In chemical reactions, the nuclear motion of the molecules plays a crucial role in determining the reaction rates and outcomes. Employing the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy and femtosecond pump-probe techniques, we perform a molecular-level study into the influence of nuclear vibrations on light-induced bimolecular reactions within dimers. The study focuses on the formation dynamics of and cations, shedding light on the interplay between translational and vibrational motions of the nuclei steering the bimolecular reactions. Our observations reveal a notable yield ratio of between and channels, accompanied with a faster formation of compared to . Molecular dynamics simulations unveil that the faster vibrational motion of than that of upon single ionization within the dimer accounts for these differences. Our findings provide new insight into the time-resolved kinetic isotope effect on the bimolecular reactions, highlighting the critical relationship between nuclear vibrational motions and reaction dynamics.
{"title":"Impact of Nuclear Motion on Light-Induced Bimolecular Interaction Dynamics","authors":"Menghang Shi, Hao Huang, Chenxu Lu, Shengzhe Pan, Lianrong Zhou, Zhejun Jiang, Hongcheng Ni, Wenbin Zhang, Jian Wu","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.041001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.041001","url":null,"abstract":"In chemical reactions, the nuclear motion of the molecules plays a crucial role in determining the reaction rates and outcomes. Employing the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy and femtosecond pump-probe techniques, we perform a molecular-level study into the influence of nuclear vibrations on light-induced bimolecular reactions within <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>−</mtext><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math> dimers. The study focuses on the formation dynamics of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> and <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> cations, shedding light on the interplay between translational and vibrational motions of the nuclei steering the bimolecular reactions. Our observations reveal a notable yield ratio of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>:</mo><mn>1.6</mn></mrow></math> between <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> and <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> channels, accompanied with a faster formation of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> compared to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math>. Molecular dynamics simulations unveil that the faster vibrational motion of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> than that of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> upon single ionization within the dimer accounts for these differences. Our findings provide new insight into the time-resolved kinetic isotope effect on the bimolecular reactions, highlighting the critical relationship between nuclear vibrational motions and reaction dynamics.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142369013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031055
Srujan Meesala, David Lake, Steven Wood, Piero Chiappina, Changchun Zhong, Andrew D. Beyer, Matthew D. Shaw, Liang Jiang, Oskar Painter
Entanglement is an extraordinary feature of quantum mechanics. Sources of entangled optical photons were essential to test the foundations of quantum physics through violations of Bell’s inequalities. More recently, entangled many-body states have been realized via strong nonlinear interactions in microwave circuits with superconducting qubits. Here, we demonstrate a chip-scale source of entangled optical and microwave photonic qubits. Our device platform integrates a piezo-optomechanical transducer with a superconducting resonator which is robust under optical illumination. We drive a photon-pair generation process and employ a dual-rail encoding intrinsic to our system to prepare entangled states of microwave and optical photons. We place a lower bound on the fidelity of the entangled state by measuring microwave and optical photons in two orthogonal bases. This entanglement source can directly interface telecom wavelength time-bin qubits and gigahertz frequency superconducting qubits, two well-established platforms for quantum communication and computation, respectively.
