation of frictional entropy surpasses that of thermal entropy generation. Upon analyzing the variations in entropy production with an increase in the degree of superheat, a general trend of ascending–descending can be observed for thermal, frictional, and total entropy productions. Furthermore, as the degree of superheat increases, both the droplet diameter and liquid mass fraction within the nozzle decrease. Optimization techniques were employed to determine the optimal degree of superheat for the given scenario. After the optimization process, the range of 70–90 was identified as the optimal degree of superheat. At a superheat degree of 70, the parameters of production entropy, input flow rate, condensation loss, and energy kinetics undergo changes of 19.3%, 9.8%, 99.9%, and 14.3%, respectively.
{"title":"A comprehensive investigation and optimization of superheat degree on performance of supersonic nozzle by considering non-equilibrium condensation and entropy generation analysis","authors":"Rujie Xia, Delu Li, Mohammad Ali Faghih Aliabadi","doi":"10.1063/5.0224884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224884","url":null,"abstract":"Non-equilibrium condensation (NQC) induced heat transfer in the supersonic nozzle (SSN) results in entropy production and alters the flow structure. The analysis of entropy production offers valuable insights for enhancing the design of industrial equipment by pinpointing the origins of energy losses. The interplay between frictional entropy, thermal entropy, and NQC is a fascinating but relatively unexplored subject in the field. This study aims to examine the impact of the superheat degree on NQC, frictional entropy, and thermal entropy. The goal is to enhance our understanding of the interconnectedness among these three parameters and their relationship. The findings revealed that within the SSN, the generation of frictional entropy surpasses that of thermal entropy generation. Upon analyzing the variations in entropy production with an increase in the degree of superheat, a general trend of ascending–descending can be observed for thermal, frictional, and total entropy productions. Furthermore, as the degree of superheat increases, both the droplet diameter and liquid mass fraction within the nozzle decrease. Optimization techniques were employed to determine the optimal degree of superheat for the given scenario. After the optimization process, the range of 70–90 was identified as the optimal degree of superheat. At a superheat degree of 70, the parameters of production entropy, input flow rate, condensation loss, and energy kinetics undergo changes of 19.3%, 9.8%, 99.9%, and 14.3%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate prediction of scour depth is essential for the safety of the bridge. The downflow upstream of the pier plays a significant role in scour hole formation. The present study used Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) to derive an expression to estimate the force exerted by the downflow on the sediment bed. The LCSs extracted a trapping region upstream of the pier, which trapped the fluid, which was then converted into downflow. The expressions derived in this Letter can be used to improve the efficiency of scour depth prediction equations.
{"title":"Lagrangian coherent structures around a bridge pier with scour hole","authors":"Murali Krishnamraju Kalidindi, Rakesh Khosa","doi":"10.1063/5.0229952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0229952","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate prediction of scour depth is essential for the safety of the bridge. The downflow upstream of the pier plays a significant role in scour hole formation. The present study used Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) to derive an expression to estimate the force exerted by the downflow on the sediment bed. The LCSs extracted a trapping region upstream of the pier, which trapped the fluid, which was then converted into downflow. The expressions derived in this Letter can be used to improve the efficiency of scour depth prediction equations.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"319 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we construct first- and second-order implicit–explicit schemes for the closed-loop geothermal system, which includes the heat transfer between the porous media flow with Darcy equation in the geothermal reservoir and the free flow with Navier–Stokes equation in the pipe. The constructed fully discrete schemes are based on the exponential auxiliary variable method in time, which we have proposed in Li et al. [“New SAV-pressure correction methods for the Navier-Stokes equations: Stability and error analysis,” Math. Comput. 91, 141–167 (2022)] and the finite element method in space. These schemes are linear and uniquely solvable, decoupling not only the two flow regions but also the temperature field, and only require solving a sequence of linear differential equations with constant coefficients at each time step. In addition, we rigorously prove that the constructed first- and second-order schemes are unconditionally stable without any time step and stability parameter restrictions. Finally, some numerical simulations, including convergence tests, the benchmark problem for thermal convection in a square cavity, and the heat transfer in simplified closed-loop geothermal systems, are demonstrated to present the reliability and efficiency of the constructed schemes.
