The change of weather conditions is considered as the major problem, particularly for developing country like Pakistan. Machine learning and artificial neural network models have become attractive forecast techniques for rainfall as compared to traditional statistical methods in the last few years. The behavioral pattern in rainfall (mm) annually by 1901 to 2020 is studied. Moreover, forecasts of three models based on past observations are evaluated. Fundamentally, different techniques are used for model development. Three modeling techniques include a traditional linear time series ARMA model, an emerging nonlinear threshold technique SETAR model, and influential machine learning technique NAR model. Evaluation of forecast performance is based on three forecast error criteria namely MSE, RMSE, and MAPE. Results indicate that the rainfall (mm) will slightly increase in the coming ten years i.e. 2021 to 2030. Furthermore, the findings also reveal that the NAR model is a suitable and appropriate model to forecast the rainfall which outperforms the ARMA as well as the SETAR model.
{"title":"Modeling and Forecasting of Rainfall Time Series. A Case Study for Pakistan Tayyab Raza Fraz","authors":"Tayyab Raza Fraz","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"The change of weather conditions is considered as the major problem, particularly for developing country like Pakistan. Machine learning and artificial neural network models have become attractive forecast techniques for rainfall as compared to traditional statistical methods in the last few years. The behavioral pattern in rainfall (mm) annually by 1901 to 2020 is studied. Moreover, forecasts of three models based on past observations are evaluated. Fundamentally, different techniques are used for model development. Three modeling techniques include a traditional linear time series ARMA model, an emerging nonlinear threshold technique SETAR model, and influential machine learning technique NAR model. Evaluation of forecast performance is based on three forecast error criteria namely MSE, RMSE, and MAPE. Results indicate that the rainfall (mm) will slightly increase in the coming ten years i.e. 2021 to 2030. Furthermore, the findings also reveal that the NAR model is a suitable and appropriate model to forecast the rainfall which outperforms the ARMA as well as the SETAR model.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115777971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.650
Syed Muhammad Waseem Sajid, Mukhtar S Ahmad, E. Khan, Maria Sabir
The late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation has been investigated in terms of field observation, and petrographic analysis, to understand the petrography and its impact on the geotechnical properties. The Kawagarh Formation is well exposed among the upper Indus Basin, and has been studied by various workers in different aspects. Kawagarh Formationexposed in Kahi section of Nizampur Basin has been selected in this study to know the behavior of carbonate rocks for engineering purposes. Lithologically, this formation is composed of thick to medium bedded, highly fractured limestone, marls, and dolomitic limestone which has undertaken diagenetic alteration including dolomite, calcite veins, and stylolites. Followed by petrographic analysis which reveals that the Kawagarh limestone is mostly fossiliferouscomprised of a large number of planktonic foraminifera fossils like Globotruncana Hilli and Globotruncana Linneana fossils. Furthermore, to know the impact of petrographic minerals on engineering behavior, mechanical properties in terms of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) were also computed by using a universal testing machine (UTM). The resultant mechanical values lie in the strong compressive strength and suggest their usage for various construction purposes. Aggregate degradation tests including water absorption, specific gravity, aggregate impact value, Los angles abrasion, and soundness was also computed according to the International standard organization, ASTM (American Society for testing materials) and British standard. The aggregate values of the Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation are within the defined standard limits and can be used as an aggregate source for different construction engineering projects.
