The present study was conducted using plastic pots to investigate the efficiency of 15 local isolates of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing the growth and productivity of Arizona variety potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). These isolates were obtained from various wild plants, including the Sweet rush plant, Sudan grass, and Millet, collected from different districts in Diyala Governorate. The isolates were obtained through the single spore cultivation technique in the Department of Agricultural Research in Al-Zafaraniya. The results demonstrated that all 15 fungal isolates had the ability to infect the roots of potato plants. Notably, M11 showed a significant superiority in infection severity (98.3%), the number of spores was 67.67 spores/gm of soil, and the infection rate was 90.0%. The results also highlighted the impact of these isolates on various parameters related to vegetative and root growth as well as yield. Specifically, isolates M1 and M12 were found to be superior in promoting plant height and increasing leaf area, which reached 218.3 cm2. Isolate M4 was superior in increasing the chlorophyll content of leaves, reaching a level of 47.4 spad. In the context of vegetative growth, isolate M3 produced a notable fresh weight of 8.236 g, while isolate M8 yielded a dry vegetative weight of 7.533 g. Regarding the root system, isolate M11 displayed superiority in root length, reaching 45.20 cm. Isolate M8 showed a higher number of tubers, amounting to 11.33 g, whereas isolate M7 produced tubers with a weight of 178.5 g.
{"title":"Efficiency of some local isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizae in the growth and productivity of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in plastic pots","authors":"Nour Sabah Naji, Naeem Saeed Dhiyab, R. Abed","doi":"10.14719/pst.2923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2923","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted using plastic pots to investigate the efficiency of 15 local isolates of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing the growth and productivity of Arizona variety potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). These isolates were obtained from various wild plants, including the Sweet rush plant, Sudan grass, and Millet, collected from different districts in Diyala Governorate. The isolates were obtained through the single spore cultivation technique in the Department of Agricultural Research in Al-Zafaraniya. The results demonstrated that all 15 fungal isolates had the ability to infect the roots of potato plants. Notably, M11 showed a significant superiority in infection severity (98.3%), the number of spores was 67.67 spores/gm of soil, and the infection rate was 90.0%. The results also highlighted the impact of these isolates on various parameters related to vegetative and root growth as well as yield. Specifically, isolates M1 and M12 were found to be superior in promoting plant height and increasing leaf area, which reached 218.3 cm2. Isolate M4 was superior in increasing the chlorophyll content of leaves, reaching a level of 47.4 spad. In the context of vegetative growth, isolate M3 produced a notable fresh weight of 8.236 g, while isolate M8 yielded a dry vegetative weight of 7.533 g. Regarding the root system, isolate M11 displayed superiority in root length, reaching 45.20 cm. Isolate M8 showed a higher number of tubers, amounting to 11.33 g, whereas isolate M7 produced tubers with a weight of 178.5 g.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concern about the limited availability of petroleum-based fuels and their role in increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere has sparked significant attention toward biofuel and bioenergy production. The global pursuit of sustainable energy sources has catalyzed innovative research into alternative biofuel production strategies. Transforming CO2 into usable fuels and chemicals is gaining even more prominence. Cyanobacteria, renowned for their photosynthetic ability, have emerged as promising candidates for biofuel synthesis. Their ability to convert solar energy and carbon dioxide into valuable biofuels makes them a compelling avenue for sustainable energy solutions. Using metabolic engineering principles, researchers have endeavored to optimize cyanobacterial metabolic pathways, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, and redirect carbon flux toward biofuel precursors. Numerous species of cyanobacteria offer genetic and metabolic traits that facilitate manipulation, and their photosynthetic characteristics imply that carbohydrates, fatty acids, and even alcohol could serve as potential renewable sources for biofuels. This review showcases cyanobacteria's ability as a biofuel source and emphasizes the transformative influence of metabolic engineering employed in the creation and production of "cyanofuels”
