Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034038
Lautaro Labarca, Othmane Benhayoune-Khadraoui, Alexandre Blais, Adrian Parra-Rodriguez
We provide a systematic method for constructing effective dispersive Lindblad master equations to describe weakly anharmonic superconducting circuits coupled by a generic dissipationless nonreciprocal linear system, with effective coupling parameters and decay rates written in terms of the immittance parameters characterizing the coupler. This article extends the foundational work of Solgun et al. [IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 67, 928 (2019)] for linear reciprocal couplers described by an impedance response. Notably, we expand the existing toolbox to incorporate nonreciprocal elements, account for direct stray coupling between immittance ports, circumvent potential singularities, and include collective dissipative effects that arise from interactions with external common environments. We illustrate the use of our results with a circuit of weakly anharmonic Josephson junctions coupled to a multiport nonreciprocal environment and a dissipative port. The results obtained here can be used for the design of complex superconducting quantum processors with nontrivial routing of quantum information, as well as analog quantum simulators of condensed matter systems.
我们提供了一种构建有效色散林德布拉德主方程的系统方法，以描述由通用无耗散非互易线性系统耦合的弱非谐波超导电路，其有效耦合参数和衰减率用表征耦合器的惰性参数来表示。本文扩展了 Solgun 等人 [IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.值得注意的是，我们扩展了现有的工具箱，纳入了非互易元素，考虑了互易端口之间的直接杂散耦合，规避了潜在的奇异性，并包含了与外部共同环境相互作用产生的集体耗散效应。我们用一个与多端口非互易环境和耗散端口耦合的弱非谐波约瑟夫森结电路来说明我们的结果的用途。这里获得的结果可用于设计复杂的超导量子处理器与量子信息的非线性路由，以及凝聚态系统的模拟量子模拟器。
{"title":"Toolbox for nonreciprocal dispersive models in circuit quantum electrodynamics","authors":"Lautaro Labarca, Othmane Benhayoune-Khadraoui, Alexandre Blais, Adrian Parra-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034038","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a systematic method for constructing effective dispersive Lindblad master equations to describe weakly anharmonic superconducting circuits coupled by a generic dissipationless nonreciprocal linear system, with effective coupling parameters and decay rates written in terms of the immittance parameters characterizing the coupler. This article extends the foundational work of Solgun <i>et al.</i> [IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 67, 928 (2019)] for linear reciprocal couplers described by an impedance response. Notably, we expand the existing toolbox to incorporate nonreciprocal elements, account for direct stray coupling between immittance ports, circumvent potential singularities, and include collective dissipative effects that arise from interactions with external common environments. We illustrate the use of our results with a circuit of weakly anharmonic Josephson junctions coupled to a multiport nonreciprocal environment and a dissipative port. The results obtained here can be used for the design of complex superconducting quantum processors with nontrivial routing of quantum information, as well as analog quantum simulators of condensed matter systems.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034039
Michal Mrnka, Thomas Whittaker, David B. Phillips, Euan Hendry, Will Whittow
The miniaturization of optical systems is an ongoing challenge across the electromagnetic spectrum. While the thickness of optical elements themselves can be reduced using advances in metamaterials, it is the voids between these elements—which are necessary parts of an optical system—that occupy most of the volume. Recently, a novel optical element coined a “spaceplate” has been proposed, which replaces a region of free space with a thinner optical element that emulates the free-space optical response function—thus having the potential to substantially shrink the volume of optical systems. While there have been a few proof-of-principle demonstrations of spaceplates, they have not yet been deployed in a real-world optical system. In this work, we use a bespoke-designed spaceplate to reduce the length of a gradient-index- (GRIN) lens microwave antenna. Our antenna is designed to operate at 23.5 GHz and the incorporation of a nonlocal metamaterial spaceplate enables the distance between the antenna feed and the GRIN lens to be reduced by almost a factor of 2. We find that the radiation patterns from a conventional and space-squeezed antenna are very similar, with a very low cross-polarization, and only a minor increase in the side-lobe levels when introducing the spaceplate. Our work represents a demonstration of a spaceplate integrated into a real-world optical system operating in microwave spectral region, highlighting the potential for this concept to reduce the physical size of systems in applications including imaging, spectroscopy, radar, and communications.