{"title":"Petrographic and Physiomechanical Investigation of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation Kahi Section, Nizampur Basin","authors":"Syed Muhammad Waseem Sajid, Mukhtar S Ahmad, E. Khan, Maria Sabir","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.650","url":null,"abstract":"The late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation has been investigated in terms of field observation, and petrographic analysis, to understand the petrography and its impact on the geotechnical properties. The Kawagarh Formation is well exposed among the upper Indus Basin, and has been studied by various workers in different aspects. Kawagarh Formationexposed in Kahi section of Nizampur Basin has been selected in this study to know the behavior of carbonate rocks for engineering purposes. Lithologically, this formation is composed of thick to medium bedded, highly fractured limestone, marls, and dolomitic limestone which has undertaken diagenetic alteration including dolomite, calcite veins, and stylolites. Followed by petrographic analysis which reveals that the Kawagarh limestone is mostly fossiliferouscomprised of a large number of planktonic foraminifera fossils like Globotruncana Hilli and Globotruncana Linneana fossils. Furthermore, to know the impact of petrographic minerals on engineering behavior, mechanical properties in terms of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) were also computed by using a universal testing machine (UTM). The resultant mechanical values lie in the strong compressive strength and suggest their usage for various construction purposes. Aggregate degradation tests including water absorption, specific gravity, aggregate impact value, Los angles abrasion, and soundness was also computed according to the International standard organization, ASTM (American Society for testing materials) and British standard. The aggregate values of the Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation are within the defined standard limits and can be used as an aggregate source for different construction engineering projects.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114537049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.651
H. Abbasi, Rubina Khan, Imran Nasir, W. Ahmed
The construction projects are rising in Pakistan to overcome the flow of traffic on the main road of big cities. Karachi is the metropolitan city of Pakistan facing uncontrolled growth and urbanization, which leads to an increase in the demand for urban transport facilities. The study focuses on the assessment of the environmental impacts of the Tariq Road underpass construction site. The data was collected with the help of community consultation using analytical methods. It includes public chat, site visits, interviews, questioners, and the samples collection of environmental components. The results show that the most common hazards were related to excavation, working practice variation, and personal protective equipment (PPEs). Faulty and unmaintained machinery with the lack of proper barrier producingnoise and air pollution.
{"title":"A Case Study of Tariq Road Underpass, Karachi: Environmental Analysis","authors":"H. Abbasi, Rubina Khan, Imran Nasir, W. Ahmed","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.651","url":null,"abstract":"The construction projects are rising in Pakistan to overcome the flow of traffic on the main road of big cities. Karachi is the metropolitan city of Pakistan facing uncontrolled growth and urbanization, which leads to an increase in the demand for urban transport facilities. The study focuses on the assessment of the environmental impacts of the Tariq Road underpass construction site. The data was collected with the help of community consultation using analytical methods. It includes public chat, site visits, interviews, questioners, and the samples collection of environmental components. The results show that the most common hazards were related to excavation, working practice variation, and personal protective equipment (PPEs). Faulty and unmaintained machinery with the lack of proper barrier producingnoise and air pollution.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133995054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.653
Sajid Ahmed, S. Hafeez
Education plays an important role in the development of society. The service area for schools is generally considered at a distance coverd in 10 minute walk. There are four tehsils of Khushab which are Khushab, Nurpur Thal, Quaidabad and Noushera.There are some areas with no government schools for girls. In previous research works serviceability has been analyzed with indices such as number of schools (Mladenka and Hill, 1997; Omer, 2006), but these indices do not show the correct results (Ohio and S.Jiong, 2007). However, it is difficult to find serviceability without analyzing the spread of schools (Tsou, 2005). This study focuses on the spatial spread of schools and the accessibility of people to schools integrated with the road network. Accessibility is the basic facility, which helps people move anywhere and reach destinations (Gregory, 2009). It is also considered the proximity of one place to another (Pooler, 1995).
{"title":"GIS-based Analysis for Optimal Site Selection of Schools in Tehsil Khushab, Punjab","authors":"Sajid Ahmed, S. Hafeez","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.653","url":null,"abstract":"Education plays an important role in the development of society. The service area for schools is generally considered at a distance coverd in 10 minute walk. There are four tehsils of Khushab which are Khushab, Nurpur Thal, Quaidabad and Noushera.There are some areas with no government schools for girls. In previous research works serviceability has been analyzed with indices such as number of schools (Mladenka and Hill, 1997; Omer, 2006), but these indices do not show the correct results (Ohio and S.Jiong, 2007). However, it is difficult to find serviceability without analyzing the spread of schools (Tsou, 2005). This study focuses on the spatial spread of schools and the accessibility of people to schools integrated with the road network. Accessibility is the basic facility, which helps people move anywhere and reach destinations (Gregory, 2009). It is also considered the proximity of one place to another (Pooler, 1995).","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116679668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.652
Yasmin Nargis, J. A. Butt, Amjad Hussain, Mughal Shareef
Rice husk is one of the utmost obtainable feedstock for renewable energy production and can contribute to resolving energy scarcity and environmental problems. Appropriate knowledge of the rice husk's physiochemical properties is essential for the approach of thermochemical conversion systems. The present study delivers data on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating values of rice husk collected from different regions of Sindh, Pakistan. Moisture content was found low ranging between 12.76% to 13.50% (Mean 12.98%), higher volatile matter in the range of 55.77% to 62.88% (Mean 61.19%) and ash particles of 14.50% to 16.48% (Mean 15.20%). The lower concentrations of nitrogen, 0.37% to 1.31%, (Mean 0.70%) and sulfur, 0.02% to 0.19%, (Mean 0.11%) environmentally deal with more appropriate fuel properties. The heating value of rice husk ranges varied from 5,276.33 to 6,237.13 Btu/lb (Mean 5,859.87 Btu/lb). The significant values of the rice husk samples indicated that the locally available renewable resources can be transformed into an extensive amount of energy products at a small level from active conversion techniques. Therefore, rice husk can be deliberated as appropriate fuel for energy generation and can be considered as an environmentally friendly and economically feasible fuel that helps to decline harmful pollutions.
