Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.638
A. G. Soomro, G. Mahar, A. H. Memon, Mumtaz Ali Gadeh, M. Azam
: Water footprint techniques are extensively used for essential life chores. It also maintains the naturalecosystem. The variations in climatic spell are not only important to investigate the past and current scenarios, but it isalso useful to develop the water resource projects. The current study explored the spatial-temporal climatic variation ofdry and wet periods (between 1998 and 2010) using the digital image processing technique of ENVI (Environment forVisualizing Images) classics, satellite remote sensing g (SRS), and GIS. The results are organized for the reported periodi.e. between 1998 and 2010, showing the change detection of the hydrological effect in the dry and wet years. It shows asignificant change in the land use land cover (LULC) of vegetation, water, settlement, and ephemeral rivers followed by91%, 97.45%, 94.40%, and 62.94 % respectively through the wet year of 2010, in association with the dry period of1998. For more authentications, the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) image difference of the wet anddry period has also been evaluated, which has shown vegetation in large areas with more water potential in the wet year2010. The water potential can be used by diverting it to the natural depressions, ditches, and ponds for storage purposesand to increase recharge of groundwater by increasing its quality and quantity. The stored water could be utilized in thedrought-prone days for sustainable agriculture activities, to reduce the migration rate of the community, and to improvethe socio-economic conditions in the study area of Khirthar National Park.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Impact of Precipitation Trend on LULC Using Satellite Remote Sensing Technique in Khirthar National Park, Sindh Pakistan","authors":"A. G. Soomro, G. Mahar, A. H. Memon, Mumtaz Ali Gadeh, M. Azam","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.638","url":null,"abstract":": Water footprint techniques are extensively used for essential life chores. It also maintains the naturalecosystem. The variations in climatic spell are not only important to investigate the past and current scenarios, but it isalso useful to develop the water resource projects. The current study explored the spatial-temporal climatic variation ofdry and wet periods (between 1998 and 2010) using the digital image processing technique of ENVI (Environment forVisualizing Images) classics, satellite remote sensing g (SRS), and GIS. The results are organized for the reported periodi.e. between 1998 and 2010, showing the change detection of the hydrological effect in the dry and wet years. It shows asignificant change in the land use land cover (LULC) of vegetation, water, settlement, and ephemeral rivers followed by91%, 97.45%, 94.40%, and 62.94 % respectively through the wet year of 2010, in association with the dry period of1998. For more authentications, the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) image difference of the wet anddry period has also been evaluated, which has shown vegetation in large areas with more water potential in the wet year2010. The water potential can be used by diverting it to the natural depressions, ditches, and ponds for storage purposesand to increase recharge of groundwater by increasing its quality and quantity. The stored water could be utilized in thedrought-prone days for sustainable agriculture activities, to reduce the migration rate of the community, and to improvethe socio-economic conditions in the study area of Khirthar National Park.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128275912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.639
M. E. Topçuoğlu, R. Karagüzel, A. Doğan
The separation of surface runoff and base flow is a very specific problem in water balance calculations,particularly if there is not enough measured flow data. In this study, the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the surfacerunoff in the ungauged Izmit Basin. The CNs are estimated using the Hydrologic Soil Groups map, based on soil data ofthe General Directorate of Rural Services of Turkey and land use obtained from the CORINE-2006 database for differentAMCs. The surface runoff was computed using the SCS-CN method for the ungauged Izmit Basin that corresponds to17% and 21% of the rainfall, i.e. 134 mm (for Kocaeli Meteorological Station; rainfall=804 mm) and 171 mm (forSakarya Meteorological Station; rainfall=820 mm). According to SCS-CN method estimates, approximately 41-42% ofthe annual rainfall in the Izmit Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow, and 21-25% of it contributes to baseflow and unmeasured infiltration. To compare the results of the SCS-CN method along with hydrograph separationmethod, the gauged Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin, which is hydro-meteorologically similar to the Izmit Basin, was selected.The results showed that 16% of the rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin became surface runoff. Also, it was foundthat about 42% of the annual rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow and 23%of it contributes to the base flow and unmeasured infiltration. These results confirm that the ratio of surface runoffobtained by the hydrograph separation method in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin matches with the ratio of surface runoffcalculated using the SCS-CN method for the entire Izmit Basin.