{"title":"Shrinking a gradient-index-lens antenna system with a spaceplate","authors":"Michal Mrnka, Thomas Whittaker, David B. Phillips, Euan Hendry, Will Whittow","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034039","url":null,"abstract":"The miniaturization of optical systems is an ongoing challenge across the electromagnetic spectrum. While the thickness of optical elements themselves can be reduced using advances in metamaterials, it is the voids between these elements—which are necessary parts of an optical system—that occupy most of the volume. Recently, a novel optical element coined a “spaceplate” has been proposed, which replaces a region of free space with a thinner optical element that emulates the free-space optical response function—thus having the potential to substantially shrink the volume of optical systems. While there have been a few proof-of-principle demonstrations of spaceplates, they have not yet been deployed in a real-world optical system. In this work, we use a bespoke-designed spaceplate to reduce the length of a gradient-index- (GRIN) lens microwave antenna. Our antenna is designed to operate at 23.5 GHz and the incorporation of a nonlocal metamaterial spaceplate enables the distance between the antenna feed and the GRIN lens to be reduced by almost a factor of 2. We find that the radiation patterns from a conventional and space-squeezed antenna are very similar, with a very low cross-polarization, and only a minor increase in the side-lobe levels when introducing the spaceplate. Our work represents a demonstration of a spaceplate integrated into a real-world optical system operating in microwave spectral region, highlighting the potential for this concept to reduce the physical size of systems in applications including imaging, spectroscopy, radar, and communications.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034040
G.Y. Thiancourt, S.M. Ngom, N. Bardou, T. Devolder
The dispersion relation of spin waves can vary monotonically about the center of the Brillouin zone, allowing zero-momentum wavepackets to flow unidirectionally, which is of interest for applications. Techniques such as propagating-spin-wave spectroscopy are inoperative in such cases because of the difficulty to identify the spin-wave wavevector at a particular frequency within a spectrum. Here we present a method to analyze this case and apply it to acoustic spin waves in a synthetic antiferromagnet in the scissors state, in which we confirm that propagation parallel to the applied fields is unidirectional. Interestingly, we find that in this unidirectional situation, the phase accumulated by the spin waves propagating between two antennas is not proportional to the antenna spacing. It is also a function of the two other lengths of the problem: the antenna width and the spin-wave decay length. Accounting for them is required to avoid wavevector errors in the dispersion relations.
{"title":"Unidirectional spin waves measured using propagating-spin-wave spectroscopy","authors":"G.Y. Thiancourt, S.M. Ngom, N. Bardou, T. Devolder","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034040","url":null,"abstract":"The dispersion relation of spin waves can vary monotonically about the center of the Brillouin zone, allowing zero-momentum wavepackets to flow unidirectionally, which is of interest for applications. Techniques such as propagating-spin-wave spectroscopy are inoperative in such cases because of the difficulty to identify the spin-wave wavevector at a particular frequency within a spectrum. Here we present a method to analyze this case and apply it to acoustic spin waves in a synthetic antiferromagnet in the scissors state, in which we confirm that propagation parallel to the applied fields is unidirectional. Interestingly, we find that in this unidirectional situation, the phase accumulated by the spin waves propagating between two antennas is not proportional to the antenna spacing. It is also a function of the two other lengths of the problem: the antenna width and the spin-wave decay length. Accounting for them is required to avoid wavevector errors in the dispersion relations.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034036
Philipp Bredol, Felix David, Nagesh S. Jagtap, Yannick S. Klaß, Georgy V. Astakhov, Artur Erbe, Eva M. Weig
Hybrid quantum devices enable novel functionalities by combining the benefits of different subsystems. Particularly, point defects in nanomechanical resonators made of diamond or silicon carbide (SiC) have been proposed for precise magnetic field sensing and as versatile quantum transducers. However, the realization of a hybrid system may involve trade-offs in the performance of the constituent subsystems. In a spin-mechanical system, the mechanical properties of the resonator may suffer from the presence of engineered defects in the crystal lattice. This may severely restrict the performance of the resulting device and needs to be carefully explored. Here we focus on the impact of defects on high- nanomechanical string resonators made of prestressed -SiC grown on Si(111). We use helium-ion implantation to create point defects and study their accumulated effect on the mechanical performance. Using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, we present a method to determine Young’s modulus and the prestress of the strings. We find that Young’s modulus is not modified by implantation. Under implantation doses relevant for single-defect or defect-ensemble generation, both tensile stress and damping rate also remain unaltered. For a higher implantation dose, both exhibit a characteristic change.
