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Impact of Nuclear Motion on Light-Induced Bimolecular Interaction Dynamics 核运动对光诱导双分子相互作用动力学的影响
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.041001
Menghang Shi, Hao Huang, Chenxu Lu, Shengzhe Pan, Lianrong Zhou, Zhejun Jiang, Hongcheng Ni, Wenbin Zhang, Jian Wu
In chemical reactions, the nuclear motion of the molecules plays a crucial role in determining the reaction rates and outcomes. Employing the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy and femtosecond pump-probe techniques, we perform a molecular-level study into the influence of nuclear vibrations on light-induced bimolecular reactions within H2D2 dimers. The study focuses on the formation dynamics of D2H+ and H2D+ cations, shedding light on the interplay between translational and vibrational motions of the nuclei steering the bimolecular reactions. Our observations reveal a notable yield ratio of 1:1.6 between H2D+ and D2H+ channels, accompanied with a faster formation of D2H+ compared to H2D+. Molecular dynamics simulations unveil that the faster vibrational motion of H2+ than that of D2+ upon single ionization within the dimer accounts for these differences. Our findings provide new insight into the time-resolved kinetic isotope effect on the bimolecular reactions, highlighting the critical relationship between nuclear vibrational motions and reaction dynamics.
在化学反应中,分子的核运动对决定反应速率和结果起着至关重要的作用。利用冷靶反冲离子动量光谱和飞秒泵浦探针技术,我们在分子水平上研究了核振动对 H2-D2 二聚体中光诱导双分子反应的影响。研究的重点是 D2H+ 和 H2D+ 阳离子的形成动力学,揭示了引导双分子反应的原子核平移运动和振动运动之间的相互作用。我们的观察结果表明,H2D+ 和 D2H+ 通道之间的产率比为 1:1.6,同时 D2H+ 的形成速度快于 H2D+。分子动力学模拟揭示了造成这些差异的原因,即在二聚体内发生单电离时,H2+ 的振动运动比 D2+ 快。我们的发现为双分子反应的时间分辨动力学同位素效应提供了新的见解,突出了核振动运动与反应动力学之间的重要关系。
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引用次数: 0
Quantum Entanglement between Optical and Microwave Photonic Qubits 光学和微波光子丘比特之间的量子纠缠
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031055
Srujan Meesala, David Lake, Steven Wood, Piero Chiappina, Changchun Zhong, Andrew D. Beyer, Matthew D. Shaw, Liang Jiang, Oskar Painter
Entanglement is an extraordinary feature of quantum mechanics. Sources of entangled optical photons were essential to test the foundations of quantum physics through violations of Bell’s inequalities. More recently, entangled many-body states have been realized via strong nonlinear interactions in microwave circuits with superconducting qubits. Here, we demonstrate a chip-scale source of entangled optical and microwave photonic qubits. Our device platform integrates a piezo-optomechanical transducer with a superconducting resonator which is robust under optical illumination. We drive a photon-pair generation process and employ a dual-rail encoding intrinsic to our system to prepare entangled states of microwave and optical photons. We place a lower bound on the fidelity of the entangled state by measuring microwave and optical photons in two orthogonal bases. This entanglement source can directly interface telecom wavelength time-bin qubits and gigahertz frequency superconducting qubits, two well-established platforms for quantum communication and computation, respectively.
