Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.039901
Gregory L. Eyink
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.039901
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.039901
{"title":"Erratum: Josephson-Anderson Relation and the Classical D’Alembert Paradox [Phys. Rev. X 11, 031054 (2021)]","authors":"Gregory L. Eyink","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.039901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.039901","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.039901</span>","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142084879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031036
Ioannis Karapatzakis, Jeremias Resch, Marcel Schrodin, Philipp Fuchs, Michael Kieschnick, Julia Heupel, Luis Kussi, Christoph Sürgers, Cyril Popov, Jan Meijer, Christoph Becher, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer, David Hunger
Group-IV color centers in diamond are promising candidates for quantum networks due to their dominant zero-phonon line and symmetry-protected optical transitions that connect to coherent spin levels. The negatively charged tin-vacancy (SnV) center possesses long electron spin lifetimes due to its large spin-orbit splitting. However, the magnetic dipole transitions required for microwave spin control are suppressed, and strain is necessary to enable these transitions. Recent work has shown spin control of strained emitters using microwave lines that suffer from Ohmic losses, restricting coherence through heating. We utilize a superconducting coplanar waveguide to measure SnV centers subjected to strain, observing substantial improvement. A detailed analysis of the SnV center electron spin Hamiltonian based on the angle-dependent splitting of the ground and excited states is performed. We demonstrate coherent spin manipulation and obtain a Hahn echo coherence time of up to . With dynamical decoupling, we can prolong coherence to , about a sixfold improvement compared to earlier works. We also observe a nearby coupling spin, which may serve as a quantum memory, thus substantiating the potential of SnV centers in diamond and demonstrates the benefit of superconducting microwave structures.
{"title":"Microwave Control of the Tin-Vacancy Spin Qubit in Diamond with a Superconducting Waveguide","authors":"Ioannis Karapatzakis, Jeremias Resch, Marcel Schrodin, Philipp Fuchs, Michael Kieschnick, Julia Heupel, Luis Kussi, Christoph Sürgers, Cyril Popov, Jan Meijer, Christoph Becher, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer, David Hunger","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031036","url":null,"abstract":"Group-IV color centers in diamond are promising candidates for quantum networks due to their dominant zero-phonon line and symmetry-protected optical transitions that connect to coherent spin levels. The negatively charged tin-vacancy (SnV) center possesses long electron spin lifetimes due to its large spin-orbit splitting. However, the magnetic dipole transitions required for microwave spin control are suppressed, and strain is necessary to enable these transitions. Recent work has shown spin control of strained emitters using microwave lines that suffer from Ohmic losses, restricting coherence through heating. We utilize a superconducting coplanar waveguide to measure SnV centers subjected to strain, observing substantial improvement. A detailed analysis of the SnV center electron spin Hamiltonian based on the angle-dependent splitting of the ground and excited states is performed. We demonstrate coherent spin manipulation and obtain a Hahn echo coherence time of up to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>430</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">μ</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s</mi></mrow></math>. With dynamical decoupling, we can prolong coherence to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>ms</mi></mrow></math>, about a sixfold improvement compared to earlier works. We also observe a nearby coupling <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></math> spin, which may serve as a quantum memory, thus substantiating the potential of SnV centers in diamond and demonstrates the benefit of superconducting microwave structures.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031035
Benoît Vermersch, Marko Ljubotina, J. Ignacio Cirac, Peter Zoller, Maksym Serbyn, Lorenzo Piroli
Estimating global properties of many-body quantum systems such as entropy or bipartite entanglement is a notoriously difficult task, typically requiring a number of measurements or classical postprocessing resources growing exponentially in the system size. In this work, we address the problem of estimating global entropies and mixed-state entanglement via partial-transposed (PT) moments and show that efficient estimation strategies exist under the assumption that all the spatial correlation lengths are finite. Focusing on one-dimensional systems, we identify a set of approximate factorization conditions (AFCs) on the system density matrix, which allow us to reconstruct entropies and PT moments from information on local subsystems. This identification yields a simple and efficient strategy for entropy and entanglement estimation. Our method could be implemented in different ways, depending on how information on local subsystems is extracted. Focusing on randomized measurements providing a practical and common measurement scheme, we prove that our protocol requires only polynomially many measurements and postprocessing operations, assuming that the state to be measured satisfies the AFCs. We prove that the AFCs hold for finite-depth quantum-circuit states and translation-invariant matrix-product density operators and provide numerical evidence that they are satisfied in more general, physically interesting cases, including thermal states of local Hamiltonians. We argue that our method could be practically useful to detect bipartite mixed-state entanglement for large numbers of qubits available in today’s quantum platforms.