{"title":"Assessment of Rice Husk Biomass Potential for Power Generation in Pakistan","authors":"Yasmin Nargis, J. A. Butt, Amjad Hussain, Mughal Shareef","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.652","url":null,"abstract":"Rice husk is one of the utmost obtainable feedstock for renewable energy production and can contribute to resolving energy scarcity and environmental problems. Appropriate knowledge of the rice husk's physiochemical properties is essential for the approach of thermochemical conversion systems. The present study delivers data on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating values of rice husk collected from different regions of Sindh, Pakistan. Moisture content was found low ranging between 12.76% to 13.50% (Mean 12.98%), higher volatile matter in the range of 55.77% to 62.88% (Mean 61.19%) and ash particles of 14.50% to 16.48% (Mean 15.20%). The lower concentrations of nitrogen, 0.37% to 1.31%, (Mean 0.70%) and sulfur, 0.02% to 0.19%, (Mean 0.11%) environmentally deal with more appropriate fuel properties. The heating value of rice husk ranges varied from 5,276.33 to 6,237.13 Btu/lb (Mean 5,859.87 Btu/lb). The significant values of the rice husk samples indicated that the locally available renewable resources can be transformed into an extensive amount of energy products at a small level from active conversion techniques. Therefore, rice husk can be deliberated as appropriate fuel for energy generation and can be considered as an environmentally friendly and economically feasible fuel that helps to decline harmful pollutions.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132170230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.654
Hamza Hanif, Ahmer Shaheem Tahir, Rimsha Sheikh, Dania Anjum
Renewable Energy Sources have a lot of importance in today’s world to produce an electrical output which explains the main reasons that every government and policy maker now a days prefer Renewable Energy in the wake of global warming and limited availability of fossil fuels (Twidell and Weir, 2021). The Renewable Energy Sources are hazardless, pollution free, ecofriendly, freely available in nature in vast quantities and most importantly, they give a chance to create a carbonfree environment.
{"title":"Using XGBoost Model with Feature Selection Techniques for Wind Speed Forecasting","authors":"Hamza Hanif, Ahmer Shaheem Tahir, Rimsha Sheikh, Dania Anjum","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.654","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable Energy Sources have a lot of importance in today’s world to produce an electrical output which explains the main reasons that every government and policy maker now a days prefer Renewable Energy in the wake of global warming and limited availability of fossil fuels (Twidell and Weir, 2021). The Renewable Energy Sources are hazardless, pollution free, ecofriendly, freely available in nature in vast quantities and most importantly, they give a chance to create a carbonfree environment.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115698935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is the most wonderful substance. Almost 70% of our planet consists of water. The human body comprises almost 60% of water. Safe and clean water is necessary for all purposes in daily life which include different practices like washing, drinking, cooking, and personal cleanliness (Frances and Brack, 2018). Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve a large proportion of natural or man-made substances (Balasubramanian, 2015). Fecal contaminated water is the main reason for waterborne disease. With quick urbanization, the chemical feature of water quality has contributed to increasing concerns as toxic chemicals industrial effluents pose a high hazard to life (Alurralde et al., 1998). Pakistan has been blessed with water resources, but unfortunately over the years, industrial development, overpopulation, and rapid growth have decelerated the water resources (Daud et al., 2017). Different studies show that the majority of the supplies of potable water are polluted (Aziz, 2005). Pakistan ranks 80 out of 122 nations, and both ground and surface drinking water sources are polluted throughout the country with toxic metals, microbes, and pesticides (Nabeela et al., 2014). Even currently some rural areas in Pakistan have no availability of fresh and clean water for regular use (Shahid et al., 2014). The quality of drinking water in Pakistan is reducing day by day due to the waste and pollutants released by the industries. Channeled water also gets contaminated because the network of the pipeline is not planned and laid poorly (Imran et al., 2018).
