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Noisy Circumnutations Facilitate Self-Organized Shade Avoidance in Sunflowers 嘈杂的圆周运动有助于向日葵自我组织避阴
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031027
Chantal Nguyen, Imri Dromi, Ahron Kempinski, Gabriella E. C. Gall, Orit Peleg, Yasmine Meroz
Circumnutations are widespread in plants and typically associated with exploratory movements; however, a quantitative understanding of their role remains elusive. In this study we report, for the first time, the role of noisy circumnutations in facilitating an optimal growth pattern within a crowded group of mutually shading plants. We revisit the problem of self-organization observed for sunflowers, mediated by shade response interactions. Our analysis reveals that circumnutation movements conform to a bounded random walk characterized by a remarkably broad distribution of velocities, covering 3 orders of magnitude. In motile animal systems such wide distributions of movement velocities are frequently identified with enhancement of behavioral processes, suggesting that circumnutations may serve as a source of functional noise. To test our hypothesis, we developed a Langevin-type parsimonious model of interacting growing disks, informed by experiments, successfully capturing the characteristic dynamics of individual and multiple interacting plants. Employing our simulation framework we examine the role of circumnutations in the system, and find that the observed breadth of the velocity distribution represents a sharp transition in the force-noise ratio, conferring advantageous effects by facilitating exploration of potential configurations, leading to an optimized arrangement with minimal shading. These findings represent the first report of functional noise in plant movements and establish a theoretical foundation for investigating how plants navigate their environment by employing computational processes such as task-oriented processes, optimization, and active sensing. Since plants move by growing, space and time are coupled, and dynamics of self-organization lead to emergent 3D patterns. As such, this system provides conceptual insight for other interacting growth-driven systems such as fungal hyphae, neurons and self-growing robots, as well as active matter systems where agents interact with past trajectories of their counterparts, such as stigmergy in social insects. This foundational insight has implications in statistical physics, ecological dynamics, agriculture, and even swarm robotics.
圆周运动在植物中非常普遍,通常与探索性运动有关;然而,对其作用的定量了解仍然很模糊。在本研究中,我们首次报告了在相互遮蔽的拥挤植物群中,噪声环行在促进最佳生长模式中的作用。我们重新审视了在向日葵身上观察到的以遮荫反应相互作用为媒介的自组织问题。我们的分析表明,圆周运动符合有界随机行走,其特点是速度分布非常广泛,覆盖了 3 个数量级。在运动的动物系统中,这种宽广的运动速度分布经常与行为过程的增强相联系,这表明环绕运动可能是一种功能性噪声源。为了验证我们的假设,我们在实验的基础上建立了一个交互生长盘的朗格文型解析模型,成功捕捉到了单株和多株交互生长植物的特征动态。利用我们的模拟框架,我们研究了圆周在系统中的作用,发现观察到的速度分布广度代表了力-噪比的急剧变化,通过促进对潜在配置的探索而产生有利影响,从而导致具有最小遮蔽的优化排列。这些发现首次报道了植物运动中的功能性噪声,为研究植物如何利用任务导向过程、优化和主动感知等计算过程来导航环境奠定了理论基础。由于植物是通过生长来运动的,因此空间和时间是耦合的,自组织动力学导致了新出现的三维模式。因此,该系统为真菌菌丝、神经元和自生长机器人等其他相互作用的生长驱动系统,以及代理与对应方过去轨迹相互作用的主动物质系统(如社会昆虫中的stigmergy)提供了概念上的启示。这一基础性见解对统计物理学、生态动力学、农业甚至蜂群机器人学都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Exciton-Exciton Interactions in Van der Waals Heterobilayers 范德华杂硅层中的激子-激子相互作用
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031025
Alexander Steinhoff, Edith Wietek, Matthias Florian, Tommy Schulz, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Shen Zhao, Alexander Högele, Frank Jahnke, Alexey Chernikov
Exciton-exciton interactions are key to understanding nonlinear optical and transport phenomena in van der Waals heterobilayers, which emerged as versatile platforms to study correlated electronic states. We present a combined theory-experiment study of excitonic many-body effects based on first-principle band structures and Coulomb interaction matrix elements. Key to our approach is the explicit treatment of the fermionic substructure of excitons and dynamical screening effects for density-induced energy renormalization and dissipation. We demonstrate that dipolar blueshifts are almost perfectly compensated by many-body effects, mainly by screening-induced self-energy corrections. Moreover, we identify a crossover between attractive and repulsive behavior at elevated exciton densities. Theoretical findings are supported by experimental studies of spectrally narrow, mobile interlayer excitons in atomically reconstructed, h-BN-encapsulated MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers. Both theory and experiment show energy renormalization on a scale of a few meV even for high injection densities in the vicinity of the Mott transition. Our results revise the established picture of dipolar repulsion dominating exciton-exciton interactions in van der Waals heterostructures and open up opportunities for their external design.