{"title":"Comparison of the SCS-CN and Hydrograph Separation Method for Runoff Estimation in an Ungauged Basin: The Izmit Basin, Turke","authors":"M. E. Topçuoğlu, R. Karagüzel, A. Doğan","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.639","url":null,"abstract":"The separation of surface runoff and base flow is a very specific problem in water balance calculations,particularly if there is not enough measured flow data. In this study, the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the surfacerunoff in the ungauged Izmit Basin. The CNs are estimated using the Hydrologic Soil Groups map, based on soil data ofthe General Directorate of Rural Services of Turkey and land use obtained from the CORINE-2006 database for differentAMCs. The surface runoff was computed using the SCS-CN method for the ungauged Izmit Basin that corresponds to17% and 21% of the rainfall, i.e. 134 mm (for Kocaeli Meteorological Station; rainfall=804 mm) and 171 mm (forSakarya Meteorological Station; rainfall=820 mm). According to SCS-CN method estimates, approximately 41-42% ofthe annual rainfall in the Izmit Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow, and 21-25% of it contributes to baseflow and unmeasured infiltration. To compare the results of the SCS-CN method along with hydrograph separationmethod, the gauged Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin, which is hydro-meteorologically similar to the Izmit Basin, was selected.The results showed that 16% of the rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin became surface runoff. Also, it was foundthat about 42% of the annual rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow and 23%of it contributes to the base flow and unmeasured infiltration. These results confirm that the ratio of surface runoffobtained by the hydrograph separation method in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin matches with the ratio of surface runoffcalculated using the SCS-CN method for the entire Izmit Basin.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127227874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.640
S. Zia, Muhammad Nasar -u-Minallah, Mahrukh Tahir, Ayshah Hanif
This paper attempts to explore the impact of built-up areas on groundwater levels in district Faisalabad.To understand the rate of built-up area expansion and changes in the level of groundwater in the study area, groundwaterdata has been acquired from the Land Reclamation Department for all tehsils in district Faisalabad. This study wasconducted to assess spatial and temporal variation of groundwater level because of the built-up area change. Descriptivestatistics (Scatter Plot correlation technique) have been applied to figure out changes in groundwater levels. Furthermore,some built-up area extraction methods have been incorporated that are always found to be effective tools for theassessment of built-up area change. The spatial analysis tool Spline has applied to 79 bore points in all tehsils of districtFaisalabad. Results clearly show that a built-up increase of 41 km2in Faisalabad city is causing 1-foot depletion ingroundwater as compared to other tehsils, where a built-up increase is negligible. Such research studies of groundwaterchanges would assist the planners to adopt effective sustainable measures.
{"title":"Impact Assessment of Urban Built-up Area on Groundwater Level of District Faisalabad, Pakistan","authors":"S. Zia, Muhammad Nasar -u-Minallah, Mahrukh Tahir, Ayshah Hanif","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.640","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to explore the impact of built-up areas on groundwater levels in district Faisalabad.To understand the rate of built-up area expansion and changes in the level of groundwater in the study area, groundwaterdata has been acquired from the Land Reclamation Department for all tehsils in district Faisalabad. This study wasconducted to assess spatial and temporal variation of groundwater level because of the built-up area change. Descriptivestatistics (Scatter Plot correlation technique) have been applied to figure out changes in groundwater levels. Furthermore,some built-up area extraction methods have been incorporated that are always found to be effective tools for theassessment of built-up area change. The spatial analysis tool Spline has applied to 79 bore points in all tehsils of districtFaisalabad. Results clearly show that a built-up increase of 41 km2in Faisalabad city is causing 1-foot depletion ingroundwater as compared to other tehsils, where a built-up increase is negligible. Such research studies of groundwaterchanges would assist the planners to adopt effective sustainable measures.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130200439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.642
Kannar Ali, A. Ghaffar, Innayat Ullah, F. Murad, Jalil Ahmed, Muhammad Ibrahim Baloch
Gunga deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit located in the northwest of Khuzdar Knot within the Kirthar Fold Belt (KFB) in the south-west of Khuzdar city. This deposit is formed during the late TriassicJurassic period due to rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. being hosted with the Anjira Member of Jurassic Shirinab Formation, hosted the Strata bounded barite mineralization in these deposits contact with the siliceous and iron-rich gossan zones. The Baritic zone indicates the complex replacement of silica with the continuous silicification which is followed by massive to brecciated type Barite. Petrographically, barite has a very fine to coarse grain texture, anhedral to euhedral crystal shape, and forms dendritic crystal structure In the Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images, the crystal morphology of Barite exhibits well-developed elongated crystal structures with medium to coarse grain texture. Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) graphs indicates the high peaks of Ba, S, and O elements associated with sub-peaks rockforming mineral elements (Si, Al, Na, K, and Ca) along with sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, P, and Ni)