水是最奇妙的物质。地球上几乎70%是由水构成的。人体几乎由60%的水组成。安全和清洁的水对于日常生活中的所有目的都是必要的，包括洗涤、饮用、烹饪和个人清洁等不同的做法(Frances和Brack, 2018)。水被称为通用溶剂，因为它可以溶解大部分天然或人造物质(Balasubramanian, 2015)。粪便污染的水是水传播疾病的主要原因。随着快速城市化，水质的化学特征引起了越来越多的关注，因为有毒化学品工业废水对生命构成高度危害(Alurralde等人，1998年)。巴基斯坦拥有丰富的水资源，但不幸的是，多年来，工业发展，人口过剩和快速增长已经减缓了水资源(Daud et al.， 2017)。不同的研究表明，大多数饮用水供应受到污染(Aziz, 2005)。巴基斯坦在122个国家中排名第80位，全国各地的地面和地表饮用水源都受到有毒金属、微生物和农药的污染(Nabeela etal .， 2014)。即使目前巴基斯坦的一些农村地区也没有正常使用的淡水和清洁水(Shahid et al.， 2014)。由于工业排放的废物和污染物，巴基斯坦的饮用水质量日益下降。由于管道网络没有规划和铺设不良，管道水也会受到污染(Imran等人，2018)。
{"title":"Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Metro Bus Stations of Islamabad and Rawalpindi","authors":"Saima Akber, Aleena Nazir, Zohaib Aslam","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Water is the most wonderful substance. Almost 70% of our planet consists of water. The human body comprises almost 60% of water. Safe and clean water is necessary for all purposes in daily life which include different practices like washing, drinking, cooking, and personal cleanliness (Frances and Brack, 2018). Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve a large proportion of natural or man-made substances (Balasubramanian, 2015). Fecal contaminated water is the main reason for waterborne disease. With quick urbanization, the chemical feature of water quality has contributed to increasing concerns as toxic chemicals industrial effluents pose a high hazard to life (Alurralde et al., 1998). Pakistan has been blessed with water resources, but unfortunately over the years, industrial development, overpopulation, and rapid growth have decelerated the water resources (Daud et al., 2017). Different studies show that the majority of the supplies of potable water are polluted (Aziz, 2005). Pakistan ranks 80 out of 122 nations, and both ground and surface drinking water sources are polluted throughout the country with toxic metals, microbes, and pesticides (Nabeela et al., 2014). Even currently some rural areas in Pakistan have no availability of fresh and clean water for regular use (Shahid et al., 2014). The quality of drinking water in Pakistan is reducing day by day due to the waste and pollutants released by the industries. Channeled water also gets contaminated because the network of the pipeline is not planned and laid poorly (Imran et al., 2018).","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129339087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sanaullah, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Qasim Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Hassan, M. Hussain, S. Muqthiar Ali
High strength concrete is widely used in engineering structures. Present work is an effort for suitability assessment of river bed aggregates in high strength concrete to be used at structural units of Dam (Spillway & Powerhouse) and the vulnerability of placed concrete expansion. Multiple sizes of coarse aggregate (5-20mm, 20-40mm, and 40-80mm) from Beor river bed material have been tested for physical (water absorption, crushing index, soundness, shape, and bulk density), and mineralogical characterization. Concrete Mix Design (CMD) for Spillway has been optimized using Fly ash and river aggregate that achieved the Unconfined Compressional Strength (UCS) up to 32.5 MPa. The accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) has been introduced to gauge the reactive aggregates used in CMD.. Expansive properties of concrete were observed at the age of 7 days and 28 days that demonstrate more expansion of the specimen with slag rather than the Fly ash. Results of AMBT suggest that a minimum proportion of GGBS (40%) is needed to limit the AMBT expansion to less than 0.1% for crushed river bed aggregate and sand from the Beor source. The petrographical characterization of coarse aggregate shows the presence of deformed quartz in the coarse aggregate, which directly relates to water absorption (Wa), suggesting its suceseptility to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). Modifications in Pozzolanic additives in CMD indicates that 30% mixing of Fly ash can reduce the expansion rate of concrete up to 96.15%.
