Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0014
J.J. Pat, Matthew Tam
{"title":"A new porcine training phantom for percutaneous nephrostomy insertion","authors":"J.J. Pat, Matthew Tam","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122043954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2019.a004
Anna Stoilova
{"title":"How can virtual reality create a better way to learn basic life support?","authors":"Anna Stoilova","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2019.a004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2019.a004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122164157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0005
A. Chandra, Lauren Harvey, Sahand Fardi, Eric Krohn, Shumaila Anwer, J. Harmon
Background: We describe the development of a low-cost lower-extremity amputation model enhanced with simulated pulsatile vasculature (SPV). The vascularized emergency trauma amputation simulator (VETAS) permits students to practice clinical decision-making, prepping and draping, hemostatic knot-tying, and lower-extremity amputation. SPV was achieved using a microcontroller, regulating the flow of artificial blood through a bypass flow system, preventing excessive pressure when the SPV is clamped. The SPV system replicates a pulse of 75 beats/min, a pressure of 120/80 mmHg, and a flow rate of 350 mL/min. We assessed if the model and simulation scenario accomplished our design goals of cost-effective, multidimensional education, with efficient turnover between learners. Methods: A low-cost VETAS was engineered to simulate the tibia and tibial artery using SPV. A simulation scenario was prepared for medical students’ training. A preand post-training survey was completed by 53 attendees to evaluate the experience. Survey responses were ranked using a Likert scale and analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The VETAS was constructed with inexpensive, readily available materials. The technology allows for efficient, reproducible training. Post-training survey analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in familiarity with creating a sterile surgical field and with proper instrument handling (P50.001). An increased sense of confidence regarding lowerextremity surgical anatomy was also confirmed (P50.014). Conclusion: The VETAS model successfully introduced medical students to the principles of emergency trauma surgery. This novel technology created a cost-effective platform for efficient and effective skills training.
{"title":"A vascularized emergency trauma amputation simulator for surgical skills training","authors":"A. Chandra, Lauren Harvey, Sahand Fardi, Eric Krohn, Shumaila Anwer, J. Harmon","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We describe the development of a low-cost lower-extremity amputation model enhanced with simulated pulsatile vasculature (SPV). The vascularized emergency trauma amputation simulator (VETAS) permits students to practice clinical decision-making, prepping and draping, hemostatic knot-tying, and lower-extremity amputation. SPV was achieved using a microcontroller, regulating the flow of artificial blood through a bypass flow system, preventing excessive pressure when the SPV is clamped. The SPV system replicates a pulse of 75 beats/min, a pressure of 120/80 mmHg, and a flow rate of 350 mL/min. We assessed if the model and simulation scenario accomplished our design goals of cost-effective, multidimensional education, with efficient turnover between learners. Methods: A low-cost VETAS was engineered to simulate the tibia and tibial artery using SPV. A simulation scenario was prepared for medical students’ training. A preand post-training survey was completed by 53 attendees to evaluate the experience. Survey responses were ranked using a Likert scale and analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The VETAS was constructed with inexpensive, readily available materials. The technology allows for efficient, reproducible training. Post-training survey analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in familiarity with creating a sterile surgical field and with proper instrument handling (P50.001). An increased sense of confidence regarding lowerextremity surgical anatomy was also confirmed (P50.014). Conclusion: The VETAS model successfully introduced medical students to the principles of emergency trauma surgery. This novel technology created a cost-effective platform for efficient and effective skills training.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"311 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122313142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2019.0004
M. Yiasemidou, A. Kordowicz, Jonathan de Siqueiraa, M. Gough
Background: Electronic audiovisual materials have the potential to revolutionize surgical training. The widespread use of social media has made this medium more accessible to surgical trainees. The success of online resources is measured with quantitative measures such as viewer numbers, which do not necessarily reflect the quality of the didactic tools provided. The aim of this study is to assess face and content validity of YouTube as a free multimedia channel for surgical education. Methods: In 2014, Yorkshire and the Humber School of Surgery launched a YouTube educational channel aimed at providing additional multimedia training experience to core surgical trainees and anyone else who wishes to use it globally. At the time this study was conducted, the channel included 14 videos of simulated procedures and each video was linked to an online survey. Results: At the time this study was conducted, 53 viewers had answered an online survey, which was voluntary. Forty-three of the 53 responders found the uploaded videos relevant to their educational needs and 47 assessed the quality of the videos as good. The length and commentary of the videos received praise. Interestingly, the responders considered e-learning resources to be as vital as courses and books. The viewers would like to see more real procedures in future e-learning outlets. Conclusion: The YouTube channel showed good face and content validity, and viewers demonstrated good acceptance of online didactic videos. The authors suggest that the quality of online resources should be assessed with similar tools, as viewership may not necessarily reflect the value of the resources.
{"title":"YouTube as an educational tool: the launch of a simulated surgical procedures channel","authors":"M. Yiasemidou, A. Kordowicz, Jonathan de Siqueiraa, M. Gough","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2019.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2019.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Electronic audiovisual materials have the potential to revolutionize surgical training. The widespread use of social media has made this medium more accessible to surgical trainees. The success of online resources is measured with quantitative measures such as viewer numbers, which do not necessarily reflect the quality of the didactic tools provided. The aim of this study is to assess face and content validity of YouTube as a free multimedia channel for surgical education. Methods: In 2014, Yorkshire and the Humber School of Surgery launched a YouTube educational channel aimed at providing additional multimedia training experience to core surgical trainees and anyone else who wishes to use it globally. At the time this study was conducted, the channel included 14 videos of simulated procedures and each video was linked to an online survey. Results: At the time this study was conducted, 53 viewers had answered an online survey, which was voluntary. Forty-three of the 53 responders found the uploaded videos relevant to their educational needs and 47 assessed the quality of the videos as good. The length and commentary of the videos received praise. Interestingly, the responders considered e-learning resources to be as vital as courses and books. The viewers would like to see more real procedures in future e-learning outlets. Conclusion: The YouTube channel showed good face and content validity, and viewers demonstrated good acceptance of online didactic videos. The authors suggest that the quality of online resources should be assessed with similar tools, as viewership may not necessarily reflect the value of the resources.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122529392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2019.0007
Trine Vik, F. Puskas, Erik Nelson
Background: Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) was developed to increase patient safety through improved health care teamwork skills. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the teamwork skills of anesthesiologist assistant (AA) students improve after training with simulated crisis management scenarios. Methods: This is a single-group pre-intervention and post-intervention study that included 12 students and four evaluators during crisis management simulations. Student self-assessment surveys and preceptor evaluation forms were administered before and after the intervention. The self-assessment survey evaluated their knowledge of and clinical utility of TeamSTEPPS strategies, and how well they applied specific TeamSTEPPS skills. The preceptors evaluated how the students performed the TeamSTEPPS skills along with their knowledge of principles and team structure. The survey and evaluation questions used a 5-point Likert scale. The intervention consisted of teaching the students the TeamSTEPPS Essentials course and giving feedback between the two crisis management scenarios. Results: Student self-evaluation scores on TeamSTEPPS knowledge (1.25–4.08, P 5 0.001), utility (3.75–4.75, P = 0.03), leadership (2.08–3.17, P = 0.02), and mutual support (2.42–3.25, P = 0.03) showed improvement. Differences in student self-evaluation scores on communication (3.25–3.50, P = 0.55) were non-significant. Preceptor evaluation for TeamSTEPPS knowledge (1.52–3.85, P 5 0.001), team structure (1.96–4.08, P 5 0.001), leadership (2.33–3.52, P = 0.006), communication (2.54–3.61, P = 0.023), mutual support (2.08–3.27, P = 0.005), and situational awareness (2.40– 3.69, P = 0.002) all showed significant improvement. Conclusion: This innovative curriculum helps AA students to learn the principles of TeamSTEPPS and improves their performance during simulated crisis management scenarios.
{"title":"Single-group analysis of simulation training improves the ability of anesthesiologist assistant students to use TeamSTEPPS during crisis management scenarios","authors":"Trine Vik, F. Puskas, Erik Nelson","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2019.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2019.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) was developed to increase patient safety through improved health care teamwork skills. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the teamwork skills of anesthesiologist assistant (AA) students improve after training with simulated crisis management scenarios. Methods: This is a single-group pre-intervention and post-intervention study that included 12 students and four evaluators during crisis management simulations. Student self-assessment surveys and preceptor evaluation forms were administered before and after the intervention. The self-assessment survey evaluated their knowledge of and clinical utility of TeamSTEPPS strategies, and how well they applied specific TeamSTEPPS skills. The preceptors evaluated how the students performed the TeamSTEPPS skills along with their knowledge of principles and team structure. The survey and evaluation questions used a 5-point Likert scale. The intervention consisted of teaching the students the TeamSTEPPS Essentials course and giving feedback between the two crisis management scenarios. Results: Student self-evaluation scores on TeamSTEPPS knowledge (1.25–4.08, P 5 0.001), utility (3.75–4.75, P = 0.03), leadership (2.08–3.17, P = 0.02), and mutual support (2.42–3.25, P = 0.03) showed improvement. Differences in student self-evaluation scores on communication (3.25–3.50, P = 0.55) were non-significant. Preceptor evaluation for TeamSTEPPS knowledge (1.52–3.85, P 5 0.001), team structure (1.96–4.08, P 5 0.001), leadership (2.33–3.52, P = 0.006), communication (2.54–3.61, P = 0.023), mutual support (2.08–3.27, P = 0.005), and situational awareness (2.40– 3.69, P = 0.002) all showed significant improvement. Conclusion: This innovative curriculum helps AA students to learn the principles of TeamSTEPPS and improves their performance during simulated crisis management