Zainab Shamroz, M. Munir, S. Iram, M. Ahmad, Rashida Sultana
Natural and anthropogenic indulgence in the form of industrialization, urban sprawl, and population increase deplete the water resources that entails immediate consideration. So, contemplating this need for eco-rehabilitation, drinking water quality predicted in contemporary research for surface and groundwater in proximity of Precambrian rocks (Chenab Nagar, Punjab) revealed poor water quality status. Physical parameters (EC, TDS, and temperature), chemical (pH, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and heavy metals) and microbiological (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and the absence or occurrence of E. coli) distinctiveness of water were determined in forty-two samples, collected from study area. The mean values of pH, EC, TDS, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and temperature for water samples fluctuated discretely in all months. Likewise, heavy metals depicted an increasing trend as the concentration of cadmium and lead was high among all analyzed metals. Microbiological study shows that large number of the samples
{"title":"Appraisement of the Pernicious Status of Drinking Water Exposed to Precambrian Rocks of Chenab Nagar Area, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Zainab Shamroz, M. Munir, S. Iram, M. Ahmad, Rashida Sultana","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.42","url":null,"abstract":"Natural and anthropogenic indulgence in the form of industrialization, urban sprawl, and population increase deplete the water resources that entails immediate consideration. So, contemplating this need for eco-rehabilitation, drinking water quality predicted in contemporary research for surface and groundwater in proximity of Precambrian rocks (Chenab Nagar, Punjab) revealed poor water quality status. Physical parameters (EC, TDS, and temperature), chemical (pH, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and heavy metals) and microbiological (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and the absence or occurrence of E. coli) distinctiveness of water were determined in forty-two samples, collected from study area. The mean values of pH, EC, TDS, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and temperature for water samples fluctuated discretely in all months. Likewise, heavy metals depicted an increasing trend as the concentration of cadmium and lead was high among all analyzed metals. Microbiological study shows that large number of the samples","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126110896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial neural networks are generally information processing systems that mimic the working principles of the human brain or central nervous system. Artificial neural networks are a method that gives successful results in solving many daily life problems such as classification, modeling and prediction. Artificial neural networks accomplish this by adjusting the connection weights between neurons. It can solve prediction and classification problems with back propagation algorithm, which is widely used in artificial neural networks with multilayer perceptron. In this study, unknown calorific values were tried to be estimated by using the analysis values (depth, ash, moisture, sulfur, calorific value) of the drillings realized in the Kütahya -Gürağaç lignite field. An artificial neural network was created for this purpose. First, 8 neurons were used in the hidden layer of the network, and 10 neurons were used secondarily. In the artificial neural network, the learning function is sigma, the learning rate is 95%, and the network is trained using Levenberg-Marquardt as the training algorithm. The network with 10 neurons converged at the desired margin of error (1e-07) and was completed after 271 iterations. The relationship between actual calorie values and predicted calorie values with network training reached a high ratio of R2=0.97. After the training of the network is completed, the network is simulated for the estimation of seams with unknown caloric values. As a result, caloric values were determined with an average of 97% confidence interval for the unknown coal seams of the field.