激子-外激子相互作用是理解范德华杂硅层中非线性光学和传输现象的关键,范德华杂硅层是研究相关电子态的多功能平台。我们基于第一原理能带结构和库仑相互作用矩阵元素,对激子多体效应进行了理论与实验相结合的研究。我们研究方法的关键是明确处理激子的费米子子结构以及密度诱导的能量重正化和耗散的动态筛选效应。我们证明,双极性蓝移几乎可以通过多体效应(主要是筛选诱导的自能修正)得到完美补偿。此外,我们还发现在激子密度升高时,吸引力和排斥力行为之间存在交叉。对原子重构、氢化萘封装的 MoSe2/WSe2 异质层中光谱狭窄、可移动的层间激子进行的实验研究支持了理论发现。理论和实验都表明,即使在莫特转换附近的高注入密度下,能量重正化的尺度也只有几 meV。我们的研究结果修正了范德华异质结构中双极性斥力主导激子-激子相互作用的既定图景,并为其外部设计提供了机会。
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引用次数: 0
Nonequilibrium Antigen Recognition during Infections and Vaccinations 感染和接种过程中的非平衡抗原识别
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031026
Roberto Morán-Tovar, Michael Lässig
The initial immune response to an acute primary infection is a coupled process of antigen proliferation, molecular recognition by naive B cells, and their subsequent clonal expansion. This process contains a fundamental problem: the recognition of an exponentially time-dependent antigen signal. Here, we show that an efficient immune response must be stringently constrained to B-cell lineages with high antigen binding affinity. We propose a tuned proofreading mechanism for primary recognition of new antigens, where the molecular recognition machinery is adapted to the complexity of the immune repertoire. We show that this process produces potent, specific, and fast recognition of antigens, maintaining a spectrum of genetically distinct B-cell lineages as input for affinity maturation. Our analysis maps the proliferation-recognition dynamics of a primary infection to a generalized Luria-Delbrück process, akin to the dynamics of the classic fluctuation experiment. This map establishes a link between signal recognition dynamics and evolution. We derive the resulting statistics of the activated immune repertoire: Antigen binding affinity, expected size, and frequency of active B-cell clones are related by power laws, which define the class of generalized Luria-Delbrück processes. Their exponents depend on the antigen and B-cell proliferation rate, the number of proofreading steps, and the lineage density of the naive repertoire. We extend the model to include spatiotemporal processes, including the diffusion-recognition dynamics of a vaccination. Empirical data of activated mouse immune repertoires are found to be consistent with activation involving about three proofreading steps. The model predicts key clinical characteristics of acute infections and vaccinations, including the emergence of elite neutralizers and the effects of immune aging. More broadly, our results establish infections and vaccinations as a new probe into the global architecture and functional principles of immune repertoires.