纠缠是量子力学的一个非凡特征。纠缠光子的来源对于通过违反贝尔不等式来检验量子物理学的基础至关重要。最近,通过微波电路与超导量子比特的强非线性相互作用,纠缠多体态得以实现。在这里,我们展示了一种芯片级的纠缠光学和微波光子量子比特源。我们的设备平台集成了一个压光机械换能器和一个超导谐振器,该谐振器在光照下非常坚固。我们驱动光子对生成过程,并采用系统固有的双轨编码来制备微波和光学光子的纠缠态。我们在两个正交基点上测量微波和光学光子,从而确定了纠缠态保真度的下限。这种纠缠源可以直接连接电信波长时间宾量子比特和千兆赫频率超导量子比特,它们分别是量子通信和计算的两个成熟平台。
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引用次数: 0
Geometric Landscape Annealing as an Optimization Principle Underlying the Coherent Ising Machine 几何景观退火作为相干等效机的优化原理
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031054
Atsushi Yamamura, Hideo Mabuchi, Surya Ganguli
Given the fundamental importance of combinatorial optimization across many diverse domains, there has been widespread interest in the development of unconventional physical computing architectures that can deliver better solutions with lower resource costs. However, a theoretical understanding of their performance remains elusive. We develop such understanding for the case of the coherent Ising machine (CIM), a network of optical parametric oscillators that can be applied to any quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem. We focus on how the CIM finds low-energy solutions of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass. As the laser gain of this system is annealed, the CIM interpolates between gradient descent on coupled soft spins to descent on coupled binary spins. By combining the Kac-Rice formula, the replica method, and supersymmetry breaking, we develop a detailed understanding of the evolving geometry of the high-dimensional energy landscape of the CIM as the laser gain increases, finding several phase transitions in the landscape, from flat to rough to rigid. Additionally, we develop a novel cavity method that provides a geometric interpretation of supersymmetry breaking in terms of the reactivity of a rough landscape to specific external perturbations. Our energy landscape theory successfully matches numerical experiments, provides geometric insights into the principles of CIM operation, and yields optimal annealing schedules.
鉴于组合优化在许多不同领域的根本重要性,人们对开发能够以较低资源成本提供更好解决方案的非常规物理计算架构产生了广泛兴趣。然而,人们对其性能的理论认识仍很模糊。我们以相干伊辛机(CIM)为例,对其性能进行了深入探讨。CIM 是一个光学参量振荡器网络,可应用于任何二次无约束二元优化问题。我们重点关注 CIM 如何找到 Sherrington-Kirkpatrick 自旋玻璃的低能解。随着该系统激光增益的退火,CIM 在耦合软自旋的梯度下降与耦合二元自旋的下降之间进行插值。通过结合 Kac-Rice 公式、复制方法和超对称破缺,我们详细了解了随着激光增益的增加,CIM 的高维能谱的几何演变,发现了能谱中从平坦到粗糙再到刚性的几个相变。此外,我们还开发了一种新颖的空穴方法,从粗糙能谱对特定外部扰动的反应性角度对超对称破缺进行几何解释。我们的能量景观理论成功地与数值实验相匹配,为 CIM 运行原理提供了几何见解,并产生了最佳退火时间表。
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引用次数: 0
Theory of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Fibers for Highly Multimode Excitations 光纤中高度多模激发的受激布里渊散射理论
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031053
Kabish Wisal, Stephen C. Warren-Smith, Chun-Wei Chen, Hui Cao, A. Douglas Stone
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is often an unwanted loss mechanism in both active and passive fibers. Highly multimode excitation of fibers has been proposed as a novel route toward efficient SBS suppression. Here, we develop a detailed, quantitative theory which confirms this proposal and elucidates the physical mechanisms involved. Starting from the vector optical and scalar acoustic equations, we derive appropriate nonlinear coupled mode equations for the signal and Stokes modal amplitudes and an analytical formula for the SBS (Stokes) gain with applicable approximations, such as the neglect of shear effects. This allows us to calculate the exponential growth rate of the Stokes power as a function of the distribution of power in a highly multimode signal. The peak value of the gain spectrum across the excited modes determines the SBS threshold—the maximum SBS-limited power that can be sent through the fiber. The theory shows that the peak SBS gain is greatly reduced by highly multimode excitation due to gain broadening and relatively weaker intermodal SBS gain. The inclusion of exact vector optical modes in the calculation is crucial in order to capture the incomplete intermodal coupling due to mismatch of polarization patterns of higher-order modes. We demonstrate that equal excitation of the 160 modes of a commercially available, highly multimode circular step index fiber raises the SBS threshold by a factor of 6.5 and find comparable suppression of SBS in similar fibers with a D-shaped cross section.
