Recently, several notions of entanglement in time have emerged as a novel frontier in quantum many-body physics, quantum field theory, and gravity. We propose a systematic prescription to characterize temporal entanglement in relativistic quantum field theory in a general state for an arbitrary subregion on a flat, constant time slice in a flat spacetime. Our prescription starts with the standard entanglement entropy of a spatial subregion and amounts to transporting the unchanged subregion to boosted time slices all the way across the light cone when it becomes, in general, a complex characterization of the corresponding temporal subregion. For holographic quantum field theories, our prescription amounts to an analytic continuation of all codimension-two bulk extremal surfaces satisfying the homology constraint and picking the one with the smallest real value of the area as the leading saddle point. We implement this prescription for holographic conformal field theories in thermal states on both a two-dimensional Lorentzian cylinder and three-dimensional Minkowski space, and we show that it leads to results with self-consistent physical properties of temporal entanglement.
{"title":"Temporal Entanglement from Holographic Entanglement Entropy","authors":"Michal P. Heller, Fabio Ori, Alexandre Serantes","doi":"10.1103/qlsv-gp22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/qlsv-gp22","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, several notions of entanglement in time have emerged as a novel frontier in quantum many-body physics, quantum field theory, and gravity. We propose a systematic prescription to characterize temporal entanglement in relativistic quantum field theory in a general state for an arbitrary subregion on a flat, constant time slice in a flat spacetime. Our prescription starts with the standard entanglement entropy of a spatial subregion and amounts to transporting the unchanged subregion to boosted time slices all the way across the light cone when it becomes, in general, a complex characterization of the corresponding temporal subregion. For holographic quantum field theories, our prescription amounts to an analytic continuation of all codimension-two bulk extremal surfaces satisfying the homology constraint and picking the one with the smallest real value of the area as the leading saddle point. We implement this prescription for holographic conformal field theories in thermal states on both a two-dimensional Lorentzian cylinder and three-dimensional Minkowski space, and we show that it leads to results with self-consistent physical properties of temporal entanglement.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Valentini, M. W. van Mourik, F. Butt, J. Wahl, M. Dietl, M. Pfeifer, F. Anmasser, Y. Colombe, C. Rössler, P. C. Holz, R. Blatt, A. Bermudez, M. Müller, T. Monz, P. Schindler
A major hurdle for building a large-scale quantum computer is increasing the number of qubits while maintaining connectivity between them. In trapped-ion devices, this connectivity can be achieved by moving subregisters consisting of a few ions across the processor. Here, we focus on an architecture, which we refer to as the quantum spring array (QSA), that is based on a rectangular two-dimensional lattice of linear strings of ions. Connectivity between adjacent ion strings can be controlled by adjusting their separation. This requires control of trapping potentials along two directions, one along the axis of the ion string and one radial to it. In this work, we investigate key elements of the QSA architecture along both directions: We show that the coupling rate between neighboring lattice sites increases with the number of ions per site and the motion of the coupled system can be resilient to electrical noise, both being key requisites for fast and high-fidelity quantum gate operations. The coherence of the coupling is assessed and an entangling gate between qubits stored in radially separated trapping regions is demonstrated. Moreover, we demonstrate control over radio-frequency signals to adjust the radial separation, and thus the coupling rate, between strings. We further present constructions for the implementation of parallelized, transversal gate operations, and map the QSA architecture to code primitives for fault-tolerant quantum error correction, providing a step towards a quantum processor architecture that is optimized for large-scale operation.