对急性原发性感染的最初免疫反应是一个抗原增殖、幼稚 B 细胞分子识别及其随后克隆扩增的耦合过程。这一过程包含一个基本问题:识别指数随时间变化的抗原信号。在这里,我们表明,高效的免疫反应必须严格限制在具有高抗原结合亲和力的 B 细胞系中。我们提出了一种调整校对机制,用于对新抗原的初级识别,其中的分子识别机制适应了免疫库的复杂性。我们的研究表明,这一过程能对抗原进行有效、特异和快速的识别,并保持基因上不同的 B 细胞系谱,作为亲和力成熟的输入。我们的分析将原发性感染的增殖-识别动态映射为一个广义的 Luria-Delbrück 过程,类似于经典波动实验的动态。这一映射建立了信号识别动态与进化之间的联系。我们由此推导出活化免疫复合物的统计数据:抗原结合亲和力、预期大小和活性 B 细胞克隆的频率都与幂律有关,它们定义了广义 Luria-Delbrück 过程的类别。它们的指数取决于抗原和 B 细胞的增殖率、校对步骤的数量以及幼稚细胞群的系谱密度。我们将模型扩展到时空过程,包括疫苗接种的扩散-识别动态过程。我们发现,激活小鼠免疫复合物的经验数据与涉及大约三个校对步骤的激活相一致。该模型预测了急性感染和疫苗接种的关键临床特征,包括精英中和者的出现和免疫老化的影响。更广泛地说,我们的研究结果将感染和疫苗接种确立为探究免疫复合物的全球结构和功能原理的新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Spin-Degeneracy Breaking and Parity Transitions in Three-Terminal Josephson Junctions 三端约瑟夫森结中的自旋退行性破坏和奇偶性跃迁
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031024
M. Coraiola, D. Z. Haxell, D. Sabonis, M. Hinderling, S. C. ten Kate, E. Cheah, F. Krizek, R. Schott, W. Wegscheider, F. Nichele
Hybrid Josephson junctions (JJs) realized in superconductor-semiconductor heterostructures host fermionic modes known as Andreev bound states (ABSs). In these structures, a promising and yet unexplored avenue for harnessing spin and parity degrees of freedom is offered by JJs with three or more superconducting terminals, where phase-induced spin polarization and transitions of the ground state to an odd parity were predicted to arise. Here we spectroscopically probe the two-dimensional band structure of ABSs in a phase-controlled InAs/Al three-terminal JJ. Andreev bands show signatures of spin-degeneracy breaking, with level splitting in excess of 9GHz, and zero-energy crossings associated to ground state fermion parity transitions. Spin splitting and parity transitions are enabled and controlled by locally applied magnetic fluxes, in the absence of Zeeman effect or Coulomb blockade. Our results underscore the potential of multiterminal hybrid devices for phase engineering ABSs, with significant implications for spin- and parity-based quantum devices.
在超导体-半导体异质结构中实现的混合约瑟夫森结(JJ)承载着被称为安德烈耶夫束缚态(ABS)的费米子模式。在这些结构中,具有三个或更多超导终端的 JJ 为利用自旋和奇偶性自由度提供了一条前景广阔但尚未探索的途径。在这里,我们用光谱学方法探测了相控 InAs/Al 三端 JJ 中 ABS 的二维带结构。安德烈耶夫带显示出自旋畸变的特征,水平分裂超过 ∼ 9 GHz,零能交叉与基态费米子奇偶性跃迁有关。在没有泽曼效应或库仑封锁的情况下,自旋分裂和奇偶性跃迁是由局部施加的磁通量促成和控制的。我们的研究结果强调了多端混合器件在相工程 ABS 方面的潜力,对基于自旋和奇偶性的量子器件具有重大意义。
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引用次数: 0
Extensive Search for Axion Dark Matter over 1 GHz with CAPP’S Main Axion Experiment 利用 CAPP 的主轴向实验广泛搜索 1 GHz 以上的轴向暗物质
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031023
Saebyeok Ahnet al.
We report an extensive high-sensitivity search for axion dark matter above 1 GHz at the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP). The cavity resonant search, exploiting the coupling between axions and photons, explored the frequency (mass) range of 1.025 GHz (4.24μeV) to 1.185 GHz (4.91μeV). We have introduced a number of innovations in this field, demonstrating the practical approach of optimizing all the relevant parameters of axion haloscopes, extending presently available technology. The CAPP 12 T magnet with an aperture of 320 mm made of Nb3Sn and NbTi superconductors surrounding a 37 l ultralight-weight copper cavity is expected to convert Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky axions into approximately 102 microwave photons per second. A powerful dilution refrigerator, capable of keeping the core system below 40 mK, combined with quantum-noise-limited readout electronics, achieved a total system noise of about 200 mK or below, which corresponds to a background of roughly 4×103 photons per second within the axion bandwidth. The combination of all those improvements provides unprecedented search performance, imposing the most stringent exclusion limits on axion-photon coupling in this frequency range to date. These results also suggest an experimental capability suitable for highly sensitive searches for axion dark matter above 1 GHz.