{"title":"Geology, Petrography, and Mineralization of Sedimentary Hosted Strata-Bounded Barite Deposit at Gunga, Khuzdar District Balochistan, Pakistan","authors":"Kannar Ali, A. Ghaffar, Innayat Ullah, F. Murad, Jalil Ahmed, Muhammad Ibrahim Baloch","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.642","url":null,"abstract":"Gunga deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit located in the northwest of Khuzdar Knot within the Kirthar Fold Belt (KFB) in the south-west of Khuzdar city. This deposit is formed during the late TriassicJurassic period due to rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. being hosted with the Anjira Member of Jurassic Shirinab Formation, hosted the Strata bounded barite mineralization in these deposits contact with the siliceous and iron-rich gossan zones. The Baritic zone indicates the complex replacement of silica with the continuous silicification which is followed by massive to brecciated type Barite. Petrographically, barite has a very fine to coarse grain texture, anhedral to euhedral crystal shape, and forms dendritic crystal structure In the Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images, the crystal morphology of Barite exhibits well-developed elongated crystal structures with medium to coarse grain texture. Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) graphs indicates the high peaks of Ba, S, and O elements associated with sub-peaks rockforming mineral elements (Si, Al, Na, K, and Ca) along with sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, P, and Ni)","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130738012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-14DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.637
Sadruddin Bahadur Qutoshi, Amjad Ali, Arshad Ali Shedayi, G. Khan
: This study seeks to explore and explain the perception of residents about the environmental impact of mountainmass tourism in three tourist destinations in Gilgit-Baltistan. This study is based on quantitative and qualitative datacollected through a survey and group discussions with residents of three tourist destinations. Results revealed that theresidents of the study area are highly concerned about the environmental impact of mass tourism. They highlighted airpollution, traffic congestion, pressure on land use change and infrastructure, and degradation of mountain ecosystemservices. The study also found that communities in these tourist places expect governmental and non-governmentalorganizations to come up with a better plan for the management of mountain tourism on a sustainable basis. Reflectingcritically on the perceptions of stakeholders about tourism impact, it is important to develop linkages betweengovernmental and non-governmental organizations for environmental protection and sustainable quality tourism in theregion while taking communities on board.
{"title":"Residents’ Perception of Impact of Mass Tourism on Mountain Environment in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan","authors":"Sadruddin Bahadur Qutoshi, Amjad Ali, Arshad Ali Shedayi, G. Khan","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.637","url":null,"abstract":": This study seeks to explore and explain the perception of residents about the environmental impact of mountainmass tourism in three tourist destinations in Gilgit-Baltistan. This study is based on quantitative and qualitative datacollected through a survey and group discussions with residents of three tourist destinations. Results revealed that theresidents of the study area are highly concerned about the environmental impact of mass tourism. They highlighted airpollution, traffic congestion, pressure on land use change and infrastructure, and degradation of mountain ecosystemservices. The study also found that communities in these tourist places expect governmental and non-governmentalorganizations to come up with a better plan for the management of mountain tourism on a sustainable basis. Reflectingcritically on the perceptions of stakeholders about tourism impact, it is important to develop linkages betweengovernmental and non-governmental organizations for environmental protection and sustainable quality tourism in theregion while taking communities on board.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126332004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.622
S. A. Khattak, Anwar Qadir, Hamza Daud, K. Shehzad, M. Yasir, Muhammad Abubakar
In this study, terrace soil investigation was carried out in project E-35 (phase-I) China-Pak Economic Corridor, Lesser Himalayas, North Pakistan. The methodology in current research is based on tests that include sieve analysis, plastic index, proctor, California Bearing Ratio, Los Angeles, sand equivalent and specific gravity. The results of these tests for different layers were compared with AASHTO and NHA specifications. The results show that the embankment, subgrade and subbase layers were composed of silt, sand and gravel, respectively while the aggregate base coarse was composed of sand, aggregate and less amount of fine clay material. The sieve analysis test shows that soil and aggregate base coarse has less clay with high silt, sandy material and index plastic to low plastic, which is appropriate for the construction. The California Bearing Ratio shows that the soil and aggregate base coarse have high load-bearing capacity. The Los Angeles abrasion reveal that the sub base and aggregate base coarse are resistive. The sand equivalent shows that aggregate base coarse has high sand material. The specific gravity illustrates that aggregate base coarse material is denser. The current study shows that terrace soil is suitable for the construction of the road in project E-35 (phase-I) China-Pak Economic Corridor.