{"title":"Many-Body Entropies and Entanglement from Polynomially Many Local Measurements","authors":"Benoît Vermersch, Marko Ljubotina, J. Ignacio Cirac, Peter Zoller, Maksym Serbyn, Lorenzo Piroli","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031035","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating global properties of many-body quantum systems such as entropy or bipartite entanglement is a notoriously difficult task, typically requiring a number of measurements or classical postprocessing resources growing exponentially in the system size. In this work, we address the problem of estimating global entropies and mixed-state entanglement via partial-transposed (PT) moments and show that efficient estimation strategies exist under the assumption that all the spatial correlation lengths are finite. Focusing on one-dimensional systems, we identify a set of approximate factorization conditions (AFCs) on the system density matrix, which allow us to reconstruct entropies and PT moments from information on local subsystems. This identification yields a simple and efficient strategy for entropy and entanglement estimation. Our method could be implemented in different ways, depending on how information on local subsystems is extracted. Focusing on randomized measurements providing a practical and common measurement scheme, we prove that our protocol requires only polynomially many measurements and postprocessing operations, assuming that the state to be measured satisfies the AFCs. We prove that the AFCs hold for finite-depth quantum-circuit states and translation-invariant matrix-product density operators and provide numerical evidence that they are satisfied in more general, physically interesting cases, including thermal states of local Hamiltonians. We argue that our method could be practically useful to detect bipartite mixed-state entanglement for large numbers of qubits available in today’s quantum platforms.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142084881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031034
Jason Kaye, Zhen Huang, Hugo U. R. Strand, Denis Golež
We present a deterministic algorithm for the efficient evaluation of imaginary-time diagrams based on the recently introduced discrete Lehmann representation (DLR) of imaginary-time Green’s functions. In addition to the efficient discretization of diagrammatic integrals afforded by its approximation properties, the DLR basis is separable in imaginary-time, allowing us to decompose diagrams into linear combinations of nested sequences of one-dimensional products and convolutions. Focusing on the strong-coupling bold-line expansion of generalized Anderson impurity models, we show that our strategy reduces the computational complexity of evaluating an th-order diagram at inverse temperature and spectral width from for a direct quadrature to , with controllable high-order accuracy. We benchmark our algorithm using third-order expansions for multiband impurity problems with off-diagonal hybridization and spin-orbit coupling, presenting comparisons with exact diagonalization and quantum Monte Carlo approaches. In particular, we perform a self-consistent dynamical mean-field theory calculation for a three-band Hubbard model with strong spin-orbit coupling representing a minimal model of , demonstrating the promise of the method for modeling realistic strongly correlated multiband materials. For both strong and weak coupling expansions of low and intermediate order, in which diagrams can be enumerated, our method provides an efficient, straightforward, and robust blackbox evaluation procedure. In this sense, it fills a gap between diagrammatic approximations of the l
{"title":"Decomposing Imaginary-Time Feynman Diagrams Using Separable Basis Functions: Anderson Impurity Model Strong-Coupling Expansion","authors":"Jason Kaye, Zhen Huang, Hugo U. R. Strand, Denis Golež","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031034","url":null,"abstract":"We present a deterministic algorithm for the efficient evaluation of imaginary-time diagrams based on the recently introduced discrete Lehmann representation (DLR) of imaginary-time Green’s functions. In addition to the efficient discretization of diagrammatic integrals afforded by its approximation properties, the DLR basis is separable in imaginary-time, allowing us to decompose diagrams into linear combinations of nested sequences of one-dimensional products and convolutions. Focusing on the strong-coupling bold-line expansion of generalized Anderson impurity models, we show that our strategy reduces the computational complexity of evaluating an <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>M</mi></math>th-order diagram at inverse temperature <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>β</mi></math> and spectral width <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></math> from <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi><mo mathvariant=\"bold\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi>β</mi><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>M</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo mathvariant=\"bold\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></math> for a direct quadrature to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"script\">O</mi><mo mathvariant=\"bold\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi>log</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi>β</mi><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo><msup><mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo mathvariant=\"bold\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></math>, with controllable high-order accuracy. We benchmark our algorithm using third-order expansions for multiband impurity problems with off-diagonal hybridization and spin-orbit coupling, presenting comparisons with exact diagonalization and quantum Monte Carlo approaches. In particular, we perform a self-consistent dynamical mean-field theory calculation for a three-band Hubbard model with strong spin-orbit coupling representing a minimal model