{"title":"Estimation of Calorific Value of Lignite Field in Kütahya-Gürağaç (Turkey) by means of Artificial Neural Network","authors":"Sedat Toraman, Cem Şensöğüt","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.36","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial neural networks are generally information processing systems that mimic the working principles of the human brain or central nervous system. Artificial neural networks are a method that gives successful results in solving many daily life problems such as classification, modeling and prediction. Artificial neural networks accomplish this by adjusting the connection weights between neurons. It can solve prediction and classification problems with back propagation algorithm, which is widely used in artificial neural networks with multilayer perceptron. In this study, unknown calorific values were tried to be estimated by using the analysis values (depth, ash, moisture, sulfur, calorific value) of the drillings realized in the Kütahya -Gürağaç lignite field. An artificial neural network was created for this purpose. First, 8 neurons were used in the hidden layer of the network, and 10 neurons were used secondarily. In the artificial neural network, the learning function is sigma, the learning rate is 95%, and the network is trained using Levenberg-Marquardt as the training algorithm. The network with 10 neurons converged at the desired margin of error (1e-07) and was completed after 271 iterations. The relationship between actual calorie values and predicted calorie values with network training reached a high ratio of R2=0.97. After the training of the network is completed, the network is simulated for the estimation of seams with unknown caloric values. As a result, caloric values were determined with an average of 97% confidence interval for the unknown coal seams of the field.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128906894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. R. Khaskheli, S. Abbasi, Q. Khokhar, Rasheed Ahmed Memon, Jabir Nazir, Salik Javed
Formation evaluation is widely used in exploration and production in order to minimize the risk, uncertainty, and understanding of the detailed characteristics of potential reservoir rocks. This study is aimed to evaluate the Petrophysical characteristics of upper and lower basal sands of the Cretaceous lower Goru Formation in Niamat-01 and Siraj-01 wells and to focus on hydrocarbon exploration potential. These wells have been drilled in the Khipro block, lower Indus basin, which is the least explored for the reservoir quality evaluation. Present study characterized the lower Goru sands of the Khipro block. It is interpreted that the thickness of upper and lower Basal sands are 13m and 10m, respectively in Naimat Basal 01, whereas 9m and 17m, respectively, are reported in SirajSouth-01. The average effective porosity is 11% in upper Basal sands while 26% is interpreted for lower Basal sand in Naimat Basal-01. An average porosity of 11% is found for upper Basal sands in Siraj South-01 and 11% for lower Basal sand. Water saturation (Sw) calculated for upper and lower Basal sands are 22% and 19%, respectively. The hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) of 78% is interpreted for upper Basal sands and 81% hydrocarbon saturation reported for lower Basal sands in Naimat basal-01. However, 36% and 45% Sw have been recognized for upper and lower Basal sands, respectively. Whereas hydrocarbon saturations of 64% and 55% are reported for the upper and lower basal sands, respectively, in SirajSouth-01. Crossover effects in front of targeted formations confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons in the zone of interest. Lower sands of the lower Goru Formation in the Khipro block are favorable for hydrocarbon production and have potential for future hydrocarbon exploration activities.
{"title":"Formation Evaluation of Lower Goru Sands of Khipro Block, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"M. R. Khaskheli, S. Abbasi, Q. Khokhar, Rasheed Ahmed Memon, Jabir Nazir, Salik Javed","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.39","url":null,"abstract":"Formation evaluation is widely used in exploration and production in order to minimize the risk, uncertainty, and understanding of the detailed characteristics of potential reservoir rocks. This study is aimed to evaluate the Petrophysical characteristics of upper and lower basal sands of the Cretaceous lower Goru Formation in Niamat-01 and Siraj-01 wells and to focus on hydrocarbon exploration potential. These wells have been drilled in the Khipro block, lower Indus basin, which is the least explored for the reservoir quality evaluation. Present study characterized the lower Goru sands of the Khipro block. It is interpreted that the thickness of upper and lower Basal sands are 13m and 10m, respectively in Naimat Basal 01, whereas 9m and 17m, respectively, are reported in SirajSouth-01. The average effective porosity is 11% in upper Basal sands while 26% is interpreted for lower Basal sand in Naimat Basal-01. An average porosity of 11% is found for upper Basal sands in Siraj South-01 and 11% for lower Basal sand. Water saturation (Sw) calculated for upper and lower Basal sands are 22% and 19%, respectively. The hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) of 78% is interpreted for upper Basal sands and 81% hydrocarbon saturation reported for lower Basal sands in Naimat basal-01. However, 36% and 45% Sw have been recognized for upper and lower Basal sands, respectively. Whereas hydrocarbon saturations of 64% and 55% are reported for the upper and lower basal sands, respectively, in SirajSouth-01. Crossover effects in front of targeted formations confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons in the zone of interest. Lower sands of the lower Goru Formation in the Khipro block are favorable for hydrocarbon production and have potential for future hydrocarbon exploration activities.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129071723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aerosol optical characteristics have been investigated to explore regional and seasonal inconsistencies of aerosols and to define the dominant type throughout South Asia from 2001 to 2021. MODIS aerosol products from collection 6.1 have been used in present study, that comprise daily values of Angstrom exponent (AE) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) data. MODIS-derived AODs are validated by using nine ground-based AERONET station data. Overall, an adequate correlation is found among the two datasets. However, an overestimation of the MODIS retrievals is found in one site named Jaipur and underestimations are found at two sites named as Gandhi-college and Karachi. The seasonal evaluation shows that aerosol distribution found between 0 and 1.05, depending on the change in geographical location. The highest AOD value originates over the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), mostly throughout warm season. The second maximum AOD value covers a large area of South Asia during spring, summer and autumn. The lowest values of AOD are found in winter season excluding the IGP. A region with high aerosol optical depth (AOD) values support a low value of angstrom exponent (AE) indicating the coarse aerosol during warm seasons (spring and summer) over IGP. The region with high AOD and high AE values is showing fine aerosol during the mild to cold seasons (autumn and winter). The threshold values for AOD and AE have been used to classify aerosols. The results demonstrate that urban/industrial aerosols prominent in every season across the region dominate in spring and summer due to frequent occurrence of dust events. The mixed type aerosol is second largest contributor in aerosol formation in all seasons. The Biomass burning/smoke aerosol is dominant over IGP due to open forest and crop burning in autumn. Clean and maritime aerosol has small unnoticeable involvement in the studied region.