{"title":"Quantum Entanglement between Optical and Microwave Photonic Qubits","authors":"Srujan Meesala, David Lake, Steven Wood, Piero Chiappina, Changchun Zhong, Andrew D. Beyer, Matthew D. Shaw, Liang Jiang, Oskar Painter","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031055","url":null,"abstract":"Entanglement is an extraordinary feature of quantum mechanics. Sources of entangled optical photons were essential to test the foundations of quantum physics through violations of Bell’s inequalities. More recently, entangled many-body states have been realized via strong nonlinear interactions in microwave circuits with superconducting qubits. Here, we demonstrate a chip-scale source of entangled optical and microwave photonic qubits. Our device platform integrates a piezo-optomechanical transducer with a superconducting resonator which is robust under optical illumination. We drive a photon-pair generation process and employ a dual-rail encoding intrinsic to our system to prepare entangled states of microwave and optical photons. We place a lower bound on the fidelity of the entangled state by measuring microwave and optical photons in two orthogonal bases. This entanglement source can directly interface telecom wavelength time-bin qubits and gigahertz frequency superconducting qubits, two well-established platforms for quantum communication and computation, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142369292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031054
Atsushi Yamamura, Hideo Mabuchi, Surya Ganguli
Given the fundamental importance of combinatorial optimization across many diverse domains, there has been widespread interest in the development of unconventional physical computing architectures that can deliver better solutions with lower resource costs. However, a theoretical understanding of their performance remains elusive. We develop such understanding for the case of the coherent Ising machine (CIM), a network of optical parametric oscillators that can be applied to any quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem. We focus on how the CIM finds low-energy solutions of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass. As the laser gain of this system is annealed, the CIM interpolates between gradient descent on coupled soft spins to descent on coupled binary spins. By combining the Kac-Rice formula, the replica method, and supersymmetry breaking, we develop a detailed understanding of the evolving geometry of the high-dimensional energy landscape of the CIM as the laser gain increases, finding several phase transitions in the landscape, from flat to rough to rigid. Additionally, we develop a novel cavity method that provides a geometric interpretation of supersymmetry breaking in terms of the reactivity of a rough landscape to specific external perturbations. Our energy landscape theory successfully matches numerical experiments, provides geometric insights into the principles of CIM operation, and yields optimal annealing schedules.
{"title":"Geometric Landscape Annealing as an Optimization Principle Underlying the Coherent Ising Machine","authors":"Atsushi Yamamura, Hideo Mabuchi, Surya Ganguli","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031054","url":null,"abstract":"Given the fundamental importance of combinatorial optimization across many diverse domains, there has been widespread interest in the development of unconventional physical computing architectures that can deliver better solutions with lower resource costs. However, a theoretical understanding of their performance remains elusive. We develop such understanding for the case of the coherent Ising machine (CIM), a network of optical parametric oscillators that can be applied to any quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem. We focus on how the CIM finds low-energy solutions of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass. As the laser gain of this system is annealed, the CIM interpolates between gradient descent on coupled soft spins to descent on coupled binary spins. By combining the Kac-Rice formula, the replica method, and supersymmetry breaking, we develop a detailed understanding of the evolving geometry of the high-dimensional energy landscape of the CIM as the laser gain increases, finding several phase transitions in the landscape, from flat to rough to rigid. Additionally, we develop a novel cavity method that provides a geometric interpretation of supersymmetry breaking in terms of the reactivity of a rough landscape to specific external perturbations. Our energy landscape theory successfully matches numerical experiments, provides geometric insights into the principles of CIM operation, and yields optimal annealing schedules.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031053
Kabish Wisal, Stephen C. Warren-Smith, Chun-Wei Chen, Hui Cao, A. Douglas Stone
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is often an unwanted loss mechanism in both active and passive fibers. Highly multimode excitation of fibers has been proposed as a novel route toward efficient SBS suppression. Here, we develop a detailed, quantitative theory which confirms this proposal and elucidates the physical mechanisms involved. Starting from the vector optical and scalar acoustic equations, we derive appropriate nonlinear coupled mode equations for the signal and Stokes modal amplitudes and an analytical formula for the SBS (Stokes) gain with applicable approximations, such as the neglect of shear effects. This allows us to calculate the exponential growth rate of the Stokes power as a function of the distribution of power in a highly multimode signal. The peak value of the gain spectrum across the excited modes determines the SBS threshold—the maximum SBS-limited power that can be sent through the fiber. The theory shows that the peak SBS gain is greatly reduced by highly multimode excitation due to gain broadening and relatively weaker intermodal SBS gain. The inclusion of exact vector optical modes in the calculation is crucial in order to capture the incomplete intermodal coupling due to mismatch of polarization patterns of higher-order modes. We demonstrate that equal excitation of the 160 modes of a commercially available, highly multimode circular step index fiber raises the SBS threshold by a factor of 6.5 and find comparable suppression of SBS in similar fibers with a -shaped cross section.