of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Ca</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>RuO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math>, demonstrating the promise of the method for modeling realistic strongly correlated multiband materials. For both strong and weak coupling expansions of low and intermediate order, in which diagrams can be enumerated, our method provides an efficient, straightforward, and robust blackbox evaluation procedure. In this sense, it fills a gap between diagrammatic approximations of the l","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142084882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore generalized global symmetries in theories of physics beyond the standard model. Theories of bosons generically contain “noninvertible” chiral symmetries, whose presence indicates a natural paradigm to break this symmetry by an exponentially small amount in an ultraviolet completion. For example, in models of gauged lepton family difference such as the phenomenologically well motivated , there is a noninvertible lepton number symmetry which protects neutrino masses. We embed these theories in gauged non-Abelian horizontal lepton symmetries, e.g., , where the generalized symmetries are broken nonperturbatively by the existence of lepton family magnetic monopoles. In such theories, either Majorana or Dirac neutrino masses may be generated through quantum gauge theory effects from the charged lepton Yukawas, e.g., . These theories require no bevy of new fields nor ad hoc additional global symmetries but are instead simple, natural, and predictive: The discovery of a lepton family at low energies will reveal the scale at which emerges from a larger gauge symmetry.
{"title":"Neutrino Masses from Generalized Symmetry Breaking","authors":"Clay Córdova, Sungwoo Hong, Seth Koren, Kantaro Ohmori","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031033","url":null,"abstract":"We explore generalized global symmetries in theories of physics beyond the standard model. Theories of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mi>Z</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></math> bosons generically contain “noninvertible” chiral symmetries, whose presence indicates a natural paradigm to break this symmetry by an exponentially small amount in an ultraviolet completion. For example, in models of gauged lepton family difference such as the phenomenologically well motivated <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">U</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msub><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>μ</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>τ</mi></msub></mrow></msub></math>, there is a noninvertible lepton number symmetry which protects neutrino masses. We embed these theories in gauged non-Abelian horizontal lepton symmetries, e.g., <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">U</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msub><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>μ</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>τ</mi></msub></mrow></msub><mo>⊂</mo><mrow><mi>SU</mi></mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo><mi>H</mi></msub></math>, where the generalized symmetries are broken nonperturbatively by the existence of lepton family magnetic monopoles. In such theories, either Majorana or Dirac neutrino masses may be generated through quantum gauge theory effects from the charged lepton Yukawas, e.g., <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>ν</mi></msub><mo>∼</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>τ</mi></msub><mi>exp</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mi>inst</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></math>. These theories require no bevy of new fields nor <i>ad hoc</i> additional global symmetries but are instead simple, natural, and predictive: The discovery of a lepton family <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mi>Z</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></math> at low energies will reveal the scale at which <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>μ</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>τ</mi></msub></math> emerges from a larger gauge symmetry.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031032
Giulia Preti, Adriano Fazzone, Giovanni Petri, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales
Despite the widespread adoption of higher-order mathematical structures such as hypergraphs, methodological tools for their analysis lag behind those for traditional graphs. This work addresses a critical gap in this context by proposing two microcanonical random null models for directed hypergraphs: the directed hypergraph degree model (dhdm) and the directed hypergraph JOINT model (dhjm). These models preserve essential structural properties of directed hypergraphs such as node in- and out-degree sequences and hyperedge head- and tail-size sequences, or their joint tensor. We also describe two efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms, nudhy-degs and nudhy-joint, to sample random hypergraphs from these ensembles. To showcase the interdisciplinary applicability of the proposed null models, we present three distinct use cases in sociology, epidemiology, and economics. First, we reveal the oscillatory behavior of increased homophily in opposition parties in the U.S. Congress over a 40-year span, emphasizing the role of higher-order structures in quantifying political group homophily. Second, we investigate a nonlinear contagion in contact hypernetworks, demonstrating that disparities between simulations and theoretical predictions can be explained by considering higher-order joint degree distributions. Last, we examine the economic complexity of countries in the global trade network, showing that local network properties preserved by nudhy explain the main structural economic complexity indexes. This work advances the development of null models for directed hypergraphs, addressing the intricate challenges posed by their complex entity relations, and providing a versatile suite of tools for researchers across various domains.
