Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0004
David Z Liao, V. Mehta, E. Du, V. Tabatabaie, I. M. Levy, Richard V. Smith, Marc J. Gibber
Background: There are currently no formally validated training phantoms for teaching ultrasound-guided thyroid fineneedle aspiration (FNA). We designed and established face and construct validity of a low-cost phantom for ultrasoundguided thyroid fine-needle aspiration. Methods: We designed an affordable, gelatin-based thyroid FNA phantom. Participants included 9 medical students, 7 novice residents/fellows (55 thyroid FNAs), and 7 expert residents/fellows (55 thyroid FNAs). Participants performed 6 trials of thyroid FNA, which were scored on completion time, accuracy, and errors. Participants also completed questionnaires to assess the benefit and realism of the simulation. Results: Simulation scores at trial 1 significantly discriminated expert participants from novice participants (P = 0.028) and from medical students (P 5 0.001). Median novice resident/fellow participant scores increased with repeated trials and were no longer significantly different from expert scores by trial 2. The scores for this group were significantly better compared with medical student scores by trial 4. Between trial 1 and trial 6, significant score improvements were observed in both medical students (P = 0.018) and novice residents (P = 0.018). All participants found the phantom to be beneficial in learning thyroid FNA. Both attending endocrinologists and 6 of 7 expert participants found the ultrasound visualization of the phantom to be realistic. One of two attending endocrinologists and 5 of 7 expert participants found the haptic feedback to be realistic. Conclusion: We designed a low-cost thyroid FNA phantom that demonstrates face and construct validity. This phantom can be used to train procedural skills in a residency program and can also be used to evaluate skill acquisition.
{"title":"A low-cost phantom for ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration training: face and construct validity","authors":"David Z Liao, V. Mehta, E. Du, V. Tabatabaie, I. M. Levy, Richard V. Smith, Marc J. Gibber","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There are currently no formally validated training phantoms for teaching ultrasound-guided thyroid fineneedle aspiration (FNA). We designed and established face and construct validity of a low-cost phantom for ultrasoundguided thyroid fine-needle aspiration. Methods: We designed an affordable, gelatin-based thyroid FNA phantom. Participants included 9 medical students, 7 novice residents/fellows (55 thyroid FNAs), and 7 expert residents/fellows (55 thyroid FNAs). Participants performed 6 trials of thyroid FNA, which were scored on completion time, accuracy, and errors. Participants also completed questionnaires to assess the benefit and realism of the simulation. Results: Simulation scores at trial 1 significantly discriminated expert participants from novice participants (P = 0.028) and from medical students (P 5 0.001). Median novice resident/fellow participant scores increased with repeated trials and were no longer significantly different from expert scores by trial 2. The scores for this group were significantly better compared with medical student scores by trial 4. Between trial 1 and trial 6, significant score improvements were observed in both medical students (P = 0.018) and novice residents (P = 0.018). All participants found the phantom to be beneficial in learning thyroid FNA. Both attending endocrinologists and 6 of 7 expert participants found the ultrasound visualization of the phantom to be realistic. One of two attending endocrinologists and 5 of 7 expert participants found the haptic feedback to be realistic. Conclusion: We designed a low-cost thyroid FNA phantom that demonstrates face and construct validity. This phantom can be used to train procedural skills in a residency program and can also be used to evaluate skill acquisition.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"1 9-10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114047683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0009
B. Tang
Morbidity and mortality data (MMD), as the traditional measure of surgical performance, have major limitations when used to assess and ensure quality of surgical performance. To improve and ensure the safest possible surgical performance, there is a need for prospective observational multidisciplinary studies, for which surgeons and human factor specialists should work together towards this objective. These considerations have led to the development of new systematic approaches for assessing and improving surgical operative performance. One of these is human reliability analysis (HRA), which eventually progressed to observational clinical human reliability analysis (OCHRA). HRA techniques are widely used in the risk management of safety-critical systems, e.g. nuclear power industry, aviation industry, and military operations. HRA techniques determine the impact of human error within a system. Surgical complications are related to techniques and result from errors most commonly committed during the intervention. Therefore, these errors can be influenced, i.e. deducted, by an HRA system that proactively reduces risk by preventing errors during human activities to the ‘as low as reasonably possible’. Two major limitations of OCHRA are its labour-intensive nature and the requirement for human factors engineering expertise in the assessment. These issues will be resolved in the short term by the significant progress based on artificial intelligence and machine learning, alongside with increased clinical use of OCHRA in surgical practice and health care in general.