受激布里渊散射（SBS）通常是有源和无源光纤中一种不必要的损耗机制。有人提出，对光纤进行高度多模激发是有效抑制 SBS 的新途径。在此，我们提出了一个详细的定量理论，证实了这一提议，并阐明了其中的物理机制。从矢量光学方程和标量声学方程出发，我们为信号和斯托克斯模态振幅推导出了适当的非线性耦合模态方程，并为 SBS（斯托克斯）增益推导出了分析公式，其中包含适用的近似值，如忽略剪切效应。这样，我们就能计算出斯托克斯功率的指数增长率与高度多模信号中功率分布的函数关系。整个激发模式的增益频谱峰值决定了 SBS 门限--光纤中可发送的最大 SBS 限制功率。理论表明，由于增益展宽和相对较弱的模式间 SBS 增益，高度多模激励会大大降低 SBS 增益峰值。在计算中加入精确的矢量光学模式对于捕捉高阶模式极化模式不匹配导致的不完全模间耦合至关重要。我们证明，对商用高多模环形阶跃指数光纤的 160 个模式进行等效激励，可将 SBS 门限提高 6.5 倍，并发现在具有 D 型横截面的类似光纤中，SBS 的抑制效果相当。
{"title":"Theory of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Fibers for Highly Multimode Excitations","authors":"Kabish Wisal, Stephen C. Warren-Smith, Chun-Wei Chen, Hui Cao, A. Douglas Stone","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031053","url":null,"abstract":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is often an unwanted loss mechanism in both active and passive fibers. Highly multimode excitation of fibers has been proposed as a novel route toward efficient SBS suppression. Here, we develop a detailed, quantitative theory which confirms this proposal and elucidates the physical mechanisms involved. Starting from the vector optical and scalar acoustic equations, we derive appropriate nonlinear coupled mode equations for the signal and Stokes modal amplitudes and an analytical formula for the SBS (Stokes) gain with applicable approximations, such as the neglect of shear effects. This allows us to calculate the exponential growth rate of the Stokes power as a function of the distribution of power in a highly multimode signal. The peak value of the gain spectrum across the excited modes determines the SBS threshold—the maximum SBS-limited power that can be sent through the fiber. The theory shows that the peak SBS gain is greatly reduced by highly multimode excitation due to gain broadening and relatively weaker intermodal SBS gain. The inclusion of exact vector optical modes in the calculation is crucial in order to capture the incomplete intermodal coupling due to mismatch of polarization patterns of higher-order modes. We demonstrate that equal excitation of the 160 modes of a commercially available, highly multimode circular step index fiber raises the SBS threshold by a factor of 6.5 and find comparable suppression of SBS in similar fibers with a <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"sans-serif\">D</mi></mrow></math>-shaped cross section.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031052
Marko D. Petrović, Manuel Weber, James K. Freericks
We describe coupled nonequilibrium electron-phonon systems semiclassically—Ehrenfest dynamics for the phonons and quantum mechanics for the electrons—using a classical Monte Carlo approach that determines the nonequilibrium response to a large pump field. The semiclassical approach is expected to be accurate, because the phonons are excited to average energies much higher than the phonon frequency, eliminating the need for a quantum description. The numerical efficiency of this method allows us to perform a self-consistent time evolution out to very long times (tens of picoseconds), enabling us to model pump-probe experiments of a charge-density-wave (CDW) material. Our system is a half-filled, one-dimensional (1D) Holstein chain that exhibits CDW ordering due to a Peierls transition. The chain is subjected to a time-dependent electromagnetic pump field that excites it out of equilibrium, and then a second probe pulse is applied after a time delay. By evolving the system to long times, we capture the complete process of lattice excitation and subsequent relaxation to a new equilibrium, due to an exchange of energy between the electrons and the lattice, leading to lattice relaxation at finite temperatures. We employ an indirect (impulsive) driving mechanism of the lattice by the pump pulse due to the direct driving of the electrons. We identify two driving regimes, where the pump can either cause small perturbations or completely invert the initial CDW order. Our work successfully describes the ringing of the amplitude mode in CDW systems that has long been seen in experiment but never successfully explained by microscopic theory. We also describe the fluence-dependent crossover that inverts the CDW order parameter and changes the phonon dynamics. Finally, we illustrate how this method can examine a number of different types of experiments including photoemission, x-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy.