{"title":"Effect of helium-ion implantation on 3C-SiC nanomechanical string resonators","authors":"Philipp Bredol, Felix David, Nagesh S. Jagtap, Yannick S. Klaß, Georgy V. Astakhov, Artur Erbe, Eva M. Weig","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034036","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid quantum devices enable novel functionalities by combining the benefits of different subsystems. Particularly, point defects in nanomechanical resonators made of diamond or silicon carbide (SiC) have been proposed for precise magnetic field sensing and as versatile quantum transducers. However, the realization of a hybrid system may involve trade-offs in the performance of the constituent subsystems. In a spin-mechanical system, the mechanical properties of the resonator may suffer from the presence of engineered defects in the crystal lattice. This may severely restrict the performance of the resulting device and needs to be carefully explored. Here we focus on the impact of defects on high-<math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>Q</mi></math> nanomechanical string resonators made of prestressed <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mn>3</mn><mi>C</mi></math>-SiC grown on Si(111). We use helium-ion implantation to create point defects and study their accumulated effect on the mechanical performance. Using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, we present a method to determine Young’s modulus and the prestress of the strings. We find that Young’s modulus is not modified by implantation. Under implantation doses relevant for single-defect or defect-ensemble generation, both tensile stress and damping rate also remain unaltered. For a higher implantation dose, both exhibit a characteristic change.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034035
Alec Yen, Yufeng Ye, Kaidong Peng, Jennifer Wang, Gregory Cunningham, Michael Gingras, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Hannah Stickler, Kyle Serniak, Mollie E. Schwartz, Kevin P. O’Brien
We propose and demonstrate transmission-based dispersive readout of a superconducting qubit using an all-pass resonator, which preferentially emits readout photons toward the output. This is in contrast to typical readout schemes, which intentionally mismatch the feedline at one end so that the readout signal preferentially decays toward the output. We show that this intentional mismatch creates scaling challenges, including larger spread of effective resonator linewidths due to nonideal impedance environments and added infrastructure for impedance matching. A future architecture using multiplexed all-pass readout resonators would avoid the need for intentional mismatch and potentially improve the scaling prospects of quantum computers. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of “all-pass readout,” we design and fabricate an all-pass readout resonator that demonstrates insertion loss below 1.17 dB at the readout frequency and a maximum insertion loss of 1.53 dB across its full bandwidth for the lowest three states of a transmon qubit. We demonstrate qubit readout with an average single-shot fidelity of 98.1% in 600 ns; to assess the effect of larger dispersive shift, we implement a shelving protocol and achieve a fidelity of 99.0% in 300 ns.
{"title":"Directional emission of a readout resonator for qubit measurement","authors":"Alec Yen, Yufeng Ye, Kaidong Peng, Jennifer Wang, Gregory Cunningham, Michael Gingras, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Hannah Stickler, Kyle Serniak, Mollie E. Schwartz, Kevin P. O’Brien","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034035","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate transmission-based dispersive readout of a superconducting qubit using an all-pass resonator, which preferentially emits readout photons toward the output. This is in contrast to typical readout schemes, which intentionally mismatch the feedline at one end so that the readout signal preferentially decays toward the output. We show that this intentional mismatch creates scaling challenges, including larger spread of effective resonator linewidths due to nonideal impedance environments and added infrastructure for impedance matching. A future architecture using multiplexed all-pass readout resonators would avoid the need for intentional mismatch and potentially improve the scaling prospects of quantum computers. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of “all-pass readout,” we design and fabricate an all-pass readout resonator that demonstrates insertion loss below 1.17 dB at the readout frequency and a maximum insertion loss of 1.53 dB across its full bandwidth for the lowest three states of a transmon qubit. We demonstrate qubit readout with an average single-shot fidelity of 98.1% in 600 ns; to assess the effect of larger dispersive shift, we implement a shelving protocol and achieve a fidelity of 99.0% in 300 ns.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034037
Ryunosuke Hayashi, Shoki Nezu, Koji Sekiguchi
This work presents a significant advancement in spin-wave computing devices utilizing magnetostatic surface spin waves. We demonstrate a micro-Y-shaped waveguide fabricated from yttrium iron garnet with a nanometer thickness. This intricately engineered design enables a novel logic device with two inputs and one output, enabling future cascading of such elements. Electrical measurements on the Y-shaped structure reveal that strategically introduced gaps effectively manipulate spin-wave propagation, as corroborated by detailed micromagnetic simulations. Notably, we achieve robust diagonal spin-wave transmission across 1.2 µm gaps, covering a distance of 120 µm. Furthermore, the gapped device exhibits clear phase-dependent spin-wave interference, surpassing the performance of a conventional Y-shaped design. This phenomenon, confirmed by mapping simulated magnetization components, signifies the potential of dipole-coupled devices for realizing efficient 2-input-1-output magnonic logic elements, laying the groundwork for future development in this field.