{"title":"Observational clinical human reliability analysis (OCHRA) for assessing and improving quality of surgical performance: the current status and future","authors":"B. Tang","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Morbidity and mortality data (MMD), as the traditional measure of surgical performance, have major limitations when used to assess and ensure quality of surgical performance. To improve and ensure the safest possible surgical performance, there is a need for prospective observational multidisciplinary studies, for which surgeons and human factor specialists should work together towards this objective. These considerations have led to the development of new systematic approaches for assessing and improving surgical operative performance. One of these is human reliability analysis (HRA), which eventually progressed to observational clinical human reliability analysis (OCHRA). HRA techniques are widely used in the risk management of safety-critical systems, e.g. nuclear power industry, aviation industry, and military operations. HRA techniques determine the impact of human error within a system. Surgical complications are related to techniques and result from errors most commonly committed during the intervention. Therefore, these errors can be influenced, i.e. deducted, by an HRA system that proactively reduces risk by preventing errors during human activities to the ‘as low as reasonably possible’. Two major limitations of OCHRA are its labour-intensive nature and the requirement for human factors engineering expertise in the assessment. These issues will be resolved in the short term by the significant progress based on artificial intelligence and machine learning, alongside with increased clinical use of OCHRA in surgical practice and health care in general.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114459357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0007
C. Escobar, D. Pape, Kimberly L. Ferrante, M. Chuang, D. Szyld, V. Lerner
{"title":"Simulation training: a novel and effective way to improve knowledge and attitudes towards coroner’s court attendance","authors":"C. Escobar, D. Pape, Kimberly L. Ferrante, M. Chuang, D. Szyld, V. Lerner","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115374039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0001
K. Lang, T. Hoover, Marie A. Hunsinger, M. Shabahang
Background: Although the technology has improved over the years, simulation is not used as widely in general surgery resident education as it is in other medical specialties. The aim of this study was to examine what general surgery residents and general surgeons like and do not like about simulation-based education. Methods: Unstructured focus groups were conducted at a moderate-sized general surgery residency program involving three groups of residents (interns, mid-levels, and chiefs) and two groups of attending physicians ( n = 27). In each of the groups, respondents were asked to articulate their views concerning the importance of simulation training. A qualitative analysis of the data was performed. Results: The attending physicians perceive the value of the simulation lab to be less effective than the operating room in terms of teaching surgical skills. In general, they see being part of an actual surgery to be more beneficial than working in a simulated environment. Conversely, the residents perceive simulation labs to be hands-on and educational, and as a low-stress environment to develop their surgical skills. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that faculty and residents have different views concerning the importance of surgical simulation. It also suggests that residents are in a bind. Many of them seek to be more involved in actual surgeries but feel that active learning in the simulation lab is more beneficial than passive learning in the operating room.