{"title":"Impact Assessment of Pozzolanic Material Coupled with River Bed Aggregate on Expansive Behavior of High Strength Concrete","authors":"M. Sanaullah, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Qasim Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Hassan, M. Hussain, S. Muqthiar Ali","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"High strength concrete is widely used in engineering structures. Present work is an effort for suitability assessment of river bed aggregates in high strength concrete to be used at structural units of Dam (Spillway & Powerhouse) and the vulnerability of placed concrete expansion. Multiple sizes of coarse aggregate (5-20mm, 20-40mm, and 40-80mm) from Beor river bed material have been tested for physical (water absorption, crushing index, soundness, shape, and bulk density), and mineralogical characterization. Concrete Mix Design (CMD) for Spillway has been optimized using Fly ash and river aggregate that achieved the Unconfined Compressional Strength (UCS) up to 32.5 MPa. The accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) has been introduced to gauge the reactive aggregates used in CMD.. Expansive properties of concrete were observed at the age of 7 days and 28 days that demonstrate more expansion of the specimen with slag rather than the Fly ash. Results of AMBT suggest that a minimum proportion of GGBS (40%) is needed to limit the AMBT expansion to less than 0.1% for crushed river bed aggregate and sand from the Beor source. The petrographical characterization of coarse aggregate shows the presence of deformed quartz in the coarse aggregate, which directly relates to water absorption (Wa), suggesting its suceseptility to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). Modifications in Pozzolanic additives in CMD indicates that 30% mixing of Fly ash can reduce the expansion rate of concrete up to 96.15%.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125019335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.636
Salman Khan, A. Ghaffar, Inayat Ullah, F. Murad, J. Ahmad, M. I. Kakar
Bela Ophiolite and suture zone host several types of gemstones in the underlain and overlain rocks such as garnet (demantoid and almandine), quartz, brucite, malachite, chrysocolla, azurite, calcite, natrolite, green chert, jasper, serpentine, agate, epidote, augite and prehnite. However, the rare gemstones including demantoid garnet are found as dodecahedron green crystals associated with the altered peridotite rocks such as serpentinite. Brucite is found in the botryoidal habit in the ultramafic rocks of Bela Ophiolite associated with the chromite mines in the Baran Lak and Amorzai area of Wadh in the host rock dunite. The serpentine is found in several locations associated with the altered ultramafic rocks formed after the serpentinization of peridotite. Furthermore, one of the rare gemstones such as petroleum and diamond quartz is formed due to the hydrothermal intrusion in the sedimentary rocks such as limestone; calcite also occurs in limestone as dogtooth crystals. While azurite, malachite and chrysocolla are formed as secondary deposits in the oxidized zone of copper and sulphide mines in the Manjawi, Nal and Sonaro associated adjacent to basalt. Moreover, epidote is found as green crystals having porphyritic texture in the host rock granite mainly in the Bakhalo area, Wadh. Agate, jasper, green chert and several other kinds of chert are found associated with the basalt chert unit in the mélange and gossan. In addition to that natrolite is found in the Nal ophiolite mainly in the Hazarghanji town found associated with the cracks and vugs of dolerite dykes as fibrous and cylindrical crystals. In metamorphic sole rocks of Bela Ophiolite in the Sonaro area, marble and quartzite are associated with the metamorphic rocks such as greenschist and amphibolite facies that are formed during the e volution period of the ophiolite. In pegmatite gabbro, the elongated and prismatic black crystals of augite are found in the host rock gabbro near the Ornach cross area, and the prehnite gemstone is found associated with the basalt and gabbroic rocks transition zone in the Ornach area.