这项工作展示了利用磁静力表面自旋波的自旋波计算设备的重大进展。我们展示了用纳米厚度的钇铁石榴石制造的微型 Y 形波导。这种复杂的工程设计实现了一种具有两个输入和一个输出的新型逻辑器件，使未来此类元件的级联成为可能。对 Y 型结构进行的电学测量显示，策略性引入的间隙能有效操纵自旋波的传播，详细的微磁模拟也证实了这一点。值得注意的是，我们实现了跨越 1.2 微米间隙、覆盖 120 微米距离的强劲对角线自旋波传输。此外，间隙器件还表现出明显的相位自旋波干涉，性能超过了传统的 Y 型设计。这一现象通过绘制模拟磁化分量图得到证实，表明偶极耦合器件具有实现高效 2 输入 1 输出磁性逻辑元件的潜力，为这一领域的未来发展奠定了基础。
{"title":"Enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in magnonic logic gates via dipole coupling","authors":"Ryunosuke Hayashi, Shoki Nezu, Koji Sekiguchi","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034037","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a significant advancement in spin-wave computing devices utilizing magnetostatic surface spin waves. We demonstrate a micro-<span>Y</span>-shaped waveguide fabricated from yttrium iron garnet with a nanometer thickness. This intricately engineered design enables a novel logic device with two inputs and one output, enabling future cascading of such elements. Electrical measurements on the <span>Y</span>-shaped structure reveal that strategically introduced gaps effectively manipulate spin-wave propagation, as corroborated by detailed micromagnetic simulations. Notably, we achieve robust diagonal spin-wave transmission across 1.2 µm gaps, covering a distance of 120 µm. Furthermore, the gapped device exhibits clear phase-dependent spin-wave interference, surpassing the performance of a conventional <span>Y</span>-shaped design. This phenomenon, confirmed by mapping simulated magnetization components, signifies the potential of dipole-coupled devices for realizing efficient 2-input-1-output magnonic logic elements, laying the groundwork for future development in this field.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034031
Yi-Ming Ding, Yan-Cheng Wang, Shi-Xin Zhang, Zheng Yan
Optimization problems are the core challenge in many fields of science and engineering, yet general and effective methods for finding optimal solutions remain scarce. Quantum computing has been envisioned to help solve such problems, with methods like quantum annealing (QA), grounded in adiabatic evolution, being extensively explored and successfully implemented on quantum simulators such as D-Wave’s annealers and some Rydberg arrays. In this work, we investigate the topological sector optimization (TSO) problem, which has attracted particular interest in the quantum simulation and many-body physics community. We reveal that the topology induced by frustration in the optimization model is an intrinsic obstruction for QA and other traditional methods to approach the ground state. We demonstrate that the difficulties of the TSO problem are not restricted to the gaplessness, but are also due to the topological nature, which was often ignored for the analysis of optimization problems before. To solve TSO problems, we utilize quantum imaginary-time evolution (QITE) with a possible realization on quantum computers, which leverages the property of quantum superposition to explore the full Hilbert space and can thus address optimization problems of topological nature. We report the performance of different quantum optimization algorithms on TSO problems and demonstrate that their capabilities to address optimization problems are distinct even when considering the quantum computational resources required for practical QITE implementations.