{"title":"Demonstration of Two-Dimensional Connectivity for a Scalable Error-Corrected Ion-Trap Quantum Processor Architecture","authors":"M. Valentini, M. W. van Mourik, F. Butt, J. Wahl, M. Dietl, M. Pfeifer, F. Anmasser, Y. Colombe, C. Rössler, P. C. Holz, R. Blatt, A. Bermudez, M. Müller, T. Monz, P. Schindler","doi":"10.1103/b9s1-6r44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/b9s1-6r44","url":null,"abstract":"A major hurdle for building a large-scale quantum computer is increasing the number of qubits while maintaining connectivity between them. In trapped-ion devices, this connectivity can be achieved by moving subregisters consisting of a few ions across the processor. Here, we focus on an architecture, which we refer to as the quantum spring array (QSA), that is based on a rectangular two-dimensional lattice of linear strings of ions. Connectivity between adjacent ion strings can be controlled by adjusting their separation. This requires control of trapping potentials along two directions, one along the axis of the ion string and one radial to it. In this work, we investigate key elements of the QSA architecture along both directions: We show that the coupling rate between neighboring lattice sites increases with the number of ions per site and the motion of the coupled system can be resilient to electrical noise, both being key requisites for fast and high-fidelity quantum gate operations. The coherence of the coupling is assessed and an entangling gate between qubits stored in radially separated trapping regions is demonstrated. Moreover, we demonstrate control over radio-frequency signals to adjust the radial separation, and thus the coupling rate, between strings. We further present constructions for the implementation of parallelized, transversal gate operations, and map the QSA architecture to code primitives for fault-tolerant quantum error correction, providing a step towards a quantum processor architecture that is optimized for large-scale operation.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.15.041015
David Martin, Daniel Seara, Yael Avni, Michel Fruchart, Vincenzo Vitelli
Two hallmarks of nonequilibrium systems, from active colloids to animal herds, are agent motility and nonreciprocal interactions. Their interplay creates feedback loops that lead to complex spatiotemporal dynamics crucial to understand and control the nonlinear response of active systems. Here, we introduce a minimal model that captures these two features at the microscopic scale while admitting an exact hydrodynamic theory valid also in the fully nonlinear regime. Using statistical mechanics techniques, we exactly coarse-grain our nonreciprocal microscopic model into a fluctuating hydrodynamics and use dynamical systems insights to analyze the resulting equations. In the absence of motility, we find two transitions to oscillatory phases occurring via distinct mechanisms: a Hopf bifurcation and a saddle node on invariant circle bifurcation. In the presence of motility, this rigorous approach, complemented by numerical simulations, allows us to quantitatively assess the hitherto neglected impact of interspecies nonreciprocity on a paradigmatic transition in active matter: the emergence of collective motion. When nonreciprocity is weak, we show that flocking is accelerated and bands tend to synchronize with a spatial overlap controlled by nonlinearities. When nonreciprocity is strong, flocking is superseded by a chase and rest dynamical phase, where each species alternates between a chasing state, when they propagate, and a resting state, when they stand still. Phenomenological models with linear nonreciprocal couplings fail to predict the chase and rest phase, which illustrates the usefulness of our exact coarse-graining procedure. Finally, we demonstrate how fluctuations in finite systems can be harnessed to characterize microscopic nonreciprocity from macroscopic time-correlation functions, even in phases where nonreciprocal interactions do not affect the thermodynamic steady state.
{"title":"Transition to Collective Motion in Nonreciprocal Active Matter: Coarse Graining Agent-Based Models into Fluctuating Hydrodynamics","authors":"David Martin, Daniel Seara, Yael Avni, Michel Fruchart, Vincenzo Vitelli","doi":"10.1103/physrevx.15.041015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.15.041015","url":null,"abstract":"Two hallmarks of nonequilibrium systems, from active colloids to animal herds, are agent motility and nonreciprocal interactions. Their interplay creates feedback loops that lead to complex spatiotemporal dynamics crucial to understand and control the nonlinear response of active systems. Here, we introduce a minimal model that captures these two features at the microscopic scale while admitting an exact hydrodynamic theory valid also in the fully nonlinear regime. Using statistical mechanics techniques, we exactly coarse-grain our nonreciprocal microscopic model into a fluctuating hydrodynamics and use dynamical systems insights to analyze the resulting equations. In the absence of motility, we find two transitions to oscillatory phases occurring via distinct mechanisms: a Hopf bifurcation and a saddle node on invariant circle bifurcation. In the presence of motility, this rigorous approach, complemented by numerical simulations, allows us to quantitatively assess the hitherto neglected impact of interspecies nonreciprocity on a paradigmatic transition in active matter: the emergence of collective motion. When nonreciprocity is weak, we show that flocking is accelerated and bands tend to synchronize with a spatial overlap controlled by nonlinearities. When nonreciprocity is strong, flocking is superseded by a chase and rest dynamical phase, where each species alternates between a chasing state, when they propagate, and a resting state, when they stand still. Phenomenological models with linear nonreciprocal couplings fail to predict the chase and rest phase, which illustrates the usefulness of our exact coarse-graining procedure. Finally, we demonstrate how fluctuations in finite systems can be harnessed to characterize microscopic nonreciprocity from macroscopic time-correlation functions, even in phases where nonreciprocal interactions do not affect the thermodynamic steady state.