{"title":"Higher-Order Null Models as a Lens for Social Systems","authors":"Giulia Preti, Adriano Fazzone, Giovanni Petri, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031032","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the widespread adoption of higher-order mathematical structures such as hypergraphs, methodological tools for their analysis lag behind those for traditional graphs. This work addresses a critical gap in this context by proposing two microcanonical random null models for directed hypergraphs: the directed hypergraph degree model (<span>dhdm</span>) and the directed hypergraph JOINT model (<span>dhjm</span>). These models preserve essential structural properties of directed hypergraphs such as node in- and out-degree sequences and hyperedge head- and tail-size sequences, or their joint tensor. We also describe two efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms, <span>nudhy</span>-<span>degs</span> and <span>nudhy</span>-<span>joint</span>, to sample random hypergraphs from these ensembles. To showcase the interdisciplinary applicability of the proposed null models, we present three distinct use cases in sociology, epidemiology, and economics. First, we reveal the oscillatory behavior of increased homophily in opposition parties in the U.S. Congress over a 40-year span, emphasizing the role of higher-order structures in quantifying political group homophily. Second, we investigate a nonlinear contagion in contact hypernetworks, demonstrating that disparities between simulations and theoretical predictions can be explained by considering higher-order joint degree distributions. Last, we examine the economic complexity of countries in the global trade network, showing that local network properties preserved by <span>nudhy</span> explain the main structural economic complexity indexes. This work advances the development of null models for directed hypergraphs, addressing the intricate challenges posed by their complex entity relations, and providing a versatile suite of tools for researchers across various domains.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031031
Filippo De Luca, Ivan Maryshev, Erwin Frey
Active matter systems evade the constraints of thermal equilibrium, leading to the emergence of intriguing collective behavior. A paradigmatic example is given by motor-filament mixtures, where the motion of motor proteins drives alignment and sliding interactions between filaments and their self-organization into macroscopic structures. After defining a microscopic model for these systems, we derive continuum equations, exhibiting the formation of active supramolecular assemblies such as micelles, bilayers, and foams. The transition between these structures is driven by a branching instability, which destabilizes the orientational order within the micelles, leading to the growth of bilayers at high microtubule densities. Additionally, we identify a fingering instability, modulating the shape of the micelle interface at high motor densities. We study the role of various mechanisms in these two instabilities, such as contractility, active splay, and anchoring, allowing for generalization beyond the system considered here.