{"title":"Biofuels from cyanobacteria -a metabolic engineering approach","authors":"P Pooja, K Edison Lekshmi, Pradeep N S","doi":"10.14719/pst.2505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2505","url":null,"abstract":"The concern about the limited availability of petroleum-based fuels and their role in increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere has sparked significant attention toward biofuel and bioenergy production. The global pursuit of sustainable energy sources has catalyzed innovative research into alternative biofuel production strategies. Transforming CO2 into usable fuels and chemicals is gaining even more prominence. Cyanobacteria, renowned for their photosynthetic ability, have emerged as promising candidates for biofuel synthesis. Their ability to convert solar energy and carbon dioxide into valuable biofuels makes them a compelling avenue for sustainable energy solutions. Using metabolic engineering principles, researchers have endeavored to optimize cyanobacterial metabolic pathways, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, and redirect carbon flux toward biofuel precursors. Numerous species of cyanobacteria offer genetic and metabolic traits that facilitate manipulation, and their photosynthetic characteristics imply that carbohydrates, fatty acids, and even alcohol could serve as potential renewable sources for biofuels. This review showcases cyanobacteria's ability as a biofuel source and emphasizes the transformative influence of metabolic engineering employed in the creation and production of \"cyanofuels”","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"120 13","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135137576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a huge gap between the output and demand of soybean in China. How to improve the seed vigor of soybean has always been a research focus. Low temperature plasma (LTP) is a new green technology, which is widely used in crop seed treatment. Corona plasma is a typical discharge mode of plasma, which can affect the vigor of seeds. The effect of different discharge power on the soybean seed vigor by plasma treatment was experimentally investigated. Plasma discharge characteristic wavelength and spatial distribution were analysed. It shows that the corona discharge spectrum mainly exhibits the strong ultraviolet radiation and 90% of the spectral intensity focused in the center of discharge region. Water absorption and germination index of seeds and the fresh weight of seedlings were used to characterize the specific effects caused by different plasma powers. The results show that plasma treatment has a significant effect on the early stage of germination and can significantly affect the soybean seed vigor and growth. Overdose treatment will cause inhibiting effect. This study provides an experimental basis for the practical agriculture application of corona plasma seed treatment.
{"title":"Seed Vigor of Soybean Treated by Corona Discharge Plasma","authors":"Lianfeng Lin, Runing Liang, Xin Liu, Dan Zhang, Mingzhe Wang, Wenhao Zhao, Xiaojiang Tang, Baoxia Li, Guannan Shi, Wenzhuo Chen, Junwei Guo, Eric Robert, Feng Huang","doi":"10.14719/pst.2288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2288","url":null,"abstract":"There is a huge gap between the output and demand of soybean in China. How to improve the seed vigor of soybean has always been a research focus. Low temperature plasma (LTP) is a new green technology, which is widely used in crop seed treatment. Corona plasma is a typical discharge mode of plasma, which can affect the vigor of seeds. The effect of different discharge power on the soybean seed vigor by plasma treatment was experimentally investigated. Plasma discharge characteristic wavelength and spatial distribution were analysed. It shows that the corona discharge spectrum mainly exhibits the strong ultraviolet radiation and 90% of the spectral intensity focused in the center of discharge region. Water absorption and germination index of seeds and the fresh weight of seedlings were used to characterize the specific effects caused by different plasma powers. The results show that plasma treatment has a significant effect on the early stage of germination and can significantly affect the soybean seed vigor and growth. Overdose treatment will cause inhibiting effect. This study provides an experimental basis for the practical agriculture application of corona plasma seed treatment.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":" 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135290997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Asrorov Akmal, Ayubov Mirzakamol, M Darmanov Mukhtor, Narmatov Sardor, Mamajanov Akramjon, Bozorov Ilhomjon, N Khusenov Naim, Matusikova Ildiko, T Buriev Zabardast, Y Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim
The alleviation of salt stress in cotton plants through the application of exogenous chemicals has emerged as a viable strategy to mitigate the adverse effects on various plant attributes, including growth, development, yield, and flowering. Plant hormones, known for their efficacy at low doses, have garnered significant attention in this context. Despite being inherently susceptible to salt stress, cotton plants experience severe impediments in water absorption from the soil, leading to delayed growth and development. Several phytohormones, including jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and glycine betaine, have been extensively investigated in numerous studies for their potential to ameliorate salt stress in cotton plants. Promising results have been obtained with both foliar and seed treatments employing these substances. This foundational knowledge has paved the way for the development of alternative strategies to mitigate salt stress. However, the practical utilization of these chemicals is hindered by their elevated cost. Plant growth regulators, such as nitric oxide and melatonin, have also garnered interest for their ability to alleviate salt stress in cotton plants. Numerous studies have corroborated their effectiveness in this regard. This review comprehensively examines the aforementioned substances and extracts that have been investigated for their potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress on cotton plants.