{"title":"Terrace Soil Suitability for Highway Construction: Case Study in Lesser Himalaya (CPEC Project E-35), North Pakistan","authors":"S. A. Khattak, Anwar Qadir, Hamza Daud, K. Shehzad, M. Yasir, Muhammad Abubakar","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.622","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, terrace soil investigation was carried out in project E-35 (phase-I) China-Pak Economic Corridor, Lesser Himalayas, North Pakistan. The methodology in current research is based on tests that include sieve analysis, plastic index, proctor, California Bearing Ratio, Los Angeles, sand equivalent and specific gravity. The results of these tests for different layers were compared with AASHTO and NHA specifications. The results show that the embankment, subgrade and subbase layers were composed of silt, sand and gravel, respectively while the aggregate base coarse was composed of sand, aggregate and less amount of fine clay material. The sieve analysis test shows that soil and aggregate base coarse has less clay with high silt, sandy material and index plastic to low plastic, which is appropriate for the construction. The California Bearing Ratio shows that the soil and aggregate base coarse have high load-bearing capacity. The Los Angeles abrasion reveal that the sub base and aggregate base coarse are resistive. The sand equivalent shows that aggregate base coarse has high sand material. The specific gravity illustrates that aggregate base coarse material is denser. The current study shows that terrace soil is suitable for the construction of the road in project E-35 (phase-I) China-Pak Economic Corridor.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129346239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.623
M. Idress, Yasmin Nergis, J. A. Butt, M. Sharif
Pakistan’s urban air pollution is amongst the utmost severity in the world that causes acute damage to the economy and human health. This study was designed for the assessment of ambient air quality in different areas of Karachi. The data were collected as pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season from main industrial zones of Karachi, S.I.T.E area, North Karachi industrial area, Korangi industrial area and Landhi industrial area in the year of 2017-2019. These zones are also a blend of industrial, residential, commercial and heavy traffic zones with dense populations. Ambient air data were collected for different pollutants like Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matters (TSPM, PM10 and PM2.5). It is observed that in pre-monsoon, there is quite high intensity of particulate matter (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5) present in the air, whereas CO and NO2 values found in all four zones are moderate in the air samples as prescribed by Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) standards. It is observed specifically in Landhi, S.I.T.E Area and Korangi industrial area which are more prone to the exposure of these pollutants. In post-monsoon, the intensity of particulate matters (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5), CO and NO2 values in all four zones are less to moderate than the values of pre-monsoon due to the seasonal effects. Study data shows that three major zones; Landhi, Korangi and S.I.T.E. industrial areas are at a high exposure to gases and other toxic elements. North Karachi is at the least risk because of having a small scale of industries present. The PM10 & PM2.5 levels average about 2 - 3-fold greater than the SEPA standards. High levels of ambient air pollutants cause severe health problems and chronic diseases on human health. Therefore the implementation of rules and regulations regarding ambient air pollutants should be more rigorous. .