本文构建了闭环地热系统的一阶和二阶隐式-显式方案，其中包括地热储层中含达西方程的多孔介质流与管道中含纳维-斯托克斯方程的自由流之间的传热。所构建的全离散方案基于指数辅助变量时间法，我们在 Li 等人的论文["Navier-Stokes 方程的新 SAV 压力修正方法：稳定性和误差分析"，Math.Comput.91，141-167 (2022)]和空间有限元法。这些方案是线性和唯一可解的，不仅解耦了两个流动区域，还解耦了温度场，并且只需要在每个时间步求解一连串具有常数系数的线性微分方程。此外，我们还严格证明了所构建的一阶和二阶方案是无条件稳定的，不受任何时间步长和稳定参数的限制。最后，我们演示了一些数值模拟，包括收敛性测试、方形空腔中热对流的基准问题以及简化闭环地热系统中的传热问题，以展示所构建方案的可靠性和效率。
{"title":"First- and second-order unconditionally stable and decoupled schemes for the closed-loop geothermal system based on the coupled multiphysics model","authors":"Xinhui Wang, Xiaoli Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0228565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0228565","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we construct first- and second-order implicit–explicit schemes for the closed-loop geothermal system, which includes the heat transfer between the porous media flow with Darcy equation in the geothermal reservoir and the free flow with Navier–Stokes equation in the pipe. The constructed fully discrete schemes are based on the exponential auxiliary variable method in time, which we have proposed in Li et al. [“New SAV-pressure correction methods for the Navier-Stokes equations: Stability and error analysis,” Math. Comput. 91, 141–167 (2022)] and the finite element method in space. These schemes are linear and uniquely solvable, decoupling not only the two flow regions but also the temperature field, and only require solving a sequence of linear differential equations with constant coefficients at each time step. In addition, we rigorously prove that the constructed first- and second-order schemes are unconditionally stable without any time step and stability parameter restrictions. Finally, some numerical simulations, including convergence tests, the benchmark problem for thermal convection in a square cavity, and the heat transfer in simplified closed-loop geothermal systems, are demonstrated to present the reliability and efficiency of the constructed schemes.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a novel model of a dual-purpose nonlinear wave farm, wherein multiple wave energy converters (WECs) equipped with nonlinear stiffness mechanism (NSM) are deployed for energy production and wave attenuation. A hybrid semi-analytical approach integrating the eigenfunction expansion matching method (EEMM) with the multi-harmonic balance method (MHBM) is developed to address the nonlinear wave-structure interactions among an array of WECs. Each device is modeled as a truncated cylinder, and the effects of the nonlinear interaction on power absorption and wave evolution from the array are studied. The analytical results are validated through published experimental results and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. A multi-parameter analysis is conducted to explore the impact of various factors including power takeoff (PTO) damping, NSM configuration, wave direction, and layout geometry on both wave power absorption and wave evolution. The results demonstrate that the nonlinear wave farm exhibits improved power-capture efficiency and enhanced wave attenuation compared to the linear wave farm, attributed to the phase control mechanism of NSM. This work may provide profound guidelines for large-scale wave energy exploitation and coast protection.