{"title":"Supramolecular Assemblies in Active Motor-Filament Systems: Micelles, Bilayers, and Foams","authors":"Filippo De Luca, Ivan Maryshev, Erwin Frey","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031031","url":null,"abstract":"Active matter systems evade the constraints of thermal equilibrium, leading to the emergence of intriguing collective behavior. A paradigmatic example is given by motor-filament mixtures, where the motion of motor proteins drives alignment and sliding interactions between filaments and their self-organization into macroscopic structures. After defining a microscopic model for these systems, we derive continuum equations, exhibiting the formation of active supramolecular assemblies such as micelles, bilayers, and foams. The transition between these structures is driven by a branching instability, which destabilizes the orientational order within the micelles, leading to the growth of bilayers at high microtubule densities. Additionally, we identify a fingering instability, modulating the shape of the micelle interface at high motor densities. We study the role of various mechanisms in these two instabilities, such as contractility, active splay, and anchoring, allowing for generalization beyond the system considered here.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031030
Samarth Hawaldar, Prakriti Shahi, Allison L. Carter, Ana Maria Rey, John J. Bollinger, Athreya Shankar
Trapped-ion systems are a leading platform for quantum information processing, but they are currently limited to 1D and 2D arrays, which imposes restrictions on both their scalability and their range of applications. Here, we propose a path to overcome this limitation by demonstrating that Penning traps can be used to realize remarkably clean bilayer crystals, wherein hundreds of ions self-organize into two well-defined layers. These bilayer crystals are made possible by the inclusion of an anharmonic trapping potential, which is readily implementable with current technology. We study the normal modes of this system and discover salient differences compared to the modes of single-plane crystals. The bilayer geometry and the unique properties of the normal modes open new opportunities—in particular, in quantum sensing and quantum simulation—that are not straightforward in single-plane crystals. Furthermore, we illustrate that it may be possible to extend the ideas presented here to realize multilayer crystals with more than two layers. Our work increases the dimensionality of trapped-ion systems by efficiently utilizing all three spatial dimensions, and it lays the foundation for a new generation of quantum information processing experiments with multilayer 3D crystals of trapped ions.
{"title":"Bilayer Crystals of Trapped Ions for Quantum Information Processing","authors":"Samarth Hawaldar, Prakriti Shahi, Allison L. Carter, Ana Maria Rey, John J. Bollinger, Athreya Shankar","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031030","url":null,"abstract":"Trapped-ion systems are a leading platform for quantum information processing, but they are currently limited to 1D and 2D arrays, which imposes restrictions on both their scalability and their range of applications. Here, we propose a path to overcome this limitation by demonstrating that Penning traps can be used to realize remarkably clean bilayer crystals, wherein hundreds of ions self-organize into two well-defined layers. These bilayer crystals are made possible by the inclusion of an anharmonic trapping potential, which is readily implementable with current technology. We study the normal modes of this system and discover salient differences compared to the modes of single-plane crystals. The bilayer geometry and the unique properties of the normal modes open new opportunities—in particular, in quantum sensing and quantum simulation—that are not straightforward in single-plane crystals. Furthermore, we illustrate that it may be possible to extend the ideas presented here to realize multilayer crystals with more than two layers. Our work increases the dimensionality of trapped-ion systems by efficiently utilizing all three spatial dimensions, and it lays the foundation for a new generation of quantum information processing experiments with multilayer 3D crystals of trapped ions.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031029
Dominik Hahn, David J. Luitz, J. T. Chalker
We consider the statistical properties of eigenstates of the time-evolution operator in chaotic many-body quantum systems. Our focus is on correlations between eigenstates that are specific to spatially extended systems and that characterize entanglement dynamics and operator spreading. In order to isolate these aspects of dynamics from those arising as a result of local conservation laws, we consider Floquet systems in which there are no conserved densities. The correlations associated with scrambling of quantum information lie outside the standard framework established by the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH). In particular, ETH provides a statistical description of matrix elements of local operators between pairs of eigenstates, whereas the aspects of dynamics we are concerned with arise from correlations among sets of four or more eigenstates. We establish the simplest correlation function that captures these correlations and discuss features of its behavior that are expected to be universal at long distances and low energies. We also propose a maximum-entropy ansatz for the joint distribution of a small number of eigenstates. In the case , this ansatz reproduces ETH. For it captures both the growth with time of entanglement between subsystems, as characterized by the purity of the time-evolution operator, and also operator spreading, as characterized by the behavior of the out-of-time-order correlator. We test these ideas by comparing results from Monte Carlo sampling of our ansatz with exact diagonalization studies of Floquet quantum circuits.