{"title":"Chemical Interventions to Alleviate Salt Stress in Cotton Plants: A Review","authors":"M Asrorov Akmal, Ayubov Mirzakamol, M Darmanov Mukhtor, Narmatov Sardor, Mamajanov Akramjon, Bozorov Ilhomjon, N Khusenov Naim, Matusikova Ildiko, T Buriev Zabardast, Y Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim","doi":"10.14719/pst.2522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2522","url":null,"abstract":"The alleviation of salt stress in cotton plants through the application of exogenous chemicals has emerged as a viable strategy to mitigate the adverse effects on various plant attributes, including growth, development, yield, and flowering. Plant hormones, known for their efficacy at low doses, have garnered significant attention in this context. Despite being inherently susceptible to salt stress, cotton plants experience severe impediments in water absorption from the soil, leading to delayed growth and development. Several phytohormones, including jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and glycine betaine, have been extensively investigated in numerous studies for their potential to ameliorate salt stress in cotton plants. Promising results have been obtained with both foliar and seed treatments employing these substances. This foundational knowledge has paved the way for the development of alternative strategies to mitigate salt stress. However, the practical utilization of these chemicals is hindered by their elevated cost. Plant growth regulators, such as nitric oxide and melatonin, have also garnered interest for their ability to alleviate salt stress in cotton plants. Numerous studies have corroborated their effectiveness in this regard. This review comprehensively examines the aforementioned substances and extracts that have been investigated for their potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress on cotton plants.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":" 25","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135292093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ignat Ignatov, Teodora P. Popova, Tanya Toshkova-Yotova, Veronika Deleva, Ralitsa Bankova, Nikolai Neshev, Mario T. Iliev, Toshka E. Petrova, Mila D. Kaleva, Christos Drossinakis, Alexander I. Ignatov, Zhechko Dimitrov, Irina Gotova, Fabio Huether, Mariana Angelcheva, Ivan Angushev, Nedyalka Valcheva, Stoil D. Karadzhov, Sadek Baiti
Many bioactive compounds of natural origin have beneficial effects on human health and are used to treat different diseases. Chlorella is a genus of green algae with a high potential for producing biologically active substances. Exposure to extreme conditions can enhance its antioxidant activity and the production of concrete metabolites. C. vulgaris is cultivated in plantations. It is accessible in pharmacies and drugstores. The Health Act of 2005 in Bulgaria allows the therapeutic and prophylactic use of herbs, both independently by patients and as prescribed by a doctor. This study performed comparative spectral analyses of C. vulgaris using a 1% suspension of C. vulgaris in deionized water (v/v) by the methods of Non-equilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and Differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES). The research was performed in order to make indirect studies of the biological effects of C. vulgaris, which are connected with calcium conductivity and anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. The effects of structuring of water clusters by C. vulgaris were examined. The data from spectral analyses, connected with a peak at (E =-0.1312 eV)(?=9.45 ?m) (?=1058 cm-1), revealed anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-oxidant and anti-tumor effects of C. vulgaris were shown at (E=-0.1387 eV)(?=8.95 ?m)(?=1117 cm-1). The results showed effects of improvement of calcium conductivity and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects of C. vulgaris on human health.