{"title":"Theoretical Description of Pump-Probe Experiments in Charge-Density-Wave Materials out to Long Times","authors":"Marko D. Petrović, Manuel Weber, James K. Freericks","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031052","url":null,"abstract":"We describe coupled nonequilibrium electron-phonon systems semiclassically—Ehrenfest dynamics for the phonons and quantum mechanics for the electrons—using a classical Monte Carlo approach that determines the nonequilibrium response to a large pump field. The semiclassical approach is expected to be accurate, because the phonons are excited to average energies much higher than the phonon frequency, eliminating the need for a quantum description. The numerical efficiency of this method allows us to perform a self-consistent time evolution out to very long times (tens of picoseconds), enabling us to model pump-probe experiments of a charge-density-wave (CDW) material. Our system is a half-filled, one-dimensional (1D) Holstein chain that exhibits CDW ordering due to a Peierls transition. The chain is subjected to a time-dependent electromagnetic pump field that excites it out of equilibrium, and then a second probe pulse is applied after a time delay. By evolving the system to long times, we capture the complete process of lattice excitation and subsequent relaxation to a new equilibrium, due to an exchange of energy between the electrons and the lattice, leading to lattice relaxation at finite temperatures. We employ an indirect (impulsive) driving mechanism of the lattice by the pump pulse due to the direct driving of the electrons. We identify two driving regimes, where the pump can either cause small perturbations or completely invert the initial CDW order. Our work successfully describes the ringing of the amplitude mode in CDW systems that has long been seen in experiment but never successfully explained by microscopic theory. We also describe the fluence-dependent crossover that inverts the CDW order parameter and changes the phonon dynamics. Finally, we illustrate how this method can examine a number of different types of experiments including photoemission, x-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031051
S. Acharyaet al.(ALICE Collaboration)
Deuterons are atomic nuclei composed of a neutron and a proton held together by the strong interaction. Unbound ensembles composed of a deuteron and a third nucleon have been investigated in the past using scattering experiments, and they constitute a fundamental reference in nuclear physics to constrain nuclear interactions and the properties of nuclei. In this work, and femtoscopic correlations measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton-proton () collisions at at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented. It is demonstrated that correlations in momentum space between deuterons and kaons or protons allow us to study three-hadron systems at distances comparable with the proton radius. The analysis of the correlation shows that the relative distances at which deuterons and protons or kaons are produced are around 2 fm. The analysis of the correlation shows that only a full three-body calculation that accounts for the internal structure of the deuteron can explain the data. In particular, the sensitivity of the observable to the short-range part of the interaction is demonstrated. These results indicate that correlations involving light nuclei in collisions at the LHC will also provide access to any three-body system in the strange and charm sectors.
氘核是由一个中子和一个质子通过强相互作用结合在一起的原子核。过去曾利用散射实验研究过由一个氘核和第三个核子组成的非束缚集合，它们构成了核物理中约束核相互作用和原子核性质的基本参考。在这项工作中，介绍了 ALICE 协作体在大型强子对撞机（LHC）s=13 TeV 的质子-质子（pp）对撞中测量到的 K+-d 和 p-d 飞秒相关性。研究表明，氘核与高子或质子之间动量空间的相关性使我们能够在与质子半径相当的距离上研究三中子系统。对 K+-d 关联性的分析表明，氘核和质子或 ka 子产生的相对距离约为 2 fm。对 p-d 相关性的分析表明，只有考虑到氘核内部结构的完整三体计算才能解释数据。特别是，观测数据对相互作用短程部分的敏感性得到了证明。这些结果表明，在大型强子对撞机的pp对撞中，涉及轻核的相关性也将为奇异和粲部门的任何三体系统提供通道。
{"title":"Exploring the Strong Interaction of Three-Body Systems at the LHC","authors":"S. Acharyaet al.(ALICE Collaboration)","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031051","url":null,"abstract":"Deuterons are atomic nuclei composed of a neutron and a proton held together by the strong interaction. Unbound ensembles composed of a deuteron and a third nucleon have been investigated in the past using scattering experiments, and they constitute a fundamental reference in nuclear physics to constrain nuclear interactions and the properties of nuclei. In this work, <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mtext>−</mtext><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> and <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>p</mi><mtext>−</mtext><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> femtoscopic correlations measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton-proton (<math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></math>) collisions at <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math> at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented. It is demonstrated that correlations in momentum space between deuterons and kaons or protons allow us to study three-hadron systems at distances comparable with the proton radius. The analysis of the <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mtext>−</mtext><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> correlation shows that the relative distances at which deuterons and protons or kaons are produced are around 2 fm. The analysis of the <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>p</mi><mtext>−</mtext><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> correlation shows that only a full three-body calculation that accounts for the internal structure of the deuteron can explain the data. In particular, the sensitivity of the observable to the short-range part of the interaction is demonstrated. These results indicate that correlations involving light nuclei in <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></math> collisions at the LHC will also provide access to any three-body system in the strange and charm sectors.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031050