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Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.031028
Jeffrey Neethirajan, Benedikt J. Daurer, Marisel Di Pietro Martínez, Aleš Hrabec, Luke Turnbull, Rikako Yamamoto, Marina Raboni Ferreira, Aleš Štefančič, Daniel Alexander Mayoh, Geetha Balakrishnan, Zhaowen Pei, Pengfei Xue, Liao Chang, Emilie Ringe, Richard Harrison, Sergio Valencia, Majid Kazemian, Burkhard Kaulich, Claire Donnelly
Imaging of nanoscale magnetic textures within extended material systems is of critical importance to both fundamental research and technological applications. While high-resolution magnetic imaging of thin nanoscale samples is well established with electron and soft x-ray microscopy, the extension to micrometer-thick systems currently requires hard x rays, which limits high-resolution imaging to rare-earth magnets. Here, we overcome this limitation by establishing soft x-ray magnetic imaging of micrometer-thick systems using the pre-edge phase x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal, thus making possible the study of a wide range of magnetic materials. By performing dichroic spectroptychography, we demonstrate high spatial resolution imaging of magnetic samples up to thick, an order of magnitude higher than conventionally possible with soft x-ray absorption-based techniques. We demonstrate the applicability of the technique by harnessing the pre-edge phase to image thick chiral helimagnets, and naturally occurring magnetite particles, gaining insight into their three-dimensional magnetic configuration. This new regime of magnetic imaging makes possible the study of extended non-rare-earth systems that have until now been inaccessible, including magnetic textures for future spintronic applications, non-rare-earth permanent magnets for energy harvesting, and the magnetic configuration of giant magnetofossils.
对扩展材料系统中的纳米级磁纹理进行成像对于基础研究和技术应用都至关重要。虽然薄纳米级样品的高分辨率磁成像已通过电子显微镜和软 X 射线显微镜得到证实，但要扩展到微米厚的系统目前还需要硬 X 射线，这就限制了稀土磁体的高分辨率成像。在这里，我们利用前沿相位 X 射线磁性圆二色性信号建立了微米厚系统的软 X 射线磁性成像，从而克服了这一限制，使对各种磁性材料的研究成为可能。通过进行分色光谱分析，我们展示了厚度达 1.7 微米的磁性样品的高空间分辨率成像，比传统的基于软 X 射线吸收的技术高出一个数量级。我们利用前沿相位对厚手性自旋磁体和天然磁铁矿颗粒进行成像，深入了解它们的三维磁性构造，从而证明了该技术的适用性。这种新的磁成像技术使我们有可能研究到目前为止还无法进入的扩展非稀土系统，包括未来自旋电子应用的磁纹理、用于能量收集的非稀土永磁体以及巨型磁化石的磁构型。
{"title":"Soft X-Ray Phase Nanomicroscopy of Micrometer-Thick Magnets","authors":"Jeffrey Neethirajan, Benedikt J. Daurer, Marisel Di Pietro Martínez, Aleš Hrabec, Luke Turnbull, Rikako Yamamoto, Marina Raboni Ferreira, Aleš Štefančič, Daniel Alexander Mayoh, Geetha Balakrishnan, Zhaowen Pei, Pengfei Xue, Liao Chang, Emilie Ringe, Richard Harrison, Sergio Valencia, Majid Kazemian, Burkhard Kaulich, Claire Donnelly","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.14.031028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.14.031028","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging of nanoscale magnetic textures within extended material systems is of critical importance to both fundamental research and technological applications. While high-resolution magnetic imaging of thin nanoscale samples is well established with electron and soft x-ray microscopy, the extension to micrometer-thick systems currently requires hard x rays, which limits high-resolution imaging to rare-earth magnets. Here, we overcome this limitation by establishing soft x-ray magnetic imaging of micrometer-thick systems using the pre-edge phase x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal, thus making possible the study of a wide range of magnetic materials. By performing dichroic spectroptychography, we demonstrate high spatial resolution imaging of magnetic samples up to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mn>1.7</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">μ</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mi></mrow></mrow></math> thick, an order of magnitude higher than conventionally possible with soft x-ray absorption-based techniques. We demonstrate the applicability of the technique by harnessing the pre-edge phase to image thick chiral helimagnets, and naturally occurring magnetite particles, gaining insight into their three-dimensional magnetic configuration. This new regime of magnetic imaging makes possible the study of extended non-rare-earth systems that have until now been inaccessible, including magnetic textures for future spintronic applications, non-rare-earth permanent magnets for energy harvesting, and the magnetic configuration of giant magnetofossils.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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