{"title":"Research on the structuring of water clusters in Chlorella vulgaris water suspension","authors":"Ignat Ignatov, Teodora P. Popova, Tanya Toshkova-Yotova, Veronika Deleva, Ralitsa Bankova, Nikolai Neshev, Mario T. Iliev, Toshka E. Petrova, Mila D. Kaleva, Christos Drossinakis, Alexander I. Ignatov, Zhechko Dimitrov, Irina Gotova, Fabio Huether, Mariana Angelcheva, Ivan Angushev, Nedyalka Valcheva, Stoil D. Karadzhov, Sadek Baiti","doi":"10.14719/pst.2493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2493","url":null,"abstract":"Many bioactive compounds of natural origin have beneficial effects on human health and are used to treat different diseases. Chlorella is a genus of green algae with a high potential for producing biologically active substances. Exposure to extreme conditions can enhance its antioxidant activity and the production of concrete metabolites. C. vulgaris is cultivated in plantations. It is accessible in pharmacies and drugstores. The Health Act of 2005 in Bulgaria allows the therapeutic and prophylactic use of herbs, both independently by patients and as prescribed by a doctor. This study performed comparative spectral analyses of C. vulgaris using a 1% suspension of C. vulgaris in deionized water (v/v) by the methods of Non-equilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and Differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES). The research was performed in order to make indirect studies of the biological effects of C. vulgaris, which are connected with calcium conductivity and anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. The effects of structuring of water clusters by C. vulgaris were examined. The data from spectral analyses, connected with a peak at (E =-0.1312 eV)(?=9.45 ?m) (?=1058 cm-1), revealed anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-oxidant and anti-tumor effects of C. vulgaris were shown at (E=-0.1387 eV)(?=8.95 ?m)(?=1117 cm-1). The results showed effects of improvement of calcium conductivity and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects of C. vulgaris on human health.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135290607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C S Ramyashree, C Morris Carol, P Kruthika, Pappuswamy Manikantan, Chaudhary Aditi, Meyyazhagan Arun, Arumugam Vijaya Anand, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan
One of the most significant advancements in plant biotechnology has been the production of genetically engineered plants. Due to the effects of pests damaging the majority of crops, the development of pest immunity was necessary for crop preservation. Plants that have had their gene makeup altered in-utero, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, which has insecticidal properties and helps protect crops from pests, are referred to as "genetically modified plants." Cry proteins, which are poisonous proteins that exist in the state of crystals, are the major genes responsible for the development of transgenic plants. Based on the effect of different pest species, cry proteins are divided into many categories. Since they are extremely specific by nature and only affect the target proteins, they are considered environmentally beneficial pesticides since they have no impact on the physiologically significant soil bacteria or other bacterial flora. These cry proteins stay as dormant crystals, but when a pest consumes plants, the inactive form of the crystals becomes active in the alkaline stomach pH of the microorganism, aiding in the rupture of the gut epithelium and ultimately causing the microorganism to die. These days, transgenic plants have been created, including BT corn, BT rice, sugarcane, brinjal, potato, tomato, and many more, it was also discovered that using these transgenic plants increased crop productivity. Transgenic plants can prevent several ecological issues associated with traditional pesticides, including the emergence of resistance, their toxicity to non-target living things, and the buildup of toxic waste in the environment.