{"title":"Seasonal Aerosol Classification Over South Asia by Satellite based Atmospheric Optical Data","authors":"Anum Liaqut, Isma Younes, S. Tariq","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.40","url":null,"abstract":"Aerosol optical characteristics have been investigated to explore regional and seasonal inconsistencies of aerosols and to define the dominant type throughout South Asia from 2001 to 2021. MODIS aerosol products from collection 6.1 have been used in present study, that comprise daily values of Angstrom exponent (AE) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) data. MODIS-derived AODs are validated by using nine ground-based AERONET station data. Overall, an adequate correlation is found among the two datasets. However, an overestimation of the MODIS retrievals is found in one site named Jaipur and underestimations are found at two sites named as Gandhi-college and Karachi. The seasonal evaluation shows that aerosol distribution found between 0 and 1.05, depending on the change in geographical location. The highest AOD value originates over the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), mostly throughout warm season. The second maximum AOD value covers a large area of South Asia during spring, summer and autumn. The lowest values of AOD are found in winter season excluding the IGP. A region with high aerosol optical depth (AOD) values support a low value of angstrom exponent (AE) indicating the coarse aerosol during warm seasons (spring and summer) over IGP. The region with high AOD and high AE values is showing fine aerosol during the mild to cold seasons (autumn and winter). The threshold values for AOD and AE have been used to classify aerosols. The results demonstrate that urban/industrial aerosols prominent in every season across the region dominate in spring and summer due to frequent occurrence of dust events. The mixed type aerosol is second largest contributor in aerosol formation in all seasons. The Biomass burning/smoke aerosol is dominant over IGP due to open forest and crop burning in autumn. Clean and maritime aerosol has small unnoticeable involvement in the studied region.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130536994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arjan Das, Yasmin Nergis, Jawad Abdullah Butt, Mohammad Jahangir Khan
Air quality in Karachi, Pakistan appears to be deteriorating in the world due to rapid increase in population, economic growth and subsequent increase in urbanization and energy demand. This study Re-is about the cumulative effects of anthropogenic activities on air chemistry of the study area atmosphere with ground base concentration measurements of gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, CO2 and O3), particulates (PM10 and TSP), Methane, Lead and Noise with temperature and seasonal influences on Karachi city. The primary goal of this study was to define spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants with ArcGIS, seasonal behavior of airborne contaminants, convert the five major pollutants termed as criteria pollutants into Air Quality Index (AQI) and their temperature association for future prospects. The maximum average values of four seasons concentrations of air pollutants were found SO2=64.5 ug/m3 (GR), NO2=55.5 ug/m3 (FB), CO= 8.00 mg/m3 (CC), CO2=645 ug/m3 (NZ), O3=56.7 ug/m3 (ST), PM10=225 μg/m3 (CC), TSP=402 ug/m3 (CC), Methane=1.65 m/gm3 (CC), Lead=5.1 ug/m3 (ST), and Noise=85 dB (GR). The minimum four seasons average concentration values with monitoring location as {SO2=48.2 ug/m3 (FB), NO2=44.6 ug/m3 (NZ), CO=4.1 mg/m3 (BC), CO2=601 ug/m3 (JH), O3=42.4 ug/m3 (GR), PM10=150 ug/m3 (BC), TSP=226 ug/m3 (JH), Methane=0.68 mg/m3 (BC), Lead=32 ug/m3 (GZ), and Noise=81 dB (BC). The spatial-temporal analysis of air quality revealed that the pollutants in the summer are higher in industrial and high-density traffic junctions. In this study, temperature and air quality are significantly associated, while rainfall and relatively high humidity days are negatively correlated. High temperature months have highest air pollution values, whereas the washout impact of precipitation and relative humidity have the lowest levels. The analysis of air quality index parameters demonstrated a high coherence among NO2, CO and O3 with variation in
{"title":"Spatial-Temporal Re-Analysis of Seasonal Air Quality Data in Karachi City for Future Prospects","authors":"Arjan Das, Yasmin Nergis, Jawad Abdullah Butt, Mohammad Jahangir Khan","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.41","url":null,"abstract":"Air quality in Karachi, Pakistan appears to be deteriorating in the world due to rapid increase in population, economic growth and subsequent increase in urbanization and energy demand. This study Re-is about the cumulative effects of anthropogenic activities on air chemistry of the study area atmosphere with ground base concentration measurements of gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, CO2 and O3), particulates (PM10 and TSP), Methane, Lead and Noise with temperature and seasonal influences on Karachi city. The primary goal of this study was to define spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants with ArcGIS, seasonal behavior of airborne contaminants, convert the five major pollutants termed as criteria pollutants into Air Quality Index (AQI) and their temperature association for future prospects. The maximum average values of four seasons concentrations of air pollutants were found SO2=64.5 ug/m3 (GR), NO2=55.5 ug/m3 (FB), CO= 8.00 mg/m3 (CC), CO2=645 ug/m3 (NZ), O3=56.7 ug/m3 (ST), PM10=225 μg/m3 (CC), TSP=402 ug/m3 (CC), Methane=1.65 m/gm3 (CC), Lead=5.1 ug/m3 (ST), and Noise=85 dB (GR). The minimum four seasons average concentration values with monitoring location as {SO2=48.2 ug/m3 (FB), NO2=44.6 ug/m3 (NZ), CO=4.1 mg/m3 (BC), CO2=601 ug/m3 (JH), O3=42.4 ug/m3 (GR), PM10=150 ug/m3 (BC), TSP=226 ug/m3 (JH), Methane=0.68 mg/m3 (BC), Lead=32 ug/m3 (GZ), and Noise=81 dB (BC). The spatial-temporal analysis of air quality revealed that the pollutants in the summer are higher in industrial and high-density traffic junctions. In this study, temperature and air quality are significantly associated, while rainfall and relatively high humidity days are negatively correlated. High temperature months have highest air pollution values, whereas the washout impact of precipitation and relative humidity have the lowest levels. The analysis of air quality index parameters demonstrated a high coherence among NO2, CO and O3 with variation in","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"09 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128891067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Iqbal, Muhammad Jawad Sajid, N. Khan, F. Shah, S. Khan, F. Rehman
This study demonstrates the reservoir investigation of the Cretaceous Lower Goru “C” sand interval using exploratory well data from the middle Indus basin of Sindh. The petrophysical parameters including volume of shale, effective porosity, and water saturation of the investigated reservoir interval were calculated. The shale volume calculation results in 30–35% of non-clean (shale) lithology, which is high as compared to Sawan-01 and Sawan-08 wells. The effective porosity ranges from 12–16%, while the average value of water saturation in the complete interval of “C” sand falls in the range of 50–60%. However, certain zones with relatively lower water saturation values of around 30-50% are also observed. These zones are considered better pay zones in comparison to the other intervals. A “gas effect” phenomenon observed on cross plots represents the area of neutron-density cross-over indicating the presence of lighter hydrocarbons in this reservoir zone interval.
{"title":"Petrophysics based Reservoir Evaluation of the Cretaceous Lower Goru “C” Sands, Middle Indus Basin, Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"A. Iqbal, Muhammad Jawad Sajid, N. Khan, F. Shah, S. Khan, F. Rehman","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.37","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates the reservoir investigation of the Cretaceous Lower Goru “C” sand interval using exploratory well data from the middle Indus basin of Sindh. The petrophysical parameters including volume of shale, effective porosity, and water saturation of the investigated reservoir interval were calculated. The shale volume calculation results in 30–35% of non-clean (shale) lithology, which is high as compared to Sawan-01 and Sawan-08 wells. The effective porosity ranges from 12–16%, while the average value of water saturation in the complete interval of “C” sand falls in the range of 50–60%. However, certain zones with relatively lower water saturation values of around 30-50% are also observed. These zones are considered better pay zones in comparison to the other intervals. A “gas effect” phenomenon observed on cross plots represents the area of neutron-density cross-over indicating the presence of lighter hydrocarbons in this reservoir zone interval.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132739768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohsin Khadam, Habib Ullah, Saif Ullah, M. Riaz, Hamza Khan Lodhi
Methylene blue is highly toxic and releases from various industries. It must be transformed into less toxic compounds. The Core-Shell microgels p (Pst core), Pstcore-NIPMamm-MAa and Ag in Pst-p NIPMamm-MAa have been synthesized using the Core-Shell hybrid micro gelling NIPMamm-MAa emulsion polymerization process. The 0.086mM, MB 6.2mM NaBH4 and 0.2916 mg / mL catalysts in the cuvette were measured using UV-visible spectrophotometers. Spectrums were measured at a one-minute interval. The peak at 600 nm steadily decreased over time and was completely eliminated after 11 minutes. Without the catalyst, MB decreases with NaBH4 which showed that the reaction decreases were slow and MB very high within 120 minutes. The Psty core of FT-IR core microgels, pNIpmam-MMAA, and Ag-pNIpmam-MAA core microgels are hybrids. At 2955 and 2845 cm−1 FT-IR spectra, Psty NiPMaM – MaA and Ag-p NiPMaM – MaA were used for core shell microgels, with C-H vibrations expanding the aromatic ring. In this study degradation of Methylene were carried out with Ag- Nanocomposites at different interval of time to check the degradation at minimum time. The degradation of MB dye
{"title":"Polymer Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue in Water","authors":"Mohsin Khadam, Habib Ullah, Saif Ullah, M. Riaz, Hamza Khan Lodhi","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i3.38","url":null,"abstract":"Methylene blue is highly toxic and releases from various industries. It must be transformed into less toxic compounds. The Core-Shell microgels p (Pst core), Pstcore-NIPMamm-MAa and Ag in Pst-p NIPMamm-MAa have been synthesized using the Core-Shell hybrid micro gelling NIPMamm-MAa emulsion polymerization process. The 0.086mM, MB 6.2mM NaBH4 and 0.2916 mg / mL catalysts in the cuvette were measured using UV-visible spectrophotometers. Spectrums were measured at a one-minute interval. The peak at 600 nm steadily decreased over time and was completely eliminated after 11 minutes. Without the catalyst, MB decreases with NaBH4 which showed that the reaction decreases were slow and MB very high within 120 minutes. The Psty core of FT-IR core microgels, pNIpmam-MMAA, and Ag-pNIpmam-MAA core microgels are hybrids. At 2955 and 2845 cm−1 FT-IR spectra, Psty NiPMaM – MaA and Ag-p NiPMaM – MaA were used for core shell microgels, with C-H vibrations expanding the aromatic ring. In this study degradation of Methylene were carried out with Ag- Nanocomposites at different interval of time to check the degradation at minimum time. The degradation of MB dye","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"565 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120942269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Soomar Samtio, A. A. Hakro, A. S. Mastoi, Riaz Hussain Rajper, M. H. Agheem, R. A. Lashari
Groundwater quality of taluka Chachro was investigated by analyzing thirty-two groundwater samples for drinking purpose. Multivariate statistical approaches with GIS interpolations (IDW) were applied for the identification of significant geochemical processes governing the groundwater quality.. Results showed the concentrations of physiochemical parameter in the study area exceeded the prescribed level of WHO guidelines. The EC and TDS varied from 2593-18950 μS/cm and 1659-12128 mg/l, respectively. The Ca, Mg, Na, and K range from 36-288, 17-272, 420-3280, and 9.5-101 mg/l, respectively. While, Cl, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 varied from 539-5738, 210-1150, 79-870, and 6.66-17.13 mg/l respectively. The mean values of EC, TDS, Na, Cl, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 were higher than the prescribed level of WHO 2011. Higher concentrations above the acceptable limits were recorded for K 96.15%, SO4 88.46%, and HCO3 82.16% of analysed samples. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that the input of natural processes have influenced groundwater quality which resulted in changing the groundwater chemistry of taluka Chachro. The results revealed the dominant trend among the cations was Na>Ca>Mg>K while among the anions it was Cl>HCO3>SO4. Based on the drinking water quality index 50% were unsuitable for drinking.
{"title":"Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking Purpose of Taluka Chachro, Thar Desert, Pakistan; Using Water Quality Indices, and Geospatial Techniques","authors":"Muhammad Soomar Samtio, A. A. Hakro, A. S. Mastoi, Riaz Hussain Rajper, M. H. Agheem, R. A. Lashari","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i2.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i2.31","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater quality of taluka Chachro was investigated by analyzing thirty-two groundwater samples for drinking purpose. Multivariate statistical approaches with GIS interpolations (IDW) were applied for the identification of significant geochemical processes governing the groundwater quality.. Results showed the concentrations of physiochemical parameter in the study area exceeded the prescribed level of WHO guidelines. The EC and TDS varied from 2593-18950 μS/cm and 1659-12128 mg/l, respectively. The Ca, Mg, Na, and K range from 36-288, 17-272, 420-3280, and 9.5-101 mg/l, respectively. While, Cl, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 varied from 539-5738, 210-1150, 79-870, and 6.66-17.13 mg/l respectively. The mean values of EC, TDS, Na, Cl, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 were higher than the prescribed level of WHO 2011. Higher concentrations above the acceptable limits were recorded for K 96.15%, SO4 88.46%, and HCO3 82.16% of analysed samples. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that the input of natural processes have influenced groundwater quality which resulted in changing the groundwater chemistry of taluka Chachro. The results revealed the dominant trend among the cations was Na>Ca>Mg>K while among the anions it was Cl>HCO3>SO4. Based on the drinking water quality index 50% were unsuitable for drinking.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117017639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Bazlar Rashida, Md. Rubel Sheika, A. Haquea, Mohammad Abdul Aziz Patwarya
The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a familiar ground for tropical cyclones. Consequently, cyclone surge and tidal inundation are very common in the Bangladesh coast which causes massive loss of human lives and properties. The present paper is an attempt to delineate the frequency of cyclones in the BoB, and loss of human lives and properties of Bangladesh coast on the basis of published reports, open source data and field checking, and finally to propose an effective way out to protect the area from cyclone surge. This study exposes that the frequency of cyclones in the area increased recently due to rise of global temperature. It further reveals that though the frequency of cyclones is increased, the loss of human lives is significantly decreased. Death toll in the last two decades decreased a lot for similar strength of cyclones comparing to the toll in last thirty or fifty years. Improvement in the early warning system, evacuation plan with proper training and construction of good number of cyclone shelter all over the coastal region are the main reason for this improvement. Though the loss of human lives is significantly reduced, the loss of economic resources in the coastal areas of the country is enormous as in earlier episodes. Therefore, adaptation for the Climate Change effect is needed to expedite with afforestation in the coastal region. Economic loss might also be reduced obstructing the cyclonic surge in the coastal region. Considering the cyclone path and tidal amplitude of cyclonic surge, upgradation or reconstruction of the coastal embankments all along the coast is essential. In this process, it is important to ensure that the tidal channels act as an inlet and outlets all over the coast to keep the natural processes active. An integrated approach including geoscientists, engineers, planners, policy makers, etc. is required to protect the resources as well as proper management of the coastal areas of the country.
{"title":"Climate Change Impact and Frequency of Cyclone Surge in Bangladesh Coast: Proper Plan to Address Sustainably","authors":"Md. Bazlar Rashida, Md. Rubel Sheika, A. Haquea, Mohammad Abdul Aziz Patwarya","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i2.25","url":null,"abstract":"The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a familiar ground for tropical cyclones. Consequently, cyclone surge and tidal inundation are very common in the Bangladesh coast which causes massive loss of human lives and properties. The present paper is an attempt to delineate the frequency of cyclones in the BoB, and loss of human lives and properties of Bangladesh coast on the basis of published reports, open source data and field checking, and finally to propose an effective way out to protect the area from cyclone surge. This study exposes that the frequency of cyclones in the area increased recently due to rise of global temperature. It further reveals that though the frequency of cyclones is increased, the loss of human lives is significantly decreased. Death toll in the last two decades decreased a lot for similar strength of cyclones comparing to the toll in last thirty or fifty years. Improvement in the early warning system, evacuation plan with proper training and construction of good number of cyclone shelter all over the coastal region are the main reason for this improvement. Though the loss of human lives is significantly reduced, the loss of economic resources in the coastal areas of the country is enormous as in earlier episodes. Therefore, adaptation for the Climate Change effect is needed to expedite with afforestation in the coastal region. Economic loss might also be reduced obstructing the cyclonic surge in the coastal region. Considering the cyclone path and tidal amplitude of cyclonic surge, upgradation or reconstruction of the coastal embankments all along the coast is essential. In this process, it is important to ensure that the tidal channels act as an inlet and outlets all over the coast to keep the natural processes active. An integrated approach including geoscientists, engineers, planners, policy makers, etc. is required to protect the resources as well as proper management of the coastal areas of the country.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132489986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Khurram, P. Khalid, Muhammad irfan Ehsan, S. Muhammad
Peak ground acceleration is the maximum ground shaking intensity parameter in geophysics. To prevent the big loss of infrastructure, dam site or multistorey buildings as well as power project due to any seismic hazard, it is essential to mitigate the damages. Seismic hazard analysis for peak ground acceleration was carried out for hydropower project in Gilgit Baltistan to mitigate the effect of seismic hazard. Seismicity and tectonic map was drawn for distribution of seismic events.Study region was divided into seven source zones to rectify the seismic risk reduction assessmement of the region. Regression analysis for freqeuncy magnitude was also carried out using seismicity catalogue. Three distinct ground motion equations were used to predict the value of g with their return period. The actitvity rate analysis of seismic source zones was also done drawn to determine the source contribution. Maximum credible earhquake, operational based earthquake and maximum design earthquake were detremined. According to the ICOLD and seismic risk reduction policy, the values of peak ground acceleration for Phandar hydro power project was 0.59g for maximum credible earthquake, for design basis earthquake g value was 0.311g for and 0.231g foroperational basis earthquake with 475 years of return period at 50% probability of exceedence. Spectral acceleration for 0.1s, 0.2s, 0.5s, 1s and 2s was also computed for horizontal and vertical components. The values of spectral accleeration varied from 0.19g to 1.250g for maximum credible earthquake, 0.019g to 0.700g for design based earthquake and 0.050g to 0.480g for operational based earthquake. The results reveal that the maximum credible earthquake is to ensure safety level and for reliability level, operational based and design based earthquakes can be utilized.
{"title":"Seismic Hazardand Spectral Acceleration For Hydro Power Project in Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan","authors":"S. Khurram, P. Khalid, Muhammad irfan Ehsan, S. Muhammad","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i2.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i2.35","url":null,"abstract":"Peak ground acceleration is the maximum ground shaking intensity parameter in geophysics. To prevent the big loss of infrastructure, dam site or multistorey buildings as well as power project due to any seismic hazard, it is essential to mitigate the damages. Seismic hazard analysis for peak ground acceleration was carried out for hydropower project in Gilgit Baltistan to mitigate the effect of seismic hazard. Seismicity and tectonic map was drawn for distribution of seismic events.Study region was divided into seven source zones to rectify the seismic risk reduction assessmement of the region. Regression analysis for freqeuncy magnitude was also carried out using seismicity catalogue. Three distinct ground motion equations were used to predict the value of g with their return period. The actitvity rate analysis of seismic source zones was also done drawn to determine the source contribution. Maximum credible earhquake, operational based earthquake and maximum design earthquake were detremined. According to the ICOLD and seismic risk reduction policy, the values of peak ground acceleration for Phandar hydro power project was 0.59g for maximum credible earthquake, for design basis earthquake g value was 0.311g for and 0.231g foroperational basis earthquake with 475 years of return period at 50% probability of exceedence. Spectral acceleration for 0.1s, 0.2s, 0.5s, 1s and 2s was also computed for horizontal and vertical components. The values of spectral accleeration varied from 0.19g to 1.250g for maximum credible earthquake, 0.019g to 0.700g for design based earthquake and 0.050g to 0.480g for operational based earthquake. The results reveal that the maximum credible earthquake is to ensure safety level and for reliability level, operational based and design based earthquakes can be utilized.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114335066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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