{"title":"Ambient Air Quality Assessment in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan","authors":"M. Idress, Yasmin Nergis, J. A. Butt, M. Sharif","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.623","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan’s urban air pollution is amongst the utmost severity in the world that causes acute damage to the economy and human health. This study was designed for the assessment of ambient air quality in different areas of Karachi. The data were collected as pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season from main industrial zones of Karachi, S.I.T.E area, North Karachi industrial area, Korangi industrial area and Landhi industrial area in the year of 2017-2019. These zones are also a blend of industrial, residential, commercial and heavy traffic zones with dense populations. Ambient air data were collected for different pollutants like Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matters (TSPM, PM10 and PM2.5). It is observed that in pre-monsoon, there is quite high intensity of particulate matter (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5) present in the air, whereas CO and NO2 values found in all four zones are moderate in the air samples as prescribed by Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) standards. It is observed specifically in Landhi, S.I.T.E Area and Korangi industrial area which are more prone to the exposure of these pollutants. In post-monsoon, the intensity of particulate matters (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5), CO and NO2 values in all four zones are less to moderate than the values of pre-monsoon due to the seasonal effects. Study data shows that three major zones; Landhi, Korangi and S.I.T.E. industrial areas are at a high exposure to gases and other toxic elements. North Karachi is at the least risk because of having a small scale of industries present. The PM10 & PM2.5 levels average about 2 - 3-fold greater than the SEPA standards. High levels of ambient air pollutants cause severe health problems and chronic diseases on human health. Therefore the implementation of rules and regulations regarding ambient air pollutants should be more rigorous. .","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129762479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.619
Mareena Khurshid, S. A. Shirazi
A temporal analysis of landscape change patterns and consequent evaluation of urban expansion has been studied for the Dera Ghazi Khan city which is developing fast since 2000 as an emerging metropolis of South Punjab. The geospatial techniques particularly remote sensing augmented with GIS are vital tools and are mostly used in studying landscape changes and decision making for sustainable urban development. Four Landsat images (1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021) obtained from the free web of GLFC have been analysed. A supervised classification algorithm was applied to all images and results have been presented in both tabular and graphic forms. Present study, focuses upon two land-use classes i.e. built up and open areas, which will be monitored by land-use patterns of Dera Ghazi Khan city during 1991 to 2021 using satellite images. The graphical depiction of all the landscape changes, which have taken place in D. G. Khan city in the form of tables and maps provides detailed information about the degree and ratio of urban expansion and the changes in land use that occurred during the stipulated period.The classification was based on four categories i.e., urban land, bare soil, vegetation, and water; while maps were prepared to present the temporal changes in D. G. Khan city. A total of 52 sq./kms areas was selected for this study designated as the Dera Ghazi Khan city. According to the results, 33% of the urban area has been expanded in Dera Ghazi Khan from 1991 to 2021 and 19% vegetation cover has been reduced. It is a very alarming situation that agricultural land is decreasing because of urban expansion. The results revealed the significance of remote sensing and GIS in evaluating landscape changes.
{"title":"Applications of Geospatial Techniques to Identify Landscape Changes and Urban Expansion of Dera Ghazi Khan City, South Punjab-Pakistan","authors":"Mareena Khurshid, S. A. Shirazi","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.619","url":null,"abstract":"A temporal analysis of landscape change patterns and consequent evaluation of urban expansion has been studied for the Dera Ghazi Khan city which is developing fast since 2000 as an emerging metropolis of South Punjab. The geospatial techniques particularly remote sensing augmented with GIS are vital tools and are mostly used in studying landscape changes and decision making for sustainable urban development. Four Landsat images (1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021) obtained from the free web of GLFC have been analysed. A supervised classification algorithm was applied to all images and results have been presented in both tabular and graphic forms. Present study, focuses upon two land-use classes i.e. built up and open areas, which will be monitored by land-use patterns of Dera Ghazi Khan city during 1991 to 2021 using satellite images. The graphical depiction of all the landscape changes, which have taken place in D. G. Khan city in the form of tables and maps provides detailed information about the degree and ratio of urban expansion and the changes in land use that occurred during the stipulated period.The classification was based on four categories i.e., urban land, bare soil, vegetation, and water; while maps were prepared to present the temporal changes in D. G. Khan city. A total of 52 sq./kms areas was selected for this study designated as the Dera Ghazi Khan city. According to the results, 33% of the urban area has been expanded in Dera Ghazi Khan from 1991 to 2021 and 19% vegetation cover has been reduced. It is a very alarming situation that agricultural land is decreasing because of urban expansion. The results revealed the significance of remote sensing and GIS in evaluating landscape changes.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127482191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.611
M. Nadeem, M. Mohsin, Anum Rafique, Abdur Rehman
Urban fringe is a transitional zone of various land uses between urban and rural lands with a low population density that is lower than urban centre but higher than the countryside. The current study focuses on the spatial and structural pattern of the rural-urban fringes of Sargodha city which is one of the rapidly growing cities in Pakistan. To analyze the spatial pattern of rural-urban fringe five study sites were identified such as Gulberg Town, 49 Tail, 85 Jhaal, Jhaal Chakian and Johar Colony different techniques were utilized. Primary and secondary collected data wereused for field surveying besides the interview based on a designed and partially structured questionnaire. Maps were prepared with the help of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Results revealed that many commercial centres were situated on the edges of the city. The structure and pattern of these localities were recognized and it is found that urban impacts have not only transformed the socio-economic and demographical shape of the ruralurban fringes but also the pattern of land use of the study area. It shows that GIS and remote sensing are essential techniques to map out the spatial changes at the urban fringe.