{"title":"Exploring the topological sector optimization on quantum computers","authors":"Yi-Ming Ding, Yan-Cheng Wang, Shi-Xin Zhang, Zheng Yan","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034031","url":null,"abstract":"Optimization problems are the core challenge in many fields of science and engineering, yet general and effective methods for finding optimal solutions remain scarce. Quantum computing has been envisioned to help solve such problems, with methods like quantum annealing (QA), grounded in adiabatic evolution, being extensively explored and successfully implemented on quantum simulators such as D-Wave’s annealers and some Rydberg arrays. In this work, we investigate the topological sector optimization (TSO) problem, which has attracted particular interest in the quantum simulation and many-body physics community. We reveal that the topology induced by frustration in the optimization model is an intrinsic obstruction for QA and other traditional methods to approach the ground state. We demonstrate that the difficulties of the TSO problem are not restricted to the gaplessness, but are also due to the topological nature, which was often ignored for the analysis of optimization problems before. To solve TSO problems, we utilize quantum imaginary-time evolution (QITE) with a possible realization on quantum computers, which leverages the property of quantum superposition to explore the full Hilbert space and can thus address optimization problems of topological nature. We report the performance of different quantum optimization algorithms on TSO problems and demonstrate that their capabilities to address optimization problems are distinct even when considering the quantum computational resources required for practical QITE implementations.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"300 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034029
Jonas Homrighausen, Frederik Hoffmann, Jens Pogorzelski, Peter Glösekötter, Markus Gregor
In quantum sensing of magnetic fields, ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond offer high sensitivity, high bandwidth and outstanding spatial resolution while operating in harsh environments. Moreover, the orientation of defect centers along four crystal axes forms an intrinsic coordinate system, enabling vector magnetometry within a single diamond crystal. While most vector magnetometers rely on a known bias magnetic field for full recovery of three-dimensional (3D) field information, employing external 3D Helmholtz coils or permanent magnets results in bulky, laboratory-bound setups, impeding miniaturization of the device. Here, a novel approach is presented that utilizes a fiber-integrated microscale coil at the fiber tip to generate a localized uniaxial magnetic field. The same fiber-tip coil is used in parallel for spin control by combining dc and microwave signals in a bias tee. To implement vector magnetometry using a uniaxial bias field, the orientation of the diamond crystal is preselected and then fully characterized by rotating a static magnetic field in three planes of rotation. The measurement of vector magnetic fields in the full solid angle is demonstrated with a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of and microscale spatial resolution while achieving a fiber sensor head cross section of less than .
{"title":"Microscale fiber-integrated vector magnetometer with on-tip field biasing using N-V ensembles in diamond microcrystals","authors":"Jonas Homrighausen, Frederik Hoffmann, Jens Pogorzelski, Peter Glösekötter, Markus Gregor","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034029","url":null,"abstract":"In quantum sensing of magnetic fields, ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond offer high sensitivity, high bandwidth and outstanding spatial resolution while operating in harsh environments. Moreover, the orientation of defect centers along four crystal axes forms an intrinsic coordinate system, enabling vector magnetometry within a single diamond crystal. While most vector magnetometers rely on a known bias magnetic field for full recovery of three-dimensional (3D) field information, employing external 3D Helmholtz coils or permanent magnets results in bulky, laboratory-bound setups, impeding miniaturization of the device. Here, a novel approach is presented that utilizes a fiber-integrated microscale coil at the fiber tip to generate a localized uniaxial magnetic field. The same fiber-tip coil is used in parallel for spin control by combining dc and microwave signals in a bias tee. To implement vector magnetometry using a uniaxial bias field, the orientation of the diamond crystal is preselected and then fully characterized by rotating a static magnetic field in three planes of rotation. The measurement of vector magnetic fields in the full solid angle is demonstrated with a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mn>19.4</mn><mspace width=\"0.2em\"></mspace><msup><mtext>nT/Hz</mtext><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> and microscale spatial resolution while achieving a fiber sensor head cross section of less than <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mn>1</mn><mspace width=\"0.2em\"></mspace><msup><mtext>mm</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></math>.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034028
Sahitya V. Vegesna, Venkata Rao Rayapati, Heidemarie Schmidt
Interface-type, analog memristors have quite a reputation for real-time applications in edge sensorics, edge computing, and neuromorphic computing. The n-type conducting (BFO) is such an interface-type, analog memristor, which is also nonlinear and can therefore not only store, but also process data in the same memristor cell without data transfer between the data-storage unit and the data-processing unit. Here we present a physical memristor model, which describes the hysteretic current-voltage curves of the BFO memristor in the small and large current-voltage range. Extracted internal state variables are reconfigured by the ion drift in the two write branches and are determining the electron transport in the two read branches. Simulation of electronic circuits with the BFO interface-type, analog memristors was not possible so far because previous physical memristor models have not captured the full range of internal state variables. We show quantitative agreement between modeled and experimental current-voltage curves exemplarily of three different BFO memristors in the small and large current-voltage ranges. Extracted dynamic and static internal state variables in the two full write branches and in the two full read branches, respectively, can be used for simulating electronic circuits with BFO memristors, e.g., in edge sensorics, edge computing, and neuromorphic computing.