我们报告了轴子与精密物理研究中心(CAPP)对1 GHz以上轴子暗物质的广泛高灵敏度搜索。利用轴子与光子之间的耦合进行的空腔共振搜索探索了1.025 GHz(4.24 μeV)到1.185 GHz(4.91 μeV)的频率(质量)范围。我们在这一领域进行了多项创新,展示了优化轴子光镜所有相关参数的实用方法,扩展了现有技术。CAPP 12 T 磁体的孔径为 320 毫米,由 Nb3Sn 和 NbTi 超导体制成,围绕着一个 37 升的超轻型铜腔,预计每秒可将 Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky 轴子转换成约 102 个微波光子。一个强大的稀释制冷器能够将核心系统保持在 40 mK 以下,结合量子噪声限制读出电子装置,实现了约 200 mK 或更低的系统总噪声,这相当于轴子带宽内每秒约 4×103 光子的背景。所有这些改进的结合提供了前所未有的搜索性能,在这一频率范围内对轴子-光子耦合施加了迄今为止最严格的排除限制。这些结果还表明,实验能力适用于 1 GHz 以上轴子暗物质的高灵敏度搜索。
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引用次数: 0
Electrically Controlled Photonic Circuits of Field-Induced Dipolaritons with Huge Nonlinearities 具有巨大非线性的场诱导双极化子的电控光子电路
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031022
Dror Liran, Ronen Rapaport, Jiaqi Hu, Nathanial Lydick, Hui Deng, Loren Pfeiffer
Electrically controlled photonic circuits hold promise for information technologies with greatly improved energy efficiency and quantum information processing capabilities. However, weak nonlinearity and electrical response of typical photonic materials have been two critical challenges. Therefore, hybrid electronic-photonic systems, such as semiconductor exciton polaritons, have been intensely investigated for their potential to allow higher nonlinearity and electrical control, with limited success so far. Here we demonstrate an electrically gated waveguide architecture for field induced dipolar polaritons that allows enhanced and electrically controllable polariton nonlinearities, enabling an electrically tuned reflecting switch (mirror) and transistor of the dipolar polaritons. The polariton transistor displays blockade and antiblockade by compressing a dilute dipolar-polariton pulse exhibiting very strong dipolar interactions. The large nonlinearities are explained using a simple density-dependent dipolar polarization field that very effectively screens the external electric field. We project that a quantum blockade at the single polariton level is feasible in such a device.
电控光子电路有望大大提高信息技术的能效和量子信息处理能力。然而,典型光子材料的弱非线性和电响应一直是两大关键挑战。因此,人们对半导体激子极化子等电子-光子混合系统进行了深入研究,以了解它们是否有可能实现更高的非线性和电控制,但迄今为止取得的成功有限。在这里,我们展示了一种用于场诱导双极性极化子的电门控波导结构,这种结构可以增强极化子的非线性并对其进行电控制,从而实现双极性极化子的电调谐反射开关(镜像)和晶体管。极化子晶体管通过压缩表现出极强偶极相互作用的稀释偶极-极化子脉冲来显示阻塞和反阻塞。我们利用一个简单的密度相关偶极极化场来解释大非线性,该极化场能非常有效地屏蔽外部电场。我们预测,在这种装置中,单极化子水平的量子封锁是可行的。
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引用次数: 0
Tracking the Distance to Criticality in Systems with Unknown Noise 跟踪未知噪声系统中的临界距离
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031021
Brendan Harris, Leonardo L. Gollo, Ben D. Fulcher
Many real-world systems undergo abrupt changes in dynamics as they move across critical points, often with dramatic and irreversible consequences. Much existing theory on identifying the time-series signatures of nearby critical points, such as increased signal variance and slower timescales, is derived from analytically tractable systems, typically considering the case of fixed, low-amplitude noise. However, real-world systems are often corrupted by unknown levels of noise that can distort these temporal signatures. Here we aim to develop noise-robust indicators of the distance to criticality (DTC) for systems affected by dynamical noise in two cases: when the noise amplitude is either fixed or is unknown and variable across recordings. We present a highly comparative approach to this problem that compares the ability of over 7000 candidate time-series features to track the DTC in the vicinity of a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. Our method recapitulates existing theory in the fixed-noise case, highlighting conventional time-series features that accurately track the DTC. But in the variable-noise setting, where these conventional indicators perform poorly, we highlight new types of high-performing time-series features and show that their success is accomplished by capturing the shape of the invariant density (which depends on both the DTC and the noise amplitude) relative to the spread of fast fluctuations (which depends on the noise amplitude). We introduce a new high-performing time-series statistic, the rescaled autodensity (RAD), that combines these two algorithmic components. We then use RAD to provide new evidence that brain regions higher in the visual hierarchy are positioned closer to criticality, supporting existing hypotheses about patterns of brain organization that are not detected using conventional metrics of the DTC. Our results demonstrate how large-scale algorithmic comparison can yield theoretical insights that can motivate new theory and interpretable algorithms for solving important real-world problems.