受激布里渊散射(SBS)通常是有源和无源光纤中一种不必要的损耗机制。有人提出,对光纤进行高度多模激发是有效抑制 SBS 的新途径。在此,我们提出了一个详细的定量理论,证实了这一提议,并阐明了其中的物理机制。从矢量光学方程和标量声学方程出发,我们为信号和斯托克斯模态振幅推导出了适当的非线性耦合模态方程,并为 SBS(斯托克斯)增益推导出了分析公式,其中包含适用的近似值,如忽略剪切效应。这样,我们就能计算出斯托克斯功率的指数增长率与高度多模信号中功率分布的函数关系。整个激发模式的增益频谱峰值决定了 SBS 门限--光纤中可发送的最大 SBS 限制功率。理论表明,由于增益展宽和相对较弱的模式间 SBS 增益,高度多模激励会大大降低 SBS 增益峰值。在计算中加入精确的矢量光学模式对于捕捉高阶模式极化模式不匹配导致的不完全模间耦合至关重要。我们证明,对商用高多模环形阶跃指数光纤的 160 个模式进行等效激励,可将 SBS 门限提高 6.5 倍,并发现在具有 D 型横截面的类似光纤中,SBS 的抑制效果相当。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical Description of Pump-Probe Experiments in Charge-Density-Wave Materials out to Long Times 电荷密度波材料长时泵探实验的理论描述
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031052
Marko D. Petrović, Manuel Weber, James K. Freericks
We describe coupled nonequilibrium electron-phonon systems semiclassically—Ehrenfest dynamics for the phonons and quantum mechanics for the electrons—using a classical Monte Carlo approach that determines the nonequilibrium response to a large pump field. The semiclassical approach is expected to be accurate, because the phonons are excited to average energies much higher than the phonon frequency, eliminating the need for a quantum description. The numerical efficiency of this method allows us to perform a self-consistent time evolution out to very long times (tens of picoseconds), enabling us to model pump-probe experiments of a charge-density-wave (CDW) material. Our system is a half-filled, one-dimensional (1D) Holstein chain that exhibits CDW ordering due to a Peierls transition. The chain is subjected to a time-dependent electromagnetic pump field that excites it out of equilibrium, and then a second probe pulse is applied after a time delay. By evolving the system to long times, we capture the complete process of lattice excitation and subsequent relaxation to a new equilibrium, due to an exchange of energy between the electrons and the lattice, leading to lattice relaxation at finite temperatures. We employ an indirect (impulsive) driving mechanism of the lattice by the pump pulse due to the direct driving of the electrons. We identify two driving regimes, where the pump can either cause small perturbations or completely invert the initial CDW order. Our work successfully describes the ringing of the amplitude mode in CDW systems that has long been seen in experiment but never successfully explained by microscopic theory. We also describe the fluence-dependent crossover that inverts the CDW order parameter and changes the phonon dynamics. Finally, we illustrate how this method can examine a number of different types of experiments including photoemission, x-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy.
我们使用经典蒙特卡洛方法半经典地描述了耦合非平衡电子-声子系统-声子的赫伦费斯特动力学和电子的量子力学,该方法确定了对大泵场的非平衡响应。由于声子被激发的平均能量远高于声子频率,因此无需量子描述,因此半经典方法有望获得精确结果。这种方法的数值效率使我们能够在很长的时间内(几十皮秒)进行自洽的时间演化,从而能够模拟电荷密度波(CDW)材料的泵探实验。我们的系统是一个半填充的一维(1D)荷斯坦链,它因佩尔斯转变而表现出 CDW 有序性。该链受到一个随时间变化的电磁泵场的激励,使其脱离平衡状态,然后在延时后施加第二个探测脉冲。通过长时间演化系统,我们捕捉到了晶格激发和随后弛豫到新平衡的完整过程,这是由于电子和晶格之间的能量交换,导致晶格在有限温度下弛豫。我们采用了泵脉冲对晶格的间接(脉冲)驱动机制,而不是电子的直接驱动。我们确定了两种驱动机制,在这两种机制中,泵可以引起微小的扰动,也可以完全颠倒初始的 CDW 秩。我们的研究成功地描述了 CDW 系统中振幅模式的振铃现象,这种现象在实验中早已出现,但从未用微观理论成功解释过。我们还描述了反转 CDW 秩参数并改变声子动力学的随通量变化的交叉。最后,我们说明了这种方法如何能检查许多不同类型的实验,包括光发射、X 射线衍射和二维(2D)光谱。
{"title":"Theoretical Description of Pump-Probe Experiments in Charge-Density-Wave Materials out to Long Times","authors":"Marko D. Petrović, Manuel Weber, James K. Freericks","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031052","url":null,"abstract":"We describe coupled nonequilibrium electron-phonon systems semiclassically—Ehrenfest dynamics for the phonons and quantum mechanics for the electrons—using a classical Monte Carlo approach that determines the nonequilibrium response to a large pump field. The semiclassical approach is expected to be accurate, because the phonons are excited to average energies much higher than the phonon frequency, eliminating the need for a quantum description. The numerical efficiency of this method allows us to perform a self-consistent time evolution out to very long times (tens of picoseconds), enabling us to model pump-probe experiments of a charge-density-wave (CDW) material. Our system is a half-filled, one-dimensional (1D) Holstein chain that exhibits CDW ordering due to a Peierls transition. The chain is subjected to a time-dependent electromagnetic pump field that excites it out of equilibrium, and then a second probe pulse is applied after a time delay. By evolving the system to long times, we capture the complete process of lattice excitation and subsequent relaxation to