{"title":"Dual-purpose wave farm with nonlinear stiffness mechanism for energy extraction and wave attenuation","authors":"Huaqing Jin, Haicheng Zhang, Siming Zheng, Ye Lu, Daolin Xu, Deborah Greaves","doi":"10.1063/5.0227165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0227165","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel model of a dual-purpose nonlinear wave farm, wherein multiple wave energy converters (WECs) equipped with nonlinear stiffness mechanism (NSM) are deployed for energy production and wave attenuation. A hybrid semi-analytical approach integrating the eigenfunction expansion matching method (EEMM) with the multi-harmonic balance method (MHBM) is developed to address the nonlinear wave-structure interactions among an array of WECs. Each device is modeled as a truncated cylinder, and the effects of the nonlinear interaction on power absorption and wave evolution from the array are studied. The analytical results are validated through published experimental results and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. A multi-parameter analysis is conducted to explore the impact of various factors including power takeoff (PTO) damping, NSM configuration, wave direction, and layout geometry on both wave power absorption and wave evolution. The results demonstrate that the nonlinear wave farm exhibits improved power-capture efficiency and enhanced wave attenuation compared to the linear wave farm, attributed to the phase control mechanism of NSM. This work may provide profound guidelines for large-scale wave energy exploitation and coast protection.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajjad Pashazadeh, Arvindh Seshadri Suresh, Viney Ghai, Tobias Moberg, Anders Brolin, Roland Kádár
A general procedure for combining material functions and numerical modeling to predict the orientation of highly filled wood polymer composites (WPCs) in a single screw extrusion and validation thereof is elaborated in this study. Capillary rheometry was used to determine the shear viscosity and wall slip functions as well as the melt density of the biocomposites. The numerical model consisted of a model film die where the melt flow was simulated using a finite element method in the generalized Newtonian constitute equation framework. Fiber orientation was modeled using the Folgar–Tucker approach and included fiber–fiber interaction during the process. Reference extrusion tests were performed on a single screw extruder on the biocomposites. The extrusion setup included two melt pressure transducers that were used to determine the die inlet initial conditions (end of the extruder/die inlet) and provide feedback on the wall slip boundary conditions (pressure discharge along the die). Overall, the pressure error between experiments and simulations was less than 6.5% for all screw speeds investigated in 20 wt. % WPCs. Extrudates were produced, and the wood fiber orientation was estimated based on scanning electron microscopy micrographs and image analysis and compared with the simulations of fiber orientation. We show that the general procedure outlined can be calibrated to predict the overall orientation distribution of wood fiber biocomposites during single screw extrusion.
{"title":"Predicting orientation in extruded wood polymer composites","authors":"Sajjad Pashazadeh, Arvindh Seshadri Suresh, Viney Ghai, Tobias Moberg, Anders Brolin, Roland Kádár","doi":"10.1063/5.0224011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224011","url":null,"abstract":"A general procedure for combining material functions and numerical modeling to predict the orientation of highly filled wood polymer composites (WPCs) in a single screw extrusion and validation thereof is elaborated in this study. Capillary rheometry was used to determine the shear viscosity and wall slip functions as well as the melt density of the biocomposites. The numerical model consisted of a model film die where the melt flow was simulated using a finite element method in the generalized Newtonian constitute equation framework. Fiber orientation was modeled using the Folgar–Tucker approach and included fiber–fiber interaction during the process. Reference extrusion tests were performed on a single screw extruder on the biocomposites. The extrusion setup included two melt pressure transducers that were used to determine the die inlet initial conditions (end of the extruder/die inlet) and provide feedback on the wall slip boundary conditions (pressure discharge along the die). Overall, the pressure error between experiments and simulations was less than 6.5% for all screw speeds investigated in 20 wt. % WPCs. Extrudates were produced, and the wood fiber orientation was estimated based on scanning electron microscopy micrographs and image analysis and compared with the simulations of fiber orientation. We show that the general procedure outlined can be calibrated to predict the overall orientation distribution of wood fiber biocomposites during single screw extrusion.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Liu, Qingyang Zhang, Xinhai Chen, Chuanfu Xu, Qinglin Wang, Jie Liu
The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the emergence of new flow field prediction methods. These methods address challenges posed by nonlinear problems and significantly reduce computational time and cost compared to traditional numerical simulations. However, they often struggle to capture the dynamic sparse characteristics of the flow field effectively. To bridge this gap, we introduce LKFlowNet, a new large kernel convolutional neural network specifically designed for complex flow fields in nonlinear fluid dynamics systems. LKFlowNet adopts a multi-branch large kernel convolution computing architecture, which can skillfully handle the complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics of flow changes. Drawing inspiration from the dilated convolution mechanism, we developed the RepDWConv block, a re-parameterized depthwise convolution that extends the convolutional kernel's coverage. This enhancement improves the model's ability to capture long-range dependencies and sparse structural features in fluid dynamics. Additionally, a customized physical loss function ensures accuracy and physical consistency in flow field reconstruction. Comparative studies reveal that LKFlowNet significantly outperforms existing neural network architectures, providing more accurate and physically consistent predictions in complex nonlinear variations such as velocity and pressure fields. The model demonstrates strong versatility and scalability, accurately predicting the flow field of various geometric configurations without modifying the architecture. This capability positions LKFlowNet as a promising new direction in fluid dynamics research, potentially revolutionizing flow field prediction by combining high efficiency and accuracy. Our results suggest that LKFlowNet could become an indispensable tool in intelligent flow field prediction, reshaping the analysis and processing of fluid dynamics.