{"title":"Role of Bacillus thuringiensis in development of transgenic plants","authors":"C S Ramyashree, C Morris Carol, P Kruthika, Pappuswamy Manikantan, Chaudhary Aditi, Meyyazhagan Arun, Arumugam Vijaya Anand, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan","doi":"10.14719/pst.2370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2370","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most significant advancements in plant biotechnology has been the production of genetically engineered plants. Due to the effects of pests damaging the majority of crops, the development of pest immunity was necessary for crop preservation. Plants that have had their gene makeup altered in-utero, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, which has insecticidal properties and helps protect crops from pests, are referred to as \"genetically modified plants.\" Cry proteins, which are poisonous proteins that exist in the state of crystals, are the major genes responsible for the development of transgenic plants. Based on the effect of different pest species, cry proteins are divided into many categories. Since they are extremely specific by nature and only affect the target proteins, they are considered environmentally beneficial pesticides since they have no impact on the physiologically significant soil bacteria or other bacterial flora. These cry proteins stay as dormant crystals, but when a pest consumes plants, the inactive form of the crystals becomes active in the alkaline stomach pH of the microorganism, aiding in the rupture of the gut epithelium and ultimately causing the microorganism to die. These days, transgenic plants have been created, including BT corn, BT rice, sugarcane, brinjal, potato, tomato, and many more, it was also discovered that using these transgenic plants increased crop productivity. Transgenic plants can prevent several ecological issues associated with traditional pesticides, including the emergence of resistance, their toxicity to non-target living things, and the buildup of toxic waste in the environment.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135292370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought is currently a serious threat for farming especially in rice cultivation, due to its substantial water requirements throughout its lifecycle. Drought is one of the major environmental constraints disrupting the growth and yield of rice plants, affecting them at physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular levels. Global climate change exacerbates this issue, leading to substantial economic losses. As rice is a major food crop worldwide, the demand for rice production is increasing in tandem with the expanding human population. Consequently, it has become imperative to utilize drought-prone areas for agriculture and develop drought-tolerant rice genotypes. In addition to conventional breeding methods, the application of multi-omics approaches proves most effective in meeting the need to enhance drought tolerance in rice plants. Protective mechanisms, such as morphological adaptation, physiological acclimatization, cellular adjustments and antioxidant defense, play pivotal roles in helping plants overcome drought stress. Plant-microbial interactions are important for plants to overcome drought-induced adversities. Furthermore, applications of conventional approaches, omics approaches and nanotechnology are very promising for generating climate smart agriculture. Our aim in this review is to focus on drought stress tolerance in rice including drought-tolerant rice genotypes, their adaptation mechanisms, the unveiling the genes, transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNA) involved, microbial assistance and exploring approaches to mitigate drought stress in rice plants. The present review might throw some light on understanding the mechanism of drought stress tolerance in rice, including its molecular crosstalk and biochemical dynamics, for future researchers.
{"title":"Drought stress tolerance in rice: a critical insight","authors":"Debapriya Choudhury, Chandrama Mukherjee, Shinjan Dey, Sikha Dutta","doi":"10.14719/pst.2613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2613","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is currently a serious threat for farming especially in rice cultivation, due to its substantial water requirements throughout its lifecycle. Drought is one of the major environmental constraints disrupting the growth and yield of rice plants, affecting them at physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular levels. Global climate change exacerbates this issue, leading to substantial economic losses. As rice is a major food crop worldwide, the demand for rice production is increasing in tandem with the expanding human population. Consequently, it has become imperative to utilize drought-prone areas for agriculture and develop drought-tolerant rice genotypes. In addition to conventional breeding methods, the application of multi-omics approaches proves most effective in meeting the need to enhance drought tolerance in rice plants. Protective mechanisms, such as morphological adaptation, physiological acclimatization, cellular adjustments and antioxidant defense, play pivotal roles in helping plants overcome drought stress. Plant-microbial interactions are important for plants to overcome drought-induced adversities. Furthermore, applications of conventional approaches, omics approaches and nanotechnology are very promising for generating climate smart agriculture. Our aim in this review is to focus on drought stress tolerance in rice including drought-tolerant rice genotypes, their adaptation mechanisms, the unveiling the genes, transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNA) involved, microbial assistance and exploring approaches to mitigate drought stress in rice plants. The present review might throw some light on understanding the mechanism of drought stress tolerance in rice, including its molecular crosstalk and biochemical dynamics, for future researchers.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135725104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roja Mandapati, Murali Krishna Gumma, Devender Reddy Metuku, Sagar Maitra