a new equilibrium, due to an exchange of energy between the electrons and the lattice, leading to lattice relaxation at finite temperatures. We employ an indirect (impulsive) driving mechanism of the lattice by the pump pulse due to the direct driving of the electrons. We identify two driving regimes, where the pump can either cause small perturbations or completely invert the initial CDW order. Our work successfully describes the ringing of the amplitude mode in CDW systems that has long been seen in experiment but never successfully explained by microscopic theory. We also describe the fluence-dependent crossover that inverts the CDW order parameter and changes the phonon dynamics. Finally, we illustrate how this method can examine a number of different types of experiments including photoemission, x-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring the Strong Interaction of Three-Body Systems at the LHC 在大型强子对撞机上探索三体系统的强相互作用
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031051
S. Acharyaet al.(ALICE Collaboration)
Deuterons are atomic nuclei composed of a neutron and a proton held together by the strong interaction. Unbound ensembles composed of a deuteron and a third nucleon have been investigated in the past using scattering experiments, and they constitute a fundamental reference in nuclear physics to constrain nuclear interactions and the properties of nuclei. In this work, K+d and pd femtoscopic correlations measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton-proton (pp) collisions at s=13TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented. It is demonstrated that correlations in momentum space between deuterons and kaons or protons allow us to study three-hadron systems at distances comparable with the proton radius. The analysis of the K+d correlation shows that the relative distances at which deuterons and protons or kaons are produced are around 2 fm. The analysis of the pd correlation shows that only a full three-body calculation that accounts for the internal structure of the deuteron can explain the data. In particular, the sensitivity of the observable to the short-range part of the interaction is demonstrated. These results indicate that correlations involving light nuclei in pp collisions at the LHC will also provide access to any three-body system in the strange and charm sectors.
氘核是由一个中子和一个质子通过强相互作用结合在一起的原子核。过去曾利用散射实验研究过由一个氘核和第三个核子组成的非束缚集合,它们构成了核物理中约束核相互作用和原子核性质的基本参考。在这项工作中,介绍了 ALICE 协作体在大型强子对撞机(LHC)s=13 TeV 的质子-质子(pp)对撞中测量到的 K+-d 和 p-d 飞秒相关性。研究表明,氘核与高子或质子之间动量空间的相关性使我们能够在与质子半径相当的距离上研究三中子系统。对 K+-d 关联性的分析表明,氘核和质子或 ka 子产生的相对距离约为 2 fm。对 p-d 相关性的分析表明,只有考虑到氘核内部结构的完整三体计算才能解释数据。特别是,观测数据对相互作用短程部分的敏感性得到了证明。这些结果表明,在大型强子对撞机的pp对撞中,涉及轻核的相关性也将为奇异和粲部门的任何三体系统提供通道。
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引用次数: 0
Spontaneous Brain Activity Emerges from Pairwise Interactions in the Larval Zebrafish Brain 幼体斑马鱼大脑中的成对相互作用产生了自发的大脑活动
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031050
Richard E. Rosch, Dominic R. W. Burrows, Christopher W. Lynn, Arian Ashourvan
Brain activity is characterized by brainwide spatiotemporal patterns that emerge from synapse-mediated interactions between individual neurons. Calcium imaging provides access to in vivo recordings of whole-brain activity at single-neuron resolution and, therefore, allows the study of how large-scale brain dynamics emerge from local activity. In this study, we use a statistical mechanics approach—the pairwise maximum entropy model—to infer microscopic network features from collective patterns of activity in the larval zebrafish brain and relate these features to the emergence of observed whole-brain dynamics. Our findings indicate that the pairwise interactions between neural populations and their intrinsic activity states are sufficient to explain observed whole-brain dynamics. In fact, the pairwise relationships between neuronal populations estimated with the maximum entropy model strongly correspond to observed structural connectivity patterns. Model simulations also demonstrated how tuning pairwise neuronal interactions drives transitions between observed physiological regimes and pathologically hyperexcitable whole-brain regimes. Finally, we use virtual resection to identify the brain structures that are important for maintaining the brain in a physiological dynamic regime. Together, our results indicate that whole-brain activity emerges from a complex dynamical system that transitions between basins of attraction whose strength and topology depend on the connectivity between brain areas.