{"title":"A Case Study on Distribution of Gemstone in Bela Ophiolite, District Khuzdar, Balochistan","authors":"Salman Khan, A. Ghaffar, Inayat Ullah, F. Murad, J. Ahmad, M. I. Kakar","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.636","url":null,"abstract":"Bela Ophiolite and suture zone host several types of gemstones in the underlain and overlain rocks such as garnet (demantoid and almandine), quartz, brucite, malachite, chrysocolla, azurite, calcite, natrolite, green chert, jasper, serpentine, agate, epidote, augite and prehnite. However, the rare gemstones including demantoid garnet are found as dodecahedron green crystals associated with the altered peridotite rocks such as serpentinite. Brucite is found in the botryoidal habit in the ultramafic rocks of Bela Ophiolite associated with the chromite mines in the Baran Lak and Amorzai area of Wadh in the host rock dunite. The serpentine is found in several locations associated with the altered ultramafic rocks formed after the serpentinization of peridotite. Furthermore, one of the rare gemstones such as petroleum and diamond quartz is formed due to the hydrothermal intrusion in the sedimentary rocks such as limestone; calcite also occurs in limestone as dogtooth crystals. While azurite, malachite and chrysocolla are formed as secondary deposits in the oxidized zone of copper and sulphide mines in the Manjawi, Nal and Sonaro associated adjacent to basalt. Moreover, epidote is found as green crystals having porphyritic texture in the host rock granite mainly in the Bakhalo area, Wadh. Agate, jasper, green chert and several other kinds of chert are found associated with the basalt chert unit in the mélange and gossan. In addition to that natrolite is found in the Nal ophiolite mainly in the Hazarghanji town found associated with the cracks and vugs of dolerite dykes as fibrous and cylindrical crystals. In metamorphic sole rocks of Bela Ophiolite in the Sonaro area, marble and quartzite are associated with the metamorphic rocks such as greenschist and amphibolite facies that are formed during the e volution period of the ophiolite. In pegmatite gabbro, the elongated and prismatic black crystals of augite are found in the host rock gabbro near the Ornach cross area, and the prehnite gemstone is found associated with the basalt and gabbroic rocks transition zone in the Ornach area.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124128544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.641
Humaira Naz, Shella Bano2, K. Memon, A. G. Sahito
The present study is aimed to assess the groundwater quality of Tando Adam city of district Sanghar, Sindh. Total twenty groundwater samples were randomly collected from handpump wells installed on different locations at various depths (50-90ft). The groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters to determine suitability for drinking purposes. Analytical results showed that most of water samples have elevated contents of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) exceeding the permissible limit (<1000mg/l) for drinking water. The concentration of cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ , K+ ) and anions (Cl- , HCO3 - , SO4 -2 ) were so high that World Health Organization (WHO) standards seem overcrossing in >80% water samples. Local geology, poor irrigation practices, and anthropogenic activities are responsible for higher ion concentrations in the area. Furthermore, Microbiological contamination was found positive in half of the groundwater samples due to sewage contamination, poor sanitation and dumping of waste near well sites. The groundwater quality of the study area is highly contaminated and not suitable for human consumption but despite being commonly used for drinking purpose.
{"title":"An Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in Tando Adam City of Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"Humaira Naz, Shella Bano2, K. Memon, A. G. Sahito","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.641","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is aimed to assess the groundwater quality of Tando Adam city of district Sanghar, Sindh. Total twenty groundwater samples were randomly collected from handpump wells installed on different locations at various depths (50-90ft). The groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters to determine suitability for drinking purposes. Analytical results showed that most of water samples have elevated contents of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) exceeding the permissible limit (<1000mg/l) for drinking water. The concentration of cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ , K+ ) and anions (Cl- , HCO3 - , SO4 -2 ) were so high that World Health Organization (WHO) standards seem overcrossing in >80% water samples. Local geology, poor irrigation practices, and anthropogenic activities are responsible for higher ion concentrations in the area. Furthermore, Microbiological contamination was found positive in half of the groundwater samples due to sewage contamination, poor sanitation and dumping of waste near well sites. The groundwater quality of the study area is highly contaminated and not suitable for human consumption but despite being commonly used for drinking purpose.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129163479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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