Crop yield estimation is essential for decision-making systems and insurance policy makers. Numerous methodologies for yield estimation have been developed, encompassing crop models, remote sensing techniques, and empirical equations. Each approach holds unique limitations and advantages. The primary aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer) model in predicting rice yields and LAI (Leaf Area Index) across various management methods. Additionally, the study sought to identify the optimal management practice for attaining higher yields. Crop models facilitate the expeditious evaluation of management strategies aimed at improving crop yield and analyzing the balance between production, resource efficiency, and environmental impacts. The study region selected for analysis is Karimnagar district of Telangana state. DSSAT has been chosen as the preferred tool due to its high efficiency in evaluating crop yield. The model's simulated yield was compared to the observed yield obtained from crop-cutting experiments. The results indicate a correlation of 0.81 and 0.85 between observed and simulated yields, as well as between model LAI and yield. An observation was made regarding a discrepancy between predicted and actual yields, which can be attributed to biotic stress. However, it should be noted that the current model does not account for this factor. The observed average yield was 5200 kg ha-1, whereas the projected yield was 5400 kg ha-1. The findings indicate that the model's performance is influenced by both the timing of sowing and the amount of nitrogen applied. The findings indicate that the DSSAT model has demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting both yields and leaf area index (LAI) across various management strategies. This study showcases the potential use of crop simulation models as a technology-driven tool to identify the most effective management strategies for rice production.
{"title":"Field-level rice yield estimations under different farm practices using the crop simulation model for better yield","authors":"Roja Mandapati, Murali Krishna Gumma, Devender Reddy Metuku, Sagar Maitra","doi":"10.14719/pst.2690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2690","url":null,"abstract":"Crop yield estimation is essential for decision-making systems and insurance policy makers. Numerous methodologies for yield estimation have been developed, encompassing crop models, remote sensing techniques, and empirical equations. Each approach holds unique limitations and advantages. The primary aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer) model in predicting rice yields and LAI (Leaf Area Index) across various management methods. Additionally, the study sought to identify the optimal management practice for attaining higher yields. Crop models facilitate the expeditious evaluation of management strategies aimed at improving crop yield and analyzing the balance between production, resource efficiency, and environmental impacts. The study region selected for analysis is Karimnagar district of Telangana state. DSSAT has been chosen as the preferred tool due to its high efficiency in evaluating crop yield. The model's simulated yield was compared to the observed yield obtained from crop-cutting experiments. The results indicate a correlation of 0.81 and 0.85 between observed and simulated yields, as well as between model LAI and yield. An observation was made regarding a discrepancy between predicted and actual yields, which can be attributed to biotic stress. However, it should be noted that the current model does not account for this factor. The observed average yield was 5200 kg ha-1, whereas the projected yield was 5400 kg ha-1. The findings indicate that the model's performance is influenced by both the timing of sowing and the amount of nitrogen applied. The findings indicate that the DSSAT model has demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting both yields and leaf area index (LAI) across various management strategies. This study showcases the potential use of crop simulation models as a technology-driven tool to identify the most effective management strategies for rice production.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136067408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought stress is one of the most considerable threats to global agricultural food security, causing yield losses worldwide. Therefore, the search for effective genetic and molecular methods for developing cultivars that are tolerant or resistant to harsh environments has been more intensive over the last decades. Apart from time-consuming conventional breeding techniques, biotechnologists are now investigating modern genome editing tools for engineering tolerance and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses in crops. Various genetic engineering techniques such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were developed based on the discovery of the DNA structure. However, these methods have limitations, with ZFNs being prone to errors due to their limited base pair recognition, and TALENs requiring a complex protein engineering process and struggling to cleave methylated DNA. In recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) and its alternatives have gained popularity in plant biotechnology. Out of the genome editing techniques mentioned earlier, CRISPR/Cas9 is becoming more popular because it's faster and easier to use. Given that drought is now a significant threat to global agriculture due to the drying of arable lands, this review focuses on how we can use CRISPR genome editing to enhance crop tolerance to drought stress and explores its future potential.