{"title":"LKFlowNet: A deep neural network based on large kernel convolution for fast and accurate nonlinear fluid-changing prediction","authors":"Yan Liu, Qingyang Zhang, Xinhai Chen, Chuanfu Xu, Qinglin Wang, Jie Liu","doi":"10.1063/5.0221881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221881","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the emergence of new flow field prediction methods. These methods address challenges posed by nonlinear problems and significantly reduce computational time and cost compared to traditional numerical simulations. However, they often struggle to capture the dynamic sparse characteristics of the flow field effectively. To bridge this gap, we introduce LKFlowNet, a new large kernel convolutional neural network specifically designed for complex flow fields in nonlinear fluid dynamics systems. LKFlowNet adopts a multi-branch large kernel convolution computing architecture, which can skillfully handle the complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics of flow changes. Drawing inspiration from the dilated convolution mechanism, we developed the RepDWConv block, a re-parameterized depthwise convolution that extends the convolutional kernel's coverage. This enhancement improves the model's ability to capture long-range dependencies and sparse structural features in fluid dynamics. Additionally, a customized physical loss function ensures accuracy and physical consistency in flow field reconstruction. Comparative studies reveal that LKFlowNet significantly outperforms existing neural network architectures, providing more accurate and physically consistent predictions in complex nonlinear variations such as velocity and pressure fields. The model demonstrates strong versatility and scalability, accurately predicting the flow field of various geometric configurations without modifying the architecture. This capability positions LKFlowNet as a promising new direction in fluid dynamics research, potentially revolutionizing flow field prediction by combining high efficiency and accuracy. Our results suggest that LKFlowNet could become an indispensable tool in intelligent flow field prediction, reshaping the analysis and processing of fluid dynamics.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design speed of high-speed maglev trains is much higher than that of wheel-rail trains, and they will be subject to more operational safety threats under complex wind conditions. The present study uses the improved delayed detached eddy simulation method based on the shear stress transfer k–ω turbulence model to explore the effect of active flow control on the aerodynamic lateral force of a maglev train and examines the main aerodynamic performance differences caused by two active control forms (suction and blowing airflow), involving multiple active flow speeds. In the current scenario, blowing can reduce the lateral force coefficient of the head car by up to 15% while greatly increasing its transient instability, which can be attributed to direct and indirect changes in pressure distribution near the air slots and a larger range of the leeward surface. The suction is believed to suppress the downstream motion of the main vortex on the leeward side of the maglev train and weaken the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake, while the blowing effect reduces the dominance of the main vortex. The application of blowing is proved as an effective means of reducing the risk of operating a maglev train in a crosswind environment, while it requires a careful consideration of both train safety and energy efficiency.
{"title":"On the active flow control in maglev train safety under crosswinds: Analysis of leeward suction and blowing action","authors":"Zi-Jian Guo, Zhan-Hao Guo, Zheng-Wei Chen, Guang-Zhi Zeng, Jun-Qi Xu","doi":"10.1063/5.0224211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224211","url":null,"abstract":"The design speed of high-speed maglev trains is much higher than that of wheel-rail trains, and they will be subject to more operational safety threats under complex wind conditions. The present study uses the improved delayed detached eddy simulation method based on the shear stress transfer k–ω turbulence model to explore the effect of active flow control on the aerodynamic lateral force of a maglev train and examines the main aerodynamic performance differences caused by two active control forms (suction and blowing airflow), involving multiple active flow speeds. In the current scenario, blowing can reduce the lateral force coefficient of the head car by up to 15% while greatly increasing its transient instability, which can be attributed to direct and indirect changes in pressure distribution near the air slots and a larger range of the leeward surface. The suction is believed to suppress the downstream motion of the main vortex on the leeward side of the maglev train and weaken the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake, while the blowing effect reduces the dominance of the main vortex. The application of blowing is proved as an effective means of reducing the risk of operating a maglev train in a crosswind environment, while it requires a careful consideration of both train safety and energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although there have been more studies on droplet formation under the control of electrostatic field in recent years, the studies on the relationship between composite droplet formation and electrostatic field are fragmented. In order to analyze the effect of electrostatic field on composite droplet formation, this paper numerically investigates the electro-hydrodynamics of the double emulsion in a double Y-shaped microchannel and experimentally verifies the applied phase interface capture method. Calculations are carried out using a model coupled with the phase field method and electrostatic field to analyze the interfacial evolution of double emulsions under different electric field strengths and to quantitatively study the droplet formation process. Four flow regimes different from previous studies were found: dripping regime, jetting regime, threading regime, and jetting-dripping transition regime, among which the formation frequency ( f ) of double emulsion droplets under the short jetting regime was up to 769 Hz. The eccentricity (ε) of droplets under the dripping regime was the smallest, with ε of 0.2, the coefficient of deformation (Defm) of the middle phase droplets was minimized to 0.05. It is observed that there is a linear relationship between Cam/Cao and CaE in the dripping regime, with the generation of multi-core double emulsion droplets. When Cam/Cao is greater than 14, the flow regime of the double emulsion in the channel is always threading regime, no matter how CaE is changed.