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"258 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent investigations have unveiled exotic quantum phases that elude characterization by simple bipartite correlation functions. In these phases, long-range entanglement arising from tripartite correlations plays a central role. Consequently, the study of multipartite correlations has become a focal point in modern physics. Here, conditional mutual information (CMI) is one of the most well-established information-theoretic measures, adept at encapsulating the essence of various exotic phases, including topologically ordered ones. Within the realm of quantum many-body physics, it has been a long-sought goal to establish a quantum analog to the Hammersley-Clifford theorem that bridges the two concepts of the Gibbs state and the Markov network. This theorem posits that the correlation length of CMI remains short-range across all thermal equilibrium quantum phases. In this work, we demonstrate that CMI exhibits exponential decay with respect to distance, with its correlation length increasing polynomially with respect to the inverse temperature. While this clustering theorem has previously been believed to hold for high temperatures devoid of thermal phase transitions, it has remained elusive at low temperatures, where genuine long-range entanglement is corroborated to exist by the quantum topological order. Our findings unveil that, even at low temperatures, a broad class of tripartite entanglement cannot manifest in the long-range regime. To achieve the proof, we establish a comprehensive formalism for analyzing the locality of effective Hamiltonians on subsystems, commonly known as the “entanglement Hamiltonian” or “Hamiltonian of mean force.” As one outcome of our analyses, we enhance the prior clustering theorem concerning bipartite entanglement. In essence, we investigate genuine bipartite entanglement that extends beyond the limitations of the positive-partial-transpose class.
{"title":"Clustering of Conditional Mutual Information and Quantum Markov Structure at Arbitrary Temperatures","authors":"Tomotaka Kuwahara","doi":"10.1103/9hx7-pzxw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/9hx7-pzxw","url":null,"abstract":"Recent investigations have unveiled exotic quantum phases that elude characterization by simple bipartite correlation functions. In these phases, long-range entanglement arising from tripartite correlations plays a central role. Consequently, the study of multipartite correlations has become a focal point in modern physics. Here, conditional mutual information (CMI) is one of the most well-established information-theoretic measures, adept at encapsulating the essence of various exotic phases, including topologically ordered ones. Within the realm of quantum many-body physics, it has been a long-sought goal to establish a quantum analog to the Hammersley-Clifford theorem that bridges the two concepts of the Gibbs state and the Markov network. This theorem posits that the correlation length of CMI remains short-range across all thermal equilibrium quantum phases. In this work, we demonstrate that CMI exhibits exponential decay with respect to distance, with its correlation length increasing polynomially with respect to the inverse temperature. While this clustering theorem has previously been believed to hold for high temperatures devoid of thermal phase transitions, it has remained elusive at low temperatures, where genuine long-range entanglement is corroborated to exist by the quantum topological order. Our findings unveil that, even at low temperatures, a broad class of tripartite entanglement cannot manifest in the long-range regime. To achieve the proof, we establish a comprehensive formalism for analyzing the locality of effective Hamiltonians on subsystems, commonly known as the “entanglement Hamiltonian” or “Hamiltonian of mean force.” As one outcome of our analyses, we enhance the prior clustering theorem concerning bipartite entanglement. In essence, we investigate genuine bipartite entanglement that extends beyond the limitations of the positive-partial-transpose class.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145305788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical frequency combs have emerged as a cornerstone for a wide range of areas, including spectroscopy, ranging, optical clocks, time and frequency transfer, waveform synthesis, and communications. However, quantum-mechanical fluctuations of the optical carrier impose fundamental performance limits on the precision of classical optical frequency combs, particularly in their use for interferometry and spectroscopy. Entanglement, as a quintessential quantum resource, allows for surpassing the fundamental limits of classical systems. Here, we introduce entanglement into the realm of optical frequency combs, formulating entangled dual-comb spectroscopy (EDCS) that surmounts the fundamental limits of classical DCS. EDCS capitalizes on tailored entangled structures across the frequency comb, enabling simultaneous detection of all comb lines below the standard quantum limit of classical DCS. Applying EDCS in gas detection, we achieve a 2.6-dB enhancement in signal-to-noise ratio and a 1.7-fold reduction in integration time over classical DCS, rendering EDCS particularly suited for dynamic chemical and biological sensing, where fast, precise measurements subject to power constraints are required. EDCS opens a new avenue for exploiting quantum frequency combs, underscoring their prospects in a plethora of applications in precision metrology, spectroscopy, and timekeeping.