Richard E. Rosch, Dominic R. W. Burrows, Christopher W. Lynn, Arian Ashourvan
Brain activity is characterized by brainwide spatiotemporal patterns that emerge from synapse-mediated interactions between individual neurons. Calcium imaging provides access to in vivo recordings of whole-brain activity at single-neuron resolution and, therefore, allows the study of how large-scale brain dynamics emerge from local activity. In this study, we use a statistical mechanics approach—the pairwise maximum entropy model—to infer microscopic network features from collective patterns of activity in the larval zebrafish brain and relate these features to the emergence of observed whole-brain dynamics. Our findings indicate that the pairwise interactions between neural populations and their intrinsic activity states are sufficient to explain observed whole-brain dynamics. In fact, the pairwise relationships between neuronal populations estimated with the maximum entropy model strongly correspond to observed structural connectivity patterns. Model simulations also demonstrated how tuning pairwise neuronal interactions drives transitions between observed physiological regimes and pathologically hyperexcitable whole-brain regimes. Finally, we use virtual resection to identify the brain structures that are important for maintaining the brain in a physiological dynamic regime. Together, our results indicate that whole-brain activity emerges from a complex dynamical system that transitions between basins of attraction whose strength and topology depend on the connectivity between brain areas.
{"title":"Spontaneous Brain Activity Emerges from Pairwise Interactions in the Larval Zebrafish Brain","authors":"Richard E. Rosch, Dominic R. W. Burrows, Christopher W. Lynn, Arian Ashourvan","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031050","url":null,"abstract":"Brain activity is characterized by brainwide spatiotemporal patterns that emerge from synapse-mediated interactions between individual neurons. Calcium imaging provides access to <i>in vivo</i> recordings of whole-brain activity at single-neuron resolution and, therefore, allows the study of how large-scale brain dynamics emerge from local activity. In this study, we use a statistical mechanics approach—the pairwise maximum entropy model—to infer microscopic network features from collective patterns of activity in the larval zebrafish brain and relate these features to the emergence of observed whole-brain dynamics. Our findings indicate that the pairwise interactions between neural populations and their intrinsic activity states are sufficient to explain observed whole-brain dynamics. In fact, the pairwise relationships between neuronal populations estimated with the maximum entropy model strongly correspond to observed structural connectivity patterns. Model simulations also demonstrated how tuning pairwise neuronal interactions drives transitions between observed physiological regimes and pathologically hyperexcitable whole-brain regimes. Finally, we use virtual resection to identify the brain structures that are important for maintaining the brain in a physiological dynamic regime. Together, our results indicate that whole-brain activity emerges from a complex dynamical system that transitions between basins of attraction whose strength and topology depend on the connectivity between brain areas.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031049
Martina Clairand, Ali Mozaffari, Jerôme Hardoüin, Rui Zhang, Claire Doré, Jordi Ignés-Mullol, Francesc Sagués, Juan J. de Pablo, Teresa Lopez-Leon
We investigate the steady state of an ellipsoidal active nematic shell using experiments and numerical simulations. We create the shells by coating microsized ellipsoidal droplets with a protein-based active cytoskeletal gel, thus obtaining ellipsoidal core-shell structures. This system provides the appropriate conditions of confinement and geometry to investigate the impact of nonuniform curvature on an orderly active nematic fluid that features the minimum number of defects required by topology. We identify new time-dependent states where topological defects periodically oscillate between translational and rotational regimes, resulting in the spontaneous emergence of chirality. Our simulations of active nematohydrodynamics demonstrate that, beyond topology and activity, the dynamics of the active material are profoundly influenced by the local curvature and viscous anisotropy of the underlying droplet, as well as by external hydrodynamic forces stemming from the self-sustained rotational motion of defects. These results illustrate how the incorporation of curvature gradients into active nematic shells orchestrates remarkable spatiotemporal patterns, offering new insights into biological processes and providing compelling prospects for designing bioinspired micromachines.