干旱胁迫是对全球农业粮食安全最严重的威胁之一，在世界范围内造成产量损失。因此，在过去的几十年里，寻找有效的遗传和分子方法来培育耐受或抵抗恶劣环境的品种已经变得更加密集。除了耗时的传统育种技术外，生物技术专家现在正在研究现代基因组编辑工具，以设计作物对各种生物和非生物胁迫的耐受性和抗性。各种基因工程技术如锌指核酸酶(ZFNs)和转录激活物样效应核酸酶(TALENs)是基于DNA结构的发现而发展起来的。然而，这些方法有局限性，ZFNs由于其有限的碱基对识别而容易出错，TALENs需要复杂的蛋白质工程过程并且难以切割甲基化的DNA。近年来，聚集规律间隔短回文重复序列/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)及其替代品在植物生物技术中越来越受欢迎。在前面提到的基因组编辑技术中，CRISPR/Cas9正变得越来越受欢迎，因为它更快、更容易使用。鉴于由于可耕地的干燥，干旱现在对全球农业构成了重大威胁，这篇综述侧重于我们如何利用CRISPR基因组编辑来提高作物对干旱胁迫的耐受性，并探索其未来的潜力。
{"title":"Engineering Drought Tolerance in Crops Using CRISPR Cas systems","authors":"K. Kamalova Lola, Mirzakhmedov Mukhammadjon, Ayubov Mirzakamol, Yusupov Abdurakhmon, Mamajonov Bekhzod, Obidov Nurdinjon, Bashirkhonov Ziyodullo, Murodov Anvarjon, Buriev Zabardast, Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim","doi":"10.14719/pst.2524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2524","url":null,"abstract":"Drought stress is one of the most considerable threats to global agricultural food security, causing yield losses worldwide. Therefore, the search for effective genetic and molecular methods for developing cultivars that are tolerant or resistant to harsh environments has been more intensive over the last decades. Apart from time-consuming conventional breeding techniques, biotechnologists are now investigating modern genome editing tools for engineering tolerance and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses in crops. Various genetic engineering techniques such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were developed based on the discovery of the DNA structure. However, these methods have limitations, with ZFNs being prone to errors due to their limited base pair recognition, and TALENs requiring a complex protein engineering process and struggling to cleave methylated DNA. In recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) and its alternatives have gained popularity in plant biotechnology. Out of the genome editing techniques mentioned earlier, CRISPR/Cas9 is becoming more popular because it's faster and easier to use. Given that drought is now a significant threat to global agriculture due to the drying of arable lands, this review focuses on how we can use CRISPR genome editing to enhance crop tolerance to drought stress and explores its future potential.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136158000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungi that colonize the healthy tissues of the plants without showing any disease symptoms in the host plants are termed as fungal endophytes. The presence of fungal endophytes provides a positive effect on the host’s growth & development and also triggers the production of some essential bioactive compounds in the host. This study was undertaken to isolate, identify and understand the spaciotemporal distribution and seasonal diversity of fungal endophytes associated with the leaf, stem & root of Coleus forskohlii, an important and endangered medicinal plant. Sampling was done for a period of 12 months between May 2020–April 2021. A total of 950 fungal endophytes were isolated from a total of 1680 tissues of the leaf, stem & root of C. forskohlii. The fungi were identified based on their morphological features and some of them were identified by molecular identification by 18S rRNA sequencing. The endophytic isolates belonged to 10 different orders belonging to 3 different classes-Sordariomycetes (Hypocreales, Xylariales, Microascales, Trichosphaeriales, Glomerellales & Sordariales), Dothiomycetes (Pleosporales, Capnodiales, Botryosphaeriales) & Eurotiomyctes (Eurotiales). About 81.26% of the isolates belonged to Ascomycota & 2.63% of the isolates belonged to Mucoromycota. Chaetomium globosum, Collariella bostrychodes, C. robusta, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Sterile hyaline mycelia, Aspergillus niger, Xylaria curta, X. grammica, Mucor circinelloides & Trichoderma harizianum were the frequently isolated species of fungi. C. globosum, C. bostrychodes, C. gloeosporioides, sterile hyaline mycelia & X. curta were found distributed in all the tissues of the plant. C. forskohlii has thus revealed a rich diversity of fungal endophytes that could be isolated & cultured to yield some pharmacologically important bioactive compounds.