{"title":"Entangled Dual-Comb Spectroscopy","authors":"Abdulkarim Hariri, Shuai Liu, Haowei Shi, Quntao Zhuang, Xudong Fan, Zheshen Zhang","doi":"10.1103/plh2-cr8s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/plh2-cr8s","url":null,"abstract":"Optical frequency combs have emerged as a cornerstone for a wide range of areas, including spectroscopy, ranging, optical clocks, time and frequency transfer, waveform synthesis, and communications. However, quantum-mechanical fluctuations of the optical carrier impose fundamental performance limits on the precision of classical optical frequency combs, particularly in their use for interferometry and spectroscopy. Entanglement, as a quintessential quantum resource, allows for surpassing the fundamental limits of classical systems. Here, we introduce entanglement into the realm of optical frequency combs, formulating entangled dual-comb spectroscopy (EDCS) that surmounts the fundamental limits of classical DCS. EDCS capitalizes on tailored entangled structures across the frequency comb, enabling simultaneous detection of all comb lines below the standard quantum limit of classical DCS. Applying EDCS in gas detection, we achieve a 2.6-dB enhancement in signal-to-noise ratio and a 1.7-fold reduction in integration time over classical DCS, rendering EDCS particularly suited for dynamic chemical and biological sensing, where fast, precise measurements subject to power constraints are required. EDCS opens a new avenue for exploiting quantum frequency combs, underscoring their prospects in a plethora of applications in precision metrology, spectroscopy, and timekeeping.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"389 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pauli blocking in Fermi liquids imposes strong phase-space constraints on quasiparticle lifetimes, leading to a well-known quadratic-in-temperature decay rate of quasiparticle modes at low temperatures. In two-dimensional systems, however, even longer-lived modes are predicted (dubbed “odd-parity” modes) that involve a collective deformation of the Fermi distribution. Here, we present an efficient method to evaluate the full spectrum of relaxational eigenmodes of a Fermi liquid within kinetic theory. We employ this method to study the experimentally relevant case of a Fermi liquid with screened Coulomb interactions and map out the decay rates of quasiparticle modes beyond the asymptotic low-temperature limit up to the Fermi temperature, thus covering the entire temperature range of typical experiments. We confirm the existence of anomalously long-lived odd-parity modes and provide a comprehensive classification and detailed analysis of the relaxation spectrum. In particular, we find that (i) the odd-parity effect in the decay rates extends to temperatures as large as T=0.15TF, (ii) there is only a small number of long-lived odd-parity modes, with an infinite number of remaining modes that show standard Fermi-liquid scaling, and (iii) the ratio between the odd- and even-parity lifetimes is tunable with the Coulomb interaction strength, in addition to temperature, which reflects a difference in the microscopic relaxation mechanism of the modes. Our findings provide a comprehensive description of the nonequilibrium relaxation behavior of two-dimensional electron gases and bridge a significant gap in our understanding of these systems.