现实世界中的许多系统在跨越临界点时都会发生突然的动态变化,往往会造成不可逆转的严重后果。关于识别临界点附近的时间序列特征(如信号方差增大和时间尺度变慢),现有的许多理论都是从可分析的系统中推导出来的,通常考虑的是固定、低振幅噪声的情况。然而,现实世界中的系统往往会受到未知噪声水平的干扰,从而扭曲这些时间特征。在这里,我们的目标是为受动态噪声影响的系统开发噪声稳健的临界距离(DTC)指标,包括两种情况:噪声振幅固定或未知且在不同记录中可变。我们针对这一问题提出了一种高度比较性的方法,比较 7000 多个候选时间序列特征在超临界霍普夫分岔附近跟踪 DTC 的能力。我们的方法重现了固定噪声情况下的现有理论,突出了能准确跟踪 DTC 的常规时间序列特征。但在可变噪声环境下,这些传统指标表现不佳,我们突出强调了新型高性能时间序列特征,并表明它们的成功是通过捕捉不变密度(取决于 DTC 和噪声振幅)相对于快速波动扩散(取决于噪声振幅)的形状实现的。我们引入了一种新的高性能时间序列统计量--重标定自密度(RAD),它结合了这两种算法成分。然后,我们利用 RAD 提供了新的证据,证明视觉层次结构中较高的脑区位置更接近临界点,从而支持了现有的关于大脑组织模式的假设,而这些模式是 DTC 的传统指标所无法检测到的。我们的研究结果展示了大规模算法比较如何产生理论见解,从而激发新的理论和可解释的算法,以解决现实世界中的重要问题。
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引用次数: 0
Corrections to Diffusion in Interacting Quantum Systems 相互作用量子系统中的扩散修正
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031020
Alexios A. Michailidis, Dmitry A. Abanin, Luca V. Delacrétaz
The approach to equilibrium in interacting classical and quantum systems is a challenging problem of both theoretical and experimental interest. One useful organizing principle characterizing equilibration is the dissipative universality class, the most prevalent one being diffusion. In this paper, we use the effective field theory (EFT) of diffusion to systematically obtain universal power-law corrections to diffusion. We then employ large-scale simulations of classical and quantum systems to explore their validity. In particular, we find universal scaling functions for the corrections to the dynamical structure factor n(x,t)n, in the presence of a single U(1) or SU(2) charge in systems with and without particle-hole symmetry, and present the framework to generalize the calculation to multiple charges. Classical simulations show remarkable agreement with EFT predictions for subleading corrections, pushing precision tests of effective theories for thermalizing systems to an unprecedented level. Moving to quantum systems, we perform large-scale tensor-network simulations in unitary and noisy 1D Floquet systems with conserved magnetization. We find a qualitative agreement with EFT, which becomes quantitative in the case of noisy systems. Additionally, we show how the knowledge of EFT corrections allows for fitting methods, which can improve the estimation of transport parameters at the intermediate times accessible by simulations and experiments. Finally, we explore nonlinear response in quantum systems and find that EFT provides an accurate prediction for its behavior. Our results provide a basis for a better understanding of the nonlinear phenomena present in thermalizing systems.
在相互作用的经典和量子系统中,如何达到平衡是一个具有挑战性的理论和实验问题。表征平衡的一个有用的组织原则是耗散普遍性类,其中最普遍的是扩散。在本文中,我们利用扩散的有效场理论(EFT)系统地获得了扩散的普遍幂律修正。然后,我们利用经典和量子系统的大规模模拟来探索它们的有效性。特别是,在有粒子-空穴对称性和无粒子-空穴对称性的系统中,当存在单U(1)或SU(2)电荷时,我们找到了动力学结构因子⟨n(x,t)n⟩修正的普遍缩放函数,并提出了将计算推广到多电荷的框架。经典模拟显示出与 EFT 预测的次导修正的显著一致性,将热化系统有效理论的精确测试推向了前所未有的高度。转到量子系统,我们在具有守恒磁化的单元和噪声一维 Floquet 系统中进行了大规模张量网络模拟。我们发现了与 EFT 的定性一致,而在有噪声系统中,这种定性一致变成了定量一致。此外,我们还展示了 EFT 修正知识如何允许拟合方法,从而改进模拟和实验可获得的中间时间的输运参数估计。最后,我们探讨了量子系统中的非线性响应,发现 EFT 可以准确预测其行为。我们的研究结果为更好地理解热化系统中的非线性现象奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Proteinaceous Nanoshells with Quasicrystalline Local Order 具有准晶体局部有序性的蛋白质纳米壳
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031019
Sergei B. Rochal, Aleksey S. Roshal, Olga V. Konevtsova, Rudolf Podgornik
Among various proteinaceous nanocontainers and nanoparticles, the most promising ones for various applications in nano- and medical science appear to be those whose structures differ fundamentally from icosahedral viral capsids described by the paradigmatic Caspar-Klug model. By analyzing such anomalous assemblies represented in the Protein Data Bank, we identify a series of shells with square-triangular local order and find that most of them originate from short-period approximants of a dodecagonal tiling consisting of square and triangular tiles. Examining the nonequilibrium assembly of such packings, we propose a new method for obtaining periodic square-triangle approximants and then construct the simplest models of tetragonal, octahedral, and icosahedral shells based on cubic and icosahedral nets cut from the approximant structures. Since gluing the nets can change the distances between adjacent vertices of the resulting shell, we introduce an effective energy, the minimization of which equalizes these distances. While the obtained spherical polyhedra reproduce the structures of experimentally observed protein shells and nanoparticles, the principles of protein organization that we lay out, and the ensuing structural models, can help to discover and investigate similar systems in the future.