{"title":"Dynamics of Active Defects on the Anisotropic Surface of an Ellipsoidal Droplet","authors":"Martina Clairand, Ali Mozaffari, Jerôme Hardoüin, Rui Zhang, Claire Doré, Jordi Ignés-Mullol, Francesc Sagués, Juan J. de Pablo, Teresa Lopez-Leon","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031049","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the steady state of an ellipsoidal active nematic shell using experiments and numerical simulations. We create the shells by coating microsized ellipsoidal droplets with a protein-based active cytoskeletal gel, thus obtaining ellipsoidal core-shell structures. This system provides the appropriate conditions of confinement and geometry to investigate the impact of nonuniform curvature on an orderly active nematic fluid that features the minimum number of defects required by topology. We identify new time-dependent states where topological defects periodically oscillate between translational and rotational regimes, resulting in the spontaneous emergence of chirality. Our simulations of active nematohydrodynamics demonstrate that, beyond topology and activity, the dynamics of the active material are profoundly influenced by the local curvature and viscous anisotropy of the underlying droplet, as well as by external hydrodynamic forces stemming from the self-sustained rotational motion of defects. These results illustrate how the incorporation of curvature gradients into active nematic shells orchestrates remarkable spatiotemporal patterns, offering new insights into biological processes and providing compelling prospects for designing bioinspired micromachines.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031047
Abel J. Abraham, Stepan Malkov, Frane A. Ljubetic, Matthew Durey, Pedro J. Sáenz
Understanding the ability of particles to maneuver through disordered environments is a central problem in innumerable settings, from active matter and biology to electronics. Macroscopic particles ultimately exhibit diffusive motion when their energy exceeds the characteristic potential barrier of the random landscape. In stark contrast, wave-particle duality causes electrons in disordered media to come to rest even when the potential is weak—a remarkable phenomenon known as Anderson localization. Here, we present a hydrodynamic active system with wave-particle features, a millimetric droplet self-guided by its own wave field over a submerged random topography, whose dynamics exhibits localized statistics analogous to those of electronic systems. Consideration of an ensemble of particle trajectories reveals a suppression of diffusion when the guiding wave field extends over the disordered topography. We rationalize mechanistically the emergent statistics by virtue of the wave-mediated resonant coupling between the droplet and topography, which produces an attractive wave potential about the localization region. This hydrodynamic analog, which demonstrates how a classical particle may localize like a wave, suggests new directions for future research in various areas, including active matter, wave localization, many-body localization, and topological matter.