{"title":"Nonequilibrium Relaxation and Odd-Even Effect in Finite-Temperature Electron Gases","authors":"Eric Nilsson, Ulf Gran, Johannes Hofmann","doi":"10.1103/ly37-5gdw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ly37-5gdw","url":null,"abstract":"Pauli blocking in Fermi liquids imposes strong phase-space constraints on quasiparticle lifetimes, leading to a well-known quadratic-in-temperature decay rate of quasiparticle modes at low temperatures. In two-dimensional systems, however, even longer-lived modes are predicted (dubbed “odd-parity” modes) that involve a collective deformation of the Fermi distribution. Here, we present an efficient method to evaluate the full spectrum of relaxational eigenmodes of a Fermi liquid within kinetic theory. We employ this method to study the experimentally relevant case of a Fermi liquid with screened Coulomb interactions and map out the decay rates of quasiparticle modes beyond the asymptotic low-temperature limit up to the Fermi temperature, thus covering the entire temperature range of typical experiments. We confirm the existence of anomalously long-lived odd-parity modes and provide a comprehensive classification and detailed analysis of the relaxation spectrum. In particular, we find that (i) the odd-parity effect in the decay rates extends to temperatures as large as T</a:mi>=</a:mo>0.15</a:mn>T</a:mi></a:mrow>F</a:mi></a:mrow></a:msub></a:mrow></a:math>, (ii) there is only a small number of long-lived odd-parity modes, with an infinite number of remaining modes that show standard Fermi-liquid scaling, and (iii) the ratio between the odd- and even-parity lifetimes is tunable with the Coulomb interaction strength, in addition to temperature, which reflects a difference in the microscopic relaxation mechanism of the modes. Our findings provide a comprehensive description of the nonequilibrium relaxation behavior of two-dimensional electron gases and bridge a significant gap in our understanding of these systems.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145288935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Daguerre, Robin Blume-Kohout, Natalie C. Brown, David Hayes, Isaac H. Kim
Preparation of high-fidelity logical magic states has remained as a necessary but daunting step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. One approach is to fault-tolerantly prepare a magic state in one code and then switch to another, a method known as code switching. We experimentally demonstrate this protocol on an ion-trap quantum processor, yielding a logical magic state encoded in an error-correcting code with state-of-the-art logical fidelity. Our experiment is based on the first demonstration of code switching between color codes, from the fifteen-qubit quantum Reed-Muller code to the seven-qubit Steane code. We prepare an encoded magic state in the Steane code with 82.58% probability, with an infidelity of at most 5.1(2.7)×10−4. The reported infidelity is lower than the leading infidelity of the physical operations utilized in the protocol by a factor of at least 2.7, indicating the quantum processor is below the pseudothreshold. Furthermore, we create two copies of the magic state in the same quantum processor and perform a logical Bell basis measurement for a sample-efficient certification of the encoded magic state. The high-fidelity magic state can be combined with the already-demonstrated fault-tolerant Clifford gates, state preparation, and measurement of the 2D color code, completing a universal set of fault-tolerant computational primitives with logical error rates equal or better than the physical two-qubit error rate.
{"title":"Experimental Demonstration of High-Fidelity Logical Magic States from Code Switching","authors":"Lucas Daguerre, Robin Blume-Kohout, Natalie C. Brown, David Hayes, Isaac H. Kim","doi":"10.1103/dck4-x9c2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/dck4-x9c2","url":null,"abstract":"Preparation of high-fidelity logical magic states has remained as a necessary but daunting step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. One approach is to fault-tolerantly prepare a magic state in one code and then switch to another, a method known as code switching. We experimentally demonstrate this protocol on an ion-trap quantum processor, yielding a logical magic state encoded in an error-correcting code with state-of-the-art logical fidelity. Our experiment is based on the first demonstration of code switching between color codes, from the fifteen-qubit quantum Reed-Muller code to the seven-qubit Steane code. We prepare an encoded magic state in the Steane code with 82.58% probability, with an infidelity of at most 5.1</a:mn>(</a:mo>2.7</a:mn>)</a:mo>×</a:mo>10</a:mn>−</a:mo>4</a:mn></a:mrow></a:msup></a:math>. The reported infidelity is lower than the leading infidelity of the physical operations utilized in the protocol by a factor of at least 2.7, indicating the quantum processor is below the pseudothreshold. Furthermore, we create two copies of the magic state in the same quantum processor and perform a logical Bell basis measurement for a sample-efficient certification of the encoded magic state. The high-fidelity magic state can be combined with the already-demonstrated fault-tolerant Clifford gates, state preparation, and measurement of the 2D color code, completing a universal set of fault-tolerant computational primitives with logical error rates equal or better than the physical two-qubit error rate.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. Broun, Vivek Mishra, J. S. Dodge, P. J. Hirschfeld