大脑活动的特点是由单个神经元之间突触介导的相互作用产生的全脑时空模式。钙成像技术提供了单神经元分辨率的全脑活动活体记录,因此可以研究局部活动如何产生大规模的大脑动态。在这项研究中,我们使用统计力学方法--成对最大熵模型--从幼体斑马鱼大脑的集体活动模式中推断出微观网络特征,并将这些特征与观察到的全脑动力学的出现联系起来。我们的研究结果表明,神经群之间的成对相互作用及其内在活动状态足以解释观察到的全脑动力学。事实上,用最大熵模型估计的神经元群之间的配对关系与观察到的结构连接模式非常吻合。模型模拟还证明了调整神经元配对相互作用是如何驱动观察到的生理状态和病理上的高兴奋全脑状态之间的转换的。最后,我们利用虚拟切除术确定了对维持大脑生理动态机制非常重要的大脑结构。我们的研究结果表明,全脑活动产生于一个复杂的动态系统,该系统在吸引力盆地之间转换,吸引力盆地的强度和拓扑结构取决于脑区之间的连通性。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of Active Defects on the Anisotropic Surface of an Ellipsoidal Droplet 椭圆形液滴各向异性表面上活性缺陷的动力学特性
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031049
Martina Clairand, Ali Mozaffari, Jerôme Hardoüin, Rui Zhang, Claire Doré, Jordi Ignés-Mullol, Francesc Sagués, Juan J. de Pablo, Teresa Lopez-Leon
We investigate the steady state of an ellipsoidal active nematic shell using experiments and numerical simulations. We create the shells by coating microsized ellipsoidal droplets with a protein-based active cytoskeletal gel, thus obtaining ellipsoidal core-shell structures. This system provides the appropriate conditions of confinement and geometry to investigate the impact of nonuniform curvature on an orderly active nematic fluid that features the minimum number of defects required by topology. We identify new time-dependent states where topological defects periodically oscillate between translational and rotational regimes, resulting in the spontaneous emergence of chirality. Our simulations of active nematohydrodynamics demonstrate that, beyond topology and activity, the dynamics of the active material are profoundly influenced by the local curvature and viscous anisotropy of the underlying droplet, as well as by external hydrodynamic forces stemming from the self-sustained rotational motion of defects. These results illustrate how the incorporation of curvature gradients into active nematic shells orchestrates remarkable spatiotemporal patterns, offering new insights into biological processes and providing compelling prospects for designing bioinspired micromachines.
我们利用实验和数值模拟研究了椭圆形活性向列壳的稳定状态。我们通过在微小的椭圆形液滴上涂覆基于蛋白质的活性细胞骨架凝胶来制造壳,从而获得椭圆形核壳结构。该系统提供了适当的约束条件和几何形状,可用于研究非均匀曲率对有序活性向列流体的影响,该流体具有拓扑所需的最小缺陷数。我们发现了新的随时间变化的状态,其中拓扑缺陷周期性地在平移和旋转状态之间摆动,从而导致手性的自发出现。我们对活性线粒体流体力学的模拟表明,除了拓扑结构和活性之外,活性材料的动力学还受到底层液滴的局部曲率和粘性各向异性以及由缺陷的自持旋转运动产生的外部流体动力的深刻影响。这些结果说明了如何将曲率梯度纳入活性向列外壳,从而协调出非凡的时空模式,为了解生物过程提供了新的视角,并为设计生物启发微型机械提供了令人信服的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Anderson Localization of Walking Droplets 行走水滴的安德森定位
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031047
Abel J. Abraham, Stepan Malkov, Frane A. Ljubetic, Matthew Durey, Pedro J. Sáenz
Understanding the ability of particles to maneuver through disordered environments is a central problem in innumerable settings, from active matter and biology to electronics. Macroscopic particles ultimately exhibit diffusive motion when their energy exceeds the characteristic potential barrier of the random landscape. In stark contrast, wave-particle duality causes electrons in disordered media to come to rest even when the potential is weak—a remarkable phenomenon known as Anderson localization. Here, we present a hydrodynamic active system with wave-particle features, a millimetric droplet self-guided by its own wave field over a submerged random topography, whose dynamics exhibits localized statistics analogous to those of electronic systems. Consideration of an ensemble of particle trajectories reveals a suppression of diffusion when the guiding wave field extends over the disordered topography. We rationalize mechanistically the emergent statistics by virtue of the wave-mediated resonant coupling between the droplet and topography, which produces an attractive wave potential about the localization region. This hydrodynamic analog, which demonstrates how a classical particle may localize like a wave, suggests new directions for future research in various areas, including active matter, wave localization, many-body localization, and topological matter.