在各种蛋白质纳米容器和纳米粒子中,最有希望应用于纳米和医学领域的似乎是那些其结构与典型的卡斯帕-克鲁格(Caspar-Klug)模型所描述的二十面体病毒外壳有着本质区别的纳米容器和纳米粒子。通过分析蛋白质数据库(Protein Data Bank)中的此类反常组装体,我们确定了一系列具有正方形-三角形局部阶次的壳,并发现其中大多数壳源自由正方形和三角形瓦片组成的十二边形瓦片的短周期近似物。通过研究此类堆积的非平衡组装,我们提出了一种获得周期性方三角近似值的新方法,然后根据从近似值结构上切割的立方体和二十面体网,构建了最简单的四方、八方和二十面体壳模型。由于粘合网会改变所得到的壳的相邻顶点之间的距离,因此我们引入了有效能量,通过最小化有效能量来均衡这些距离。虽然所得到的球形多面体再现了实验观察到的蛋白质外壳和纳米粒子的结构,但我们所阐述的蛋白质组织原理以及随之而来的结构模型有助于今后发现和研究类似的系统。
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引用次数: 0
Anomalous Landau Level Gaps Near Magnetic Transitions in Monolayer WSe2 单层 WSe2 磁跃迁附近的反常朗道电平间隙
IF 12.5 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031018
Benjamin A. Foutty, Vladimir Calvera, Zhaoyu Han, Carlos R. Kometter, Song Liu, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, James C. Hone, Steven A. Kivelson, Benjamin E. Feldman
First-order phase transitions produce abrupt changes to the character of both ground and excited electronic states. Here we conduct electronic compressibility measurements to map the spin phase diagram and Landau level (LL) energies of monolayer WSe2 in a magnetic field. We resolve a sequence of first-order phase transitions between completely spin-polarized LLs and states with LLs of both spins. Unexpectedly, the LL gaps are roughly constant over a wide range of magnetic fields below the transitions, which we show reflects spin-polarized ground states with opposite spin excitations. These transitions also extend into compressible regimes, with a sawtooth boundary between full and partial spin polarization. We link these observations to the important influence of LL filling on the exchange energy beyond a smooth density-dependent contribution. Our results show that WSe2 realizes a unique hierarchy of energy scales where such effects induce reentrant magnetic phase transitions tuned by density and magnetic field.
一阶相变会突然改变基态和激发态的电子特性。在这里,我们进行了电子可压缩性测量,以绘制磁场中单层 WSe2 的自旋相图和朗道水平(LL)能量图。我们解析了完全自旋极化的 LL 与具有两种自旋 LL 的状态之间的一系列一阶相变。出乎意料的是,在跃迁以下的宽磁场范围内,LL 间隙大致保持不变,我们发现这反映了具有相反自旋激发的自旋极化基态。这些转变还延伸到了可压缩状态,在完全自旋极化和部分自旋极化之间出现了锯齿边界。我们将这些观察结果与 LL 填充对交换能的重要影响联系起来,而不仅仅是与密度相关的平滑贡献。我们的研究结果表明,WSe2 实现了一种独特的能级层次,在这种层次中,这种效应会诱发由密度和磁场调整的重入磁相变。
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Physical Review X
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