Beginning with high-Tc cuprate materials, it has been observed that many superconductors exhibit so-called “Homes scaling,” in which the zero-temperature superfluid density ρs0 is proportional to the product of the normal-state dc conductivity and the superconducting transition temperature σdcTc. For conventional, s-wave superconductors, such scaling has been shown to be a natural consequence of elastic-scattering disorder, not only in the extreme dirty limit, but across a broad range of scattering parameters. Here we show that when an analogous calculation is carried out for elastic scattering in d-wave superconductors, a stark contrast emerges, with ρs0∝(σdcTc)2 in the dirty limit, in apparent violation of Homes scaling. Within a simple approximate Migdal-Eliashberg treatment of inelastic scattering, we show how the observed Homes scaling is recovered. The normal-state behavior of near-optimally-doped cuprates is dominated by inelastic scattering, but significant deviations from Homes scaling occur for disorder-dominated cuprate systems, such as underdoped YBa2Cu3O6.333 and overdoped La2−xSrxCuO4, and in very clean materials with little inelastic scattering, such as Sr2
{"title":"Beyond Homes Scaling: Disorder, the Planckian Bound, and a New Universality","authors":"D. M. Broun, Vivek Mishra, J. S. Dodge, P. J. Hirschfeld","doi":"10.1103/xbv7-3s3h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/xbv7-3s3h","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning with high-T</a:mi>c</a:mi></a:msub></a:math> cuprate materials, it has been observed that many superconductors exhibit so-called “Homes scaling,” in which the zero-temperature superfluid density <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:msub><c:mi>ρ</c:mi><c:mrow><c:mi>s</c:mi><c:mn>0</c:mn></c:mrow></c:msub></c:math> is proportional to the product of the normal-state dc conductivity and the superconducting transition temperature <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:msub><e:mi>σ</e:mi><e:mi>dc</e:mi></e:msub><e:msub><e:mi>T</e:mi><e:mi>c</e:mi></e:msub></e:math>. For conventional, <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:mi>s</g:mi></g:math>-wave superconductors, such scaling has been shown to be a natural consequence of elastic-scattering disorder, not only in the extreme dirty limit, but across a broad range of scattering parameters. Here we show that when an analogous calculation is carried out for elastic scattering in <i:math xmlns:i=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><i:mi>d</i:mi></i:math>-wave superconductors, a stark contrast emerges, with <k:math xmlns:k=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><k:msub><k:mi>ρ</k:mi><k:mrow><k:mi>s</k:mi><k:mn>0</k:mn></k:mrow></k:msub><k:mo>∝</k:mo><k:msup><k:mrow><k:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</k:mo><k:msub><k:mi>σ</k:mi><k:mi>dc</k:mi></k:msub><k:msub><k:mi>T</k:mi><k:mi>c</k:mi></k:msub><k:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</k:mo></k:mrow><k:mn>2</k:mn></k:msup></k:math> in the dirty limit, in apparent violation of Homes scaling. Within a simple approximate Migdal-Eliashberg treatment of inelastic scattering, we show how the observed Homes scaling is recovered. The normal-state behavior of near-optimally-doped cuprates is dominated by inelastic scattering, but significant deviations from Homes scaling occur for disorder-dominated cuprate systems, such as underdoped <o:math xmlns:o=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><o:mrow><o:msub><o:mrow><o:mi>YBa</o:mi></o:mrow><o:mrow><o:mn>2</o:mn></o:mrow></o:msub><o:msub><o:mrow><o:mi>Cu</o:mi></o:mrow><o:mrow><o:mn>3</o:mn></o:mrow></o:msub><o:msub><o:mrow><o:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</o:mi></o:mrow><o:mrow><o:mn>6.333</o:mn></o:mrow></o:msub></o:mrow></o:math> and overdoped <r:math xmlns:r=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><r:mrow><r:msub><r:mrow><r:mi>La</r:mi></r:mrow><r:mrow><r:mn>2</r:mn><r:mo>−</r:mo><r:mi>x</r:mi></r:mrow></r:msub><r:mrow><r:msub><r:mrow><r:mi>Sr</r:mi></r:mrow><r:mrow><r:mi>x</r:mi></r:mrow></r:msub></r:mrow><r:mrow><r:msub><r:mrow><r:mi>CuO</r:mi></r:mrow><r:mrow><r:mn>4</r:mn></r:mrow></r:msub></r:mrow></r:mrow></r:math>, and in very clean materials with little inelastic scattering, such as <t:math xmlns:t=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><t:mrow><t:msub><t:mrow><t:mi>Sr</t:mi></t:mrow><t:mrow><t:mn>2</t:mn></t:mrow></t:msub></t:mrow><t:mrow><t:msub><t:m","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Dubey, K. Czerski, Gokul Das H., A. Kowalska, N. Targosz-Sleczka, M. Kaczmarski, M. Valat