{"title":"Electro-hydrodynamics study of double emulsion droplet formation in a double Y-shaped channel","authors":"Qianwen Yang, Zhaohui Wang, Yaohui Zhao, Feng Zhang, Quanjie Gao","doi":"10.1063/5.0223426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223426","url":null,"abstract":"Although there have been more studies on droplet formation under the control of electrostatic field in recent years, the studies on the relationship between composite droplet formation and electrostatic field are fragmented. In order to analyze the effect of electrostatic field on composite droplet formation, this paper numerically investigates the electro-hydrodynamics of the double emulsion in a double Y-shaped microchannel and experimentally verifies the applied phase interface capture method. Calculations are carried out using a model coupled with the phase field method and electrostatic field to analyze the interfacial evolution of double emulsions under different electric field strengths and to quantitatively study the droplet formation process. Four flow regimes different from previous studies were found: dripping regime, jetting regime, threading regime, and jetting-dripping transition regime, among which the formation frequency ( f ) of double emulsion droplets under the short jetting regime was up to 769 Hz. The eccentricity (ε) of droplets under the dripping regime was the smallest, with ε of 0.2, the coefficient of deformation (Defm) of the middle phase droplets was minimized to 0.05. It is observed that there is a linear relationship between Cam/Cao and CaE in the dripping regime, with the generation of multi-core double emulsion droplets. When Cam/Cao is greater than 14, the flow regime of the double emulsion in the channel is always threading regime, no matter how CaE is changed.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of microperforated ring fairings on the flow and noise of a circular cylinder were investigated experimentally at Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter (D) ranging between 1.3 and 2.6 × 104. The fairings were installed either concentrically or eccentrically, and the parameters investigated are the perforation rate σ (11.8%–34.6%), the clearance ratio δ/D (0.1–0.3), and the deflection angle θ (0°–180°). The noise was measured using far-field microphones, and flow characteristics were tested by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) and a dynamic balance. The acoustic results showed that the aerodynamic noise of the cylinder generally decreases with the increase in the perforation rate σ and the clearance δ. The maximum noise reduction at the fundamental vortex shedding frequency can reach 25 dB when arranged concentrically at δ/D = 0.3 and σ = 34.6%. Under the same perforation and clearance, the eccentric arrangement at θ = 60°–120° significantly improves the noise control performance. Flow visualization by PIV test demonstrated that the perforated fairing effectively controls the unsteady flow downstream of the cylinder and attenuates the large-scale vortex shedding, resulting in the noise reduction. The force measurement results showed that unsteady lift coefficient is significantly reduced, but the mean drag coefficient of the cylinder together with the fairings is generally higher than the bare cylinder. Nevertheless, the increment in drag coefficient can be lessened by eccentrically arrangement of fairings at deflection angle between θ = 60°–120°.