{"title":"Study of Rural-Urban Fringe Patterns of Sargodha City, Pakistan","authors":"M. Nadeem, M. Mohsin, Anum Rafique, Abdur Rehman","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.611","url":null,"abstract":"Urban fringe is a transitional zone of various land uses between urban and rural lands with a low population density that is lower than urban centre but higher than the countryside. The current study focuses on the spatial and structural pattern of the rural-urban fringes of Sargodha city which is one of the rapidly growing cities in Pakistan. To analyze the spatial pattern of rural-urban fringe five study sites were identified such as Gulberg Town, 49 Tail, 85 Jhaal, Jhaal Chakian and Johar Colony different techniques were utilized. Primary and secondary collected data wereused for field surveying besides the interview based on a designed and partially structured questionnaire. Maps were prepared with the help of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Results revealed that many commercial centres were situated on the edges of the city. The structure and pattern of these localities were recognized and it is found that urban impacts have not only transformed the socio-economic and demographical shape of the ruralurban fringes but also the pattern of land use of the study area. It shows that GIS and remote sensing are essential techniques to map out the spatial changes at the urban fringe.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127938683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.613
Sedat Toraman, Cem Şensöğüt
Since the first investment in mining operations is very high, so, it is absolutely important to model the field in three dimensions for appropriate planning and cost analysis. The whole data set belonging to the geological, geophysical and drilling exploration studies carried out in the field should be evaluated as a package. In the modelling phase, the computer-aided tri-dimensional mining software has been used instead of the classical reserve calculation methods being utilized in previous years. Thus, more realistic and shorter results are achieved. In the present work, three-dimensional seam modelling of the Adana-Tufanbeyli (Turkey) lignite field was carried out. In modelling, the coal horizon of the field was examined. Then, the sub-seam levels in the horizon were determined and after examining their geometric relationships with each other, three sub-seams were defined. Seam composites were prepared by the downhole method to make the analysis results of different sizes uniform. It is possible to make block quality estimations, which will be the basis for reserve calculations, by creating variograms in different directions. Variograms are first created in the vertical direction and then in the horizontal direction respectively, to obtain the necessary parameters. The nugget effect and structural distance parameters were obtained from the created variogram models. To assign quality estimation values on the block model, the Kriging method was used when the number of data was sufficient, and the inverse distance method was applied, when it was insufficient. As a result of this modelling study, a total of 355.617.194 tons of lignite reserves with an average calorific value of 1.153 Kcal/kg were determined in the field.
{"title":"Seam Modelling and Reserve Calculation for Lignite Field in Adana-Tufanbeyli (Turkey)","authors":"Sedat Toraman, Cem Şensöğüt","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.613","url":null,"abstract":"Since the first investment in mining operations is very high, so, it is absolutely important to model the field in three dimensions for appropriate planning and cost analysis. The whole data set belonging to the geological, geophysical and drilling exploration studies carried out in the field should be evaluated as a package. In the modelling phase, the computer-aided tri-dimensional mining software has been used instead of the classical reserve calculation methods being utilized in previous years. Thus, more realistic and shorter results are achieved. In the present work, three-dimensional seam modelling of the Adana-Tufanbeyli (Turkey) lignite field was carried out. In modelling, the coal horizon of the field was examined. Then, the sub-seam levels in the horizon were determined and after examining their geometric relationships with each other, three sub-seams were defined. Seam composites were prepared by the downhole method to make the analysis results of different sizes uniform. It is possible to make block quality estimations, which will be the basis for reserve calculations, by creating variograms in different directions. Variograms are first created in the vertical direction and then in the horizontal direction respectively, to obtain the necessary parameters. The nugget effect and structural distance parameters were obtained from the created variogram models. To assign quality estimation values on the block model, the Kriging method was used when the number of data was sufficient, and the inverse distance method was applied, when it was insufficient. As a result of this modelling study, a total of 355.617.194 tons of lignite reserves with an average calorific value of 1.153 Kcal/kg were determined in the field.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115249606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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