The discovery of a new, e+e− reaction channel in deuteron-deuteron (DD) fusion at very low energies might have major implications for understanding primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis, where electron-positron reaction channels are typically not considered. It could also enable research on metal hydride fusion, potentially paving the way for the design and construction of next-generation fusion energy sources. Following the first experimental indications of electron emission, we present here an extensive experimental study confirming emission of high-energy electrons from DD reaction at very low energy. A simultaneous use of Si charged particle detectors of different thicknesses and large-volume NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors has allowed the determination of the branching ratios between emitted protons, neutrons, and e+e− pairs for deuteron energies down to 5 keV. The high-energy positrons could be unambiguously detected by their bremsstrahlung spectra and annihilation radiation, supported by the eant4 Monte Carlo simulations. The theoretical calculations, based on a destructive interference between the threshold resonance and the known broad resonance in He4, agree very well with experimentally observed increase of branching ratios for lowering projectile energies. The partial width of the threshold resonance for the internal e+e− pair creation should be at least 10 times larger than that of the proton channel.
{"title":"Experimental Signatures of a New Channel of the Deuteron-Deuteron Reaction at Very Low Energy","authors":"R. Dubey, K. Czerski, Gokul Das H., A. Kowalska, N. Targosz-Sleczka, M. Kaczmarski, M. Valat","doi":"10.1103/chlp-b215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/chlp-b215","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of a new, e</a:mi></a:mrow>+</a:mo></a:mrow></a:msup>e</a:mi></a:mrow>−</a:mo></a:mrow></a:msup></a:mrow></a:math> reaction channel in deuteron-deuteron (DD) fusion at very low energies might have major implications for understanding primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis, where electron-positron reaction channels are typically not considered. It could also enable research on metal hydride fusion, potentially paving the way for the design and construction of next-generation fusion energy sources. Following the first experimental indications of electron emission, we present here an extensive experimental study confirming emission of high-energy electrons from DD reaction at very low energy. A simultaneous use of Si charged particle detectors of different thicknesses and large-volume NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors has allowed the determination of the branching ratios between emitted protons, neutrons, and <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:msup><c:mi>e</c:mi><c:mo>+</c:mo></c:msup><c:msup><c:mi>e</c:mi><c:mo>−</c:mo></c:msup></c:math> pairs for deuteron energies down to 5 keV. The high-energy positrons could be unambiguously detected by their bremsstrahlung spectra and annihilation radiation, supported by the eant4 Monte Carlo simulations. The theoretical calculations, based on a destructive interference between the threshold resonance and the known broad resonance in <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:mrow><e:mmultiscripts><e:mrow><e:mi>He</e:mi></e:mrow><e:mprescripts/><e:none/><e:mrow><e:mn>4</e:mn></e:mrow></e:mmultiscripts></e:mrow></e:math>, agree very well with experimentally observed increase of branching ratios for lowering projectile energies. The partial width of the threshold resonance for the internal <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:msup><g:mi>e</g:mi><g:mo>+</g:mo></g:msup><g:msup><g:mi>e</g:mi><g:mo>−</g:mo></g:msup></g:math> pair creation should be at least 10 times larger than that of the proton channel.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonathan Hänni, Alberto E. Rodríguez-Moldes, Félicien Appas, Soeren Wengerowsky, Dario Lago-Rivera, Markus Teller, Samuele Grandi, Hugues de Riedmatten