{"title":"Experimental study on flow/noise of a circular cylinder with concentric/eccentric microperforated ring fairings","authors":"Tao Lu, Yong Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0225614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0225614","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of microperforated ring fairings on the flow and noise of a circular cylinder were investigated experimentally at Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter (D) ranging between 1.3 and 2.6 × 104. The fairings were installed either concentrically or eccentrically, and the parameters investigated are the perforation rate σ (11.8%–34.6%), the clearance ratio δ/D (0.1–0.3), and the deflection angle θ (0°–180°). The noise was measured using far-field microphones, and flow characteristics were tested by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) and a dynamic balance. The acoustic results showed that the aerodynamic noise of the cylinder generally decreases with the increase in the perforation rate σ and the clearance δ. The maximum noise reduction at the fundamental vortex shedding frequency can reach 25 dB when arranged concentrically at δ/D = 0.3 and σ = 34.6%. Under the same perforation and clearance, the eccentric arrangement at θ = 60°–120° significantly improves the noise control performance. Flow visualization by PIV test demonstrated that the perforated fairing effectively controls the unsteady flow downstream of the cylinder and attenuates the large-scale vortex shedding, resulting in the noise reduction. The force measurement results showed that unsteady lift coefficient is significantly reduced, but the mean drag coefficient of the cylinder together with the fairings is generally higher than the bare cylinder. Nevertheless, the increment in drag coefficient can be lessened by eccentrically arrangement of fairings at deflection angle between θ = 60°–120°.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We address the question of how viscosity impacts the growth of gravitation waves, such as those on the ocean, when they are driven by wind. There is so far no general rigorous theory for this energy transfer. We extend Miles' approach [J. W. Miles, “On the generation of surface waves by shear flows,” J. Fluid Mech. 3, 185–204 (1957)], using the same logarithmic wind profile, to incorporate bulk viscosity and derive modified growth rates. Exploiting the fact that water waves fall into the “weak viscosity” regime, we produce analytical expressions for the growth rate, which we solve using the numerical method proposed by Beji and Nadaoka [“Solution of Rayleigh's instability equation for arbitrary wind profiles,” J. Fluid Mech. 500, 65–73 (2004)]. Our results confirm that corrections to the growth rates are significant for wavelengths below a meter, and for weak to modest wind strengths. We show that all wave growth is suppressed, due to viscous effects, below a critical wind strength. We also show that the wave age corresponding to a developed sea is reduced by viscosity. We quantitatively characterize the zones, in terms of wind strength and wavelength, for which the wave growth is suppressed by viscosity.
我们要解决的问题是，当风力驱动引力波（如海洋上的引力波）时，粘度如何影响引力波的增长。迄今为止，还没有关于这种能量传递的通用严格理论。我们扩展了迈尔斯的方法[J.W. Miles, "On the generation of surface waves by shear flows," J. Fluid Mech.3, 185-204 (1957)]，使用相同的对数风廓线，加入了体积粘度并推导出修正的增长率。利用水波属于 "弱粘性 "机制这一事实，我们得出了增长率的解析表达式，并使用 Beji 和 Nadaoka 提出的数值方法进行了求解（"任意风廓线的瑞利不稳定方程求解"，《流体机械》，500, 65-73 (2004)）。500, 65-73 (2004)].我们的结果证实，对于波长低于一米、风力从弱到强的情况，对波速增长的修正是显著的。我们表明，在临界风力以下，由于粘性效应，所有波浪的增长都受到抑制。我们还表明，粘滞效应会降低发育海相应的波龄。我们从风力和波长的角度定量地描述了波浪增长受粘性抑制的区域。
{"title":"Effect of viscosity on wind-driven gravitation waves","authors":"C. Chaubet, N. Kern, M. A. Manna","doi":"10.1063/5.0221941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221941","url":null,"abstract":"We address the question of how viscosity impacts the growth of gravitation waves, such as those on the ocean, when they are driven by wind. There is so far no general rigorous theory for this energy transfer. We extend Miles' approach [J. W. Miles, “On the generation of surface waves by shear flows,” J. Fluid Mech. 3, 185–204 (1957)], using the same logarithmic wind profile, to incorporate bulk viscosity and derive modified growth rates. Exploiting the fact that water waves fall into the “weak viscosity” regime, we produce analytical expressions for the growth rate, which we solve using the numerical method proposed by Beji and Nadaoka [“Solution of Rayleigh's instability equation for arbitrary wind profiles,” J. Fluid Mech. 500, 65–73 (2004)]. Our results confirm that corrections to the growth rates are significant for wavelengths below a meter, and for weak to modest wind strengths. We show that all wave growth is suppressed, due to viscous effects, below a critical wind strength. We also show that the wave age corresponding to a developed sea is reduced by viscosity. We quantitatively characterize the zones, in terms of wind strength and wavelength, for which the wave growth is suppressed by viscosity.","PeriodicalId":20066,"journal":{"name":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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