{"title":"Anderson Localization of Walking Droplets","authors":"Abel J. Abraham, Stepan Malkov, Frane A. Ljubetic, Matthew Durey, Pedro J. Sáenz","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031047","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the ability of particles to maneuver through disordered environments is a central problem in innumerable settings, from active matter and biology to electronics. Macroscopic particles ultimately exhibit diffusive motion when their energy exceeds the characteristic potential barrier of the random landscape. In stark contrast, wave-particle duality causes electrons in disordered media to come to rest even when the potential is weak—a remarkable phenomenon known as Anderson localization. Here, we present a hydrodynamic active system with wave-particle features, a millimetric droplet self-guided by its own wave field over a submerged random topography, whose dynamics exhibits localized statistics analogous to those of electronic systems. Consideration of an ensemble of particle trajectories reveals a suppression of diffusion when the guiding wave field extends over the disordered topography. We rationalize mechanistically the emergent statistics by virtue of the wave-mediated resonant coupling between the droplet and topography, which produces an attractive wave potential about the localization region. This hydrodynamic analog, which demonstrates how a classical particle may localize like a wave, suggests new directions for future research in various areas, including active matter, wave localization, many-body localization, and topological matter.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031048
F. H. L. Essler, A. J. J. M. de Klerk
We study the statistics of matrix elements of local operators in the basis of energy eigenstates in a paradigmatic, integrable, many-particle quantum theory, the Lieb-Liniger model of bosons with repulsive delta-function interactions. Using methods of quantum integrability, we determine the scaling of matrix elements with system size. As a consequence of the extensive number of conservation laws, the structure of matrix elements is fundamentally different from, and much more intricate than, the predictions of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis for generic models. We uncover an interesting connection between this structure for local operators in interacting integrable models and the one for local operators that are not local with respect to the elementary excitations in free theories. We find that typical off-diagonal matrix elements in the same macrostate scale as , where the probability distribution function for is well described by Fréchet distributions and depends only on macrostate information. In contrast, typical off-diagonal matrix elements between two different macrostates scale as , where depends only on macrostate information. Diagonal matrix elements depend only on macrostate information up to finite-size corrections.
我们研究了一个典型的、可积分的多粒子量子理论--具有排斥性三角函数相互作用的玻色子的利布-利尼格模型--中的能量特征状态基础上的局部算子矩阵元素的统计。利用量子可积分性方法，我们确定了矩阵元素随系统规模的缩放。由于存在大量的守恒定律，矩阵元素的结构与一般模型的特征态热化假说的预测有着本质的区别，而且更为复杂。我们发现了相互作用可积分模型中局部算子的这种结构与自由理论中与基本激元无关的局部算子的这种结构之间的有趣联系。我们发现，典型的非对角矩阵元素⟨μ|O|λ⟩在同一宏观状态尺度上与exp(-cOLln(L)-LMμ,λO)相同，其中Mμ,λO的概率分布函数由弗雷谢特分布很好地描述，而cO只取决于宏观状态信息。相反，两个不同宏观状态之间的典型非对角矩阵元素的规模为 exp(-dOL2)，其中 dO 仅取决于宏观状态信息。对角线矩阵元素只取决于宏观状态信息，直至有限尺寸修正。
{"title":"Statistics of Matrix Elements of Local Operators in Integrable Models","authors":"F. H. L. Essler, A. J. J. M. de Klerk","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031048","url":null,"abstract":"We study the statistics of matrix elements of local operators in the basis of energy eigenstates in a paradigmatic, integrable, many-particle quantum theory, the Lieb-Liniger model of bosons with repulsive delta-function interactions. Using methods of quantum integrability, we determine the scaling of matrix elements with system size. As a consequence of the extensive number of conservation laws, the structure of matrix elements is fundamentally different from, and much more intricate than, the predictions of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis for generic models. We uncover an interesting connection between this structure for local operators in interacting integrable models and the one for local operators that are not local with respect to the elementary excitations in free theories. We find that typical off-diagonal matrix elements <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mo stretchy=\"false\">⟨</mo><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">μ</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">|</mo><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">|</mo><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">λ</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">⟩</mo></math> in the same macrostate scale as <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>exp</mi><mo mathvariant=\"bold\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mo>−</mo><msup><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi></mrow></msup><mi>L</mi><mi>ln</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi>L</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>L</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">μ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo mathvariant=\"bold\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></math>, where the probability distribution function for <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msubsup><mi>M</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">μ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">λ</mi></mrow><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi></msubsup></math> is well described by Fréchet distributions and <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mi>c</mi><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi></msup></math> depends only on macrostate information. In contrast, typical off-diagonal matrix elements between two different macrostates scale as <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>exp</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi></msup><msup><mi>L</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></math>, where <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi></msup></math> depends only on macrostate information. Diagonal matrix elements depend only on macrostate information up to finite-size corrections.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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