在寄主植物的健康组织中定植而不表现出任何疾病症状的真菌被称为真菌内生菌。真菌内生菌的存在对寄主的生长有积极作用。在宿主体内发育并触发一些必需的生物活性化合物的产生。本研究旨在分离、鉴定和了解与叶、茎、叶相关的真菌内生菌的时空分布和季节多样性。重要的濒危药用植物山茱萸的根。在2020年5月至2021年4月期间进行了为期12个月的采样。从叶、茎、茎、茎等组织共1680个组织中分离到950个真菌内生菌;草的根。根据真菌的形态特征进行鉴定，部分真菌通过18S rRNA测序进行分子鉴定。内生菌株分属3个不同纲，10个不同目:sordariomycates (Hypocreales, Xylariales, Microascales, Trichosphaeriales, Glomerellales &Sordariales)，多菌(多孢子菌ales, Capnodiales, Botryosphaeriales);Eurotiomyctes(散囊菌目)。81.26%的分离菌属子囊菌门;2.63%的分离菌属毛霉科。球毛菌、牛颈菌、红毛菌、球孢子炭疽菌、衣孢镰刀菌、无菌透明菌丝体、黑曲霉、木耳菌、革螨菌、圆形毛霉等;杆状木霉(Trichoderma harizium)是最常被分离的真菌。C. globosum, C. bostrychodes, C. gloeosporioides，无菌透明菌丝;在该植物的所有组织中都发现了这种真菌。因此，C. forskohlii揭示了可以分离的丰富多样的真菌内生菌&培养产生一些重要的药理学生物活性化合物。
{"title":"Seasonal diversity & spaciotemporal distribution of fungal endophytes associated with the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii Briq.","authors":"Grace Leena Crasta, Raveesha Koteshwar Anandrao","doi":"10.14719/pst.2729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2729","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi that colonize the healthy tissues of the plants without showing any disease symptoms in the host plants are termed as fungal endophytes. The presence of fungal endophytes provides a positive effect on the host’s growth & development and also triggers the production of some essential bioactive compounds in the host. This study was undertaken to isolate, identify and understand the spaciotemporal distribution and seasonal diversity of fungal endophytes associated with the leaf, stem & root of Coleus forskohlii, an important and endangered medicinal plant. Sampling was done for a period of 12 months between May 2020–April 2021. A total of 950 fungal endophytes were isolated from a total of 1680 tissues of the leaf, stem & root of C. forskohlii. The fungi were identified based on their morphological features and some of them were identified by molecular identification by 18S rRNA sequencing. The endophytic isolates belonged to 10 different orders belonging to 3 different classes-Sordariomycetes (Hypocreales, Xylariales, Microascales, Trichosphaeriales, Glomerellales & Sordariales), Dothiomycetes (Pleosporales, Capnodiales, Botryosphaeriales) & Eurotiomyctes (Eurotiales). About 81.26% of the isolates belonged to Ascomycota & 2.63% of the isolates belonged to Mucoromycota. Chaetomium globosum, Collariella bostrychodes, C. robusta, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Sterile hyaline mycelia, Aspergillus niger, Xylaria curta, X. grammica, Mucor circinelloides & Trichoderma harizianum were the frequently isolated species of fungi. C. globosum, C. bostrychodes, C. gloeosporioides, sterile hyaline mycelia & X. curta were found distributed in all the tissues of the plant. C. forskohlii has thus revealed a rich diversity of fungal endophytes that could be isolated & cultured to yield some pharmacologically important bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":20236,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"66 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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