{"title":"Conflicting intra-departmental views on the importance of simulation in general surgery","authors":"K. Lang, T. Hoover, Marie A. Hunsinger, M. Shabahang","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although the technology has improved over the years, simulation is not used as widely in general surgery resident education as it is in other medical specialties. The aim of this study was to examine what general surgery residents and general surgeons like and do not like about simulation-based education. Methods: Unstructured focus groups were conducted at a moderate-sized general surgery residency program involving three groups of residents (interns, mid-levels, and chiefs) and two groups of attending physicians ( n = 27). In each of the groups, respondents were asked to articulate their views concerning the importance of simulation training. A qualitative analysis of the data was performed. Results: The attending physicians perceive the value of the simulation lab to be less effective than the operating room in terms of teaching surgical skills. In general, they see being part of an actual surgery to be more beneficial than working in a simulated environment. Conversely, the residents perceive simulation labs to be hands-on and educational, and as a low-stress environment to develop their surgical skills. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that faculty and residents have different views concerning the importance of surgical simulation. It also suggests that residents are in a bind. Many of them seek to be more involved in actual surgeries but feel that active learning in the simulation lab is more beneficial than passive learning in the operating room.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132144472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0002
A. Ndong, M. Diao, J. Tendeng, O. Thiam, A. Diallo, A. Diouf, D. Dia, Saer Diop, M. Dieng, M. Diedhiou, P. Nyemb, M. Cissé, I. Konaté
Introduction: Despite the advances in minimally invasive surgery in developed countries, laparoscopy remains less used in low-resource settings. Our aim is to describe our first experience in laparoscopic surgery at the Saint-Louis Hospital (Senegal). Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study over the period from November 1, 2018, to June 31, 2020. We included patients operated on by laparoscopy. The parameters studied were age, sex, indications, operative time, reasons, conversion rate, intraoperative difficulties, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Results: We operated on 83 patients. The mean age was 33.3 years (range, 11–74 years). There were 37 men (44.5%) and 46 women (55.5%). The procedures included appendectomy (49.3%), cholecystectomy (18.1%), exploration of infertility (10.8%), exploratory laparoscopy (7%), and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) for inguinal hernia repair (5.1%). The conversion rate was 9.6% (n = 8). The mean operative time was 81 min (range, 20–210 min). The average length of hospital stay was 2.7 days (range, 1–8 days). The mortality rate was 2.4% (n = 2). Conclusion: Laparoscopy has a real benefit even in a low-resource context. To develop minimally invasive surgery, emphasis must be placed on training the medical team and improving equipment.
{"title":"Limitations and challenges of laparoscopic surgery in a low-income country: example of the Gaston Berger Teaching Hospital of Saint-Louis (Senegal)","authors":"A. Ndong, M. Diao, J. Tendeng, O. Thiam, A. Diallo, A. Diouf, D. Dia, Saer Diop, M. Dieng, M. Diedhiou, P. Nyemb, M. Cissé, I. Konaté","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Despite the advances in minimally invasive surgery in developed countries, laparoscopy remains less used in low-resource settings. Our aim is to describe our first experience in laparoscopic surgery at the Saint-Louis Hospital (Senegal). Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study over the period from November 1, 2018, to June 31, 2020. We included patients operated on by laparoscopy. The parameters studied were age, sex, indications, operative time, reasons, conversion rate, intraoperative difficulties, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Results: We operated on 83 patients. The mean age was 33.3 years (range, 11–74 years). There were 37 men (44.5%) and 46 women (55.5%). The procedures included appendectomy (49.3%), cholecystectomy (18.1%), exploration of infertility (10.8%), exploratory laparoscopy (7%), and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) for inguinal hernia repair (5.1%). The conversion rate was 9.6% (n = 8). The mean operative time was 81 min (range, 20–210 min). The average length of hospital stay was 2.7 days (range, 1–8 days). The mortality rate was 2.4% (n = 2). Conclusion: Laparoscopy has a real benefit even in a low-resource context. To develop minimally invasive surgery, emphasis must be placed on training the medical team and improving equipment.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125236304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0009
S. Dryden, R. Gabbard, Fabliha Anbar, Shane Marsili, James Fleming, Brian Fowler
Objective: To examine the impact of real-time video game play on anterior segment ophthalmic microsurgical performance using a cataract surgical simulator (Eyesi). Methods: Medical students and ophthalmology residents at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis, Tennessee, completed a questionnaire and baseline microsurgical evaluation using the capsulorhexis module on the surgical simulator. Participants were excluded if they had any previous intraocular surgical experience or extensive surgical simulator practice. Participants were randomized to group A (intervention) or group B (control). Group A completed as many levels of Tiltmasters as possible over a 30-min period, and group B was only allowed to watch the capsulorhexis demonstration video without any additional practice. After the 30-min time period elapsed, all participants performed the capsulorhexis module. Results: Of the 41 participants, regular video game players had greater baseline scores than non-players (P=0.003) on the capsulorhexis module. There was no significant difference in the final surgical performance between the control and intervention groups. However, the intervention group showed significantly more improvement in surgical performance than the control group (P=0.04). All participants demonstrated improvement in the final surgical performance regardless of whether they were in the control group or the intervention group. Conclusions: Regular video game play enhanced baseline microsurgical simulator performance. Both the control and intervention groups demonstrated improvement in final surgical simulator performance, indicating a warm-up effect. Participants in the intervention arm demonstrated significantly higher improvement than the control group, indicating skills transfer of the video game to surgical simulator performance after 30 min of intervention.