The ability to distribute heralded entanglement between distant matter nodes is a primitive for the implementation of large-scale quantum networks. Some of the most crucial requirements for future applications include high heralding rates at telecom wavelengths, multiplexed operation, and on-demand retrieval of stored excitations for synchronization of separate quantum links. Despite tremendous progress in various physical systems, the demonstration of telecom-heralded entanglement between quantum nodes featuring both multiplexed operation and on-demand retrieval remains elusive. In this work, we combine narrow band parametric photon-pair sources and solid-state quantum memories based on rare-earth doped crystals to demonstrate telecom-heralded entanglement between spatially separated spin-wave quantum memories with fully adjustable recall time and temporal multiplexing of 15 modes. In a first experiment, the storage in the spin state is conditioned on the entanglement heralding. We take advantage of the control over readout pulse phase to achieve feedforward conditional phase shifts on the stored photons depending on which heralding detector clicked. We exploit this effect to double the entanglement heralding rate for a given quantum state up to 510counts/s, with an associated detection rate of 0.32counts/s and measured positive concurrence by up to 6 standard deviations. In a second experiment, we simulate the communication time of a long-distance link by implementing an unconditional storage scheme with a dead time of 100μs. We take advantage of temporal multiplexing to increase the entanglement rates by a factor of 15 with respect to single mode storage, reaching a value of 22counts/s per heralding detector. These results establish our architecture as a prime candidate for the implementation of scalable high-rate quantum network links.
{"title":"Heralded Entanglement of On-Demand Spin-Wave Solid-State Quantum Memories for Multiplexed Quantum Network Links","authors":"Jonathan Hänni, Alberto E. Rodríguez-Moldes, Félicien Appas, Soeren Wengerowsky, Dario Lago-Rivera, Markus Teller, Samuele Grandi, Hugues de Riedmatten","doi":"10.1103/wvv1-6lg8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/wvv1-6lg8","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to distribute heralded entanglement between distant matter nodes is a primitive for the implementation of large-scale quantum networks. Some of the most crucial requirements for future applications include high heralding rates at telecom wavelengths, multiplexed operation, and on-demand retrieval of stored excitations for synchronization of separate quantum links. Despite tremendous progress in various physical systems, the demonstration of telecom-heralded entanglement between quantum nodes featuring both multiplexed operation and on-demand retrieval remains elusive. In this work, we combine narrow band parametric photon-pair sources and solid-state quantum memories based on rare-earth doped crystals to demonstrate telecom-heralded entanglement between spatially separated spin-wave quantum memories with fully adjustable recall time and temporal multiplexing of 15 modes. In a first experiment, the storage in the spin state is conditioned on the entanglement heralding. We take advantage of the control over readout pulse phase to achieve feedforward conditional phase shifts on the stored photons depending on which heralding detector clicked. We exploit this effect to double the entanglement heralding rate for a given quantum state up to 510</a:mn></a:mtext></a:mtext>counts</a:mtext>/</a:mo>s</a:mi></a:mrow></a:math>, with an associated detection rate of <d:math xmlns:d=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><d:mrow><d:mn>0.32</d:mn><d:mtext> </d:mtext><d:mtext> </d:mtext><d:mtext>counts</d:mtext><d:mo>/</d:mo><d:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s</d:mi></d:mrow></d:math> and measured positive concurrence by up to 6 standard deviations. In a second experiment, we simulate the communication time of a long-distance link by implementing an unconditional storage scheme with a dead time of <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:mrow><g:mn>100</g:mn><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">μ</g:mi><g:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s</g:mi></g:mrow></g:math>. We take advantage of temporal multiplexing to increase the entanglement rates by a factor of 15 with respect to single mode storage, reaching a value of <k:math xmlns:k=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><k:mrow><k:mn>22</k:mn><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:mtext>counts</k:mtext><k:mo>/</k:mo><k:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s</k:mi></k:mrow></k:math> per heralding detector. These results establish our architecture as a prime candidate for the implementation of scalable high-rate quantum network links.","PeriodicalId":20161,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review X","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145215600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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