了解粒子在无序环境中的运动能力,是从活性物质、生物学到电子学等众多领域的核心问题。当宏观粒子的能量超过随机景观的特征势垒时,它们最终会表现出扩散运动。与此形成鲜明对比的是,波粒二象性导致无序介质中的电子即使在势能很弱的情况下也会静止--这就是著名的安德森局域化现象。在这里,我们展示了一个具有波粒特征的流体动力活动系统,即一个由自身波场在浸没的随机地形上自我引导的毫米液滴,其动力学表现出与电子系统类似的局部统计。对粒子轨迹集合的研究表明,当引导波场延伸至无序地形时,扩散会受到抑制。我们从机理上合理解释了液滴和地形之间由波介导的共振耦合所产生的统计现象,这种耦合会在局部区域产生一个有吸引力的波势。这一流体力学类似物展示了经典粒子如何像波一样局部化,为未来各领域的研究提出了新方向,包括活性物质、波局部化、多体局部化和拓扑物质。
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引用次数: 0
Statistics of Matrix Elements of Local Operators in Integrable Models 可积分模型中局部算子的矩阵元素统计
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031048
F. H. L. Essler, A. J. J. M. de Klerk
We study the statistics of matrix elements of local operators in the basis of energy eigenstates in a paradigmatic, integrable, many-particle quantum theory, the Lieb-Liniger model of bosons with repulsive delta-function interactions. Using methods of quantum integrability, we determine the scaling of matrix elements with system size. As a consequence of the extensive number of conservation laws, the structure of matrix elements is fundamentally different from, and much more intricate than, the predictions of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis for generic models. We uncover an interesting connection between this structure for local operators in interacting integrable models and the one for local operators that are not local with respect to the elementary excitations in free theories. We find that typical off-diagonal matrix elements μ|O|λ in the same macrostate scale as exp(cOLln(L)LMμ,λO), where the probability distribution function for Mμ,λO is well described by Fréchet distributions and cO depends only on macrostate information. In contrast, typical off-diagonal matrix elements between two different macrostates scale as exp(dOL2), where dO depends only on macrostate information. Diagonal matrix elements depend only on macrostate information up to finite-size corrections.
我们研究了一个典型的、可积分的多粒子量子理论--具有排斥性三角函数相互作用的玻色子的利布-利尼格模型--中的能量特征状态基础上的局部算子矩阵元素的统计。利用量子可积分性方法,我们确定了矩阵元素随系统规模的缩放。由于存在大量的守恒定律,矩阵元素的结构与一般模型的特征态热化假说的预测有着本质的区别,而且更为复杂。我们发现了相互作用可积分模型中局部算子的这种结构与自由理论中与基本激元无关的局部算子的这种结构之间的有趣联系。我们发现,典型的非对角矩阵元素⟨μ|O|λ⟩在同一宏观状态尺度上与exp(-cOLln(L)-LMμ,λO)相同,其中Mμ,λO的概率分布函数由弗雷谢特分布很好地描述,而cO只取决于宏观状态信息。相反,两个不同宏观状态之间的典型非对角矩阵元素的规模为 exp(-dOL2),其中 dO 仅取决于宏观状态信息。对角线矩阵元素只取决于宏观状态信息,直至有限尺寸修正。
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Physical Review X
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