{"title":"The effect of video game play on ophthalmic microsurgical simulator performance: a randomized controlled trial","authors":"S. Dryden, R. Gabbard, Fabliha Anbar, Shane Marsili, James Fleming, Brian Fowler","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To examine the impact of real-time video game play on anterior segment ophthalmic microsurgical performance using a cataract surgical simulator (Eyesi). Methods: Medical students and ophthalmology residents at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis, Tennessee, completed a questionnaire and baseline microsurgical evaluation using the capsulorhexis module on the surgical simulator. Participants were excluded if they had any previous intraocular surgical experience or extensive surgical simulator practice. Participants were randomized to group A (intervention) or group B (control). Group A completed as many levels of Tiltmasters as possible over a 30-min period, and group B was only allowed to watch the capsulorhexis demonstration video without any additional practice. After the 30-min time period elapsed, all participants performed the capsulorhexis module. Results: Of the 41 participants, regular video game players had greater baseline scores than non-players (P=0.003) on the capsulorhexis module. There was no significant difference in the final surgical performance between the control and intervention groups. However, the intervention group showed significantly more improvement in surgical performance than the control group (P=0.04). All participants demonstrated improvement in the final surgical performance regardless of whether they were in the control group or the intervention group. Conclusions: Regular video game play enhanced baseline microsurgical simulator performance. Both the control and intervention groups demonstrated improvement in final surgical simulator performance, indicating a warm-up effect. Participants in the intervention arm demonstrated significantly higher improvement than the control group, indicating skills transfer of the video game to surgical simulator performance after 30 min of intervention.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122695897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a006
{"title":"Intraoperative albumin usage and free flap outcomes in UMMC","authors":"","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"24 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120900615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0003
C. Agbo, Seilo Koshoedo, S. Sridharan, K. Spearpoint, Shivani Sharma, K. Ashaye
{"title":"Multi-disciplinary team-based simulation training in acute care settings: a systematic review of the impact on team performance","authors":"C. Agbo, Seilo Koshoedo, S. Sridharan, K. Spearpoint, Shivani Sharma, K. Ashaye","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124087824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0008
Rebecca Smith
Mastery of non-technical skills (NTS) training is an essential part of surgical training but is often overlooked in favour of technical skills training. Although NTS simulations exist for several clinical activities for surgeons at all levels of training, this article identifies that there are currently no NTS simulations for junior surgical trainees in managing the surgical on-call, which is a key role assumed by senior surgeons but neglected by formal training. Development of an NTS simulation in managing the on-call would teach trainees the social, cognitive and personal resource skills that are invaluable in everyday clinical practice, improving interprofessional working relationships and overall patient care. Important NTS simulation design aspects, including the establishment of psychological safety, the impact of high sociological and psychological fidelity, and appropriate simulation evaluation methods are discussed in depth. A ready-to-use template for a potential pilot study is included for further research into developing a low-cost, highimpact NTS simulation concept into future surgical training.
{"title":"A narrative review of non-technical skills simulations for junior surgical trainees in managing surgical on-call","authors":"Rebecca Smith","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Mastery of non-technical skills (NTS) training is an essential part of surgical training but is often overlooked in favour of technical skills training. Although NTS simulations exist for several clinical activities for surgeons at all levels of training, this article identifies that there are currently no NTS simulations for junior surgical trainees in managing the surgical on-call, which is a key role assumed by senior surgeons but neglected by formal training. Development of an NTS simulation in managing the on-call would teach trainees the social, cognitive and personal resource skills that are invaluable in everyday clinical practice, improving interprofessional working relationships and overall patient care. Important NTS simulation design aspects, including the establishment of psychological safety, the impact of high sociological and psychological fidelity, and appropriate simulation evaluation methods are discussed in depth. A ready-to-use template for a potential pilot study is included for further research into developing a low-cost, highimpact NTS simulation concept into future surgical training.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134417112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a025
{"title":"Virtual learning during COVID-19 pandemic amongst medical students in the UK","authors":"","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134183728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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