{"title":"Transport properties of interface-type analog memristors","authors":"Sahitya V. Vegesna, Venkata Rao Rayapati, Heidemarie Schmidt","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034028","url":null,"abstract":"Interface-type, analog memristors have quite a reputation for real-time applications in edge sensorics, edge computing, and neuromorphic computing. The <i>n</i>-type conducting <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mrow><mi>Bi</mi><mi>Fe</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></math> (BFO) is such an interface-type, analog memristor, which is also nonlinear and can therefore not only store, but also process data in the same memristor cell without data transfer between the data-storage unit and the data-processing unit. Here we present a physical memristor model, which describes the hysteretic current-voltage curves of the BFO memristor in the small and large current-voltage range. Extracted internal state variables are reconfigured by the ion drift in the two write branches and are determining the electron transport in the two read branches. Simulation of electronic circuits with the BFO interface-type, analog memristors was not possible so far because previous physical memristor models have not captured the full range of internal state variables. We show quantitative agreement between modeled and experimental current-voltage curves exemplarily of three different BFO memristors in the small and large current-voltage ranges. Extracted dynamic and static internal state variables in the two full write branches and in the two full read branches, respectively, can be used for simulating electronic circuits with BFO memristors, e.g., in edge sensorics, edge computing, and neuromorphic computing.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034030
Hengyan Wang, Michael Zugenmaier, Kasper Jensen, Wenqiang Zheng, Eugene S. Polzik
We propose and demonstrate a combined static- and oscillating-field alkali atom magnetometer and use it as a magnetic induction tomography sensor. The magnetometer realizes simultaneous measurements of the static and oscillating magnetic fields using two different Zeeman transitions of a single sensor. This approach dramatically enhances the long-term stability and sensitivity of detection of low-conductivity objects. Using our dual-frequency magnetometer, we detect small containers with salt water with conductivity as low as 0.55 S/m. We achieved a conductivity measurement uncertainty of 0.18 S/m with a 10-s integration time. This performance is sufficient to distinguish between healthy and malignant tissue in the human body. The dual-frequency magnetometer can also be used as a self-stabilized radio-frequency magnetometer.
{"title":"Magnetic induction sensor based on a dual-frequency atomic magnetometer","authors":"Hengyan Wang, Michael Zugenmaier, Kasper Jensen, Wenqiang Zheng, Eugene S. Polzik","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034030","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate a combined static- and oscillating-field alkali atom magnetometer and use it as a magnetic induction tomography sensor. The magnetometer realizes simultaneous measurements of the static and oscillating magnetic fields using two different Zeeman transitions of a single sensor. This approach dramatically enhances the long-term stability and sensitivity of detection of low-conductivity objects. Using our dual-frequency magnetometer, we detect small containers with salt water with conductivity as low as 0.55 S/m. We achieved a conductivity measurement uncertainty of 0.18 S/m with a 10-s integration time. This performance is sufficient to distinguish between healthy and malignant tissue in the human body. The dual-frequency magnetometer can also be used as a self-stabilized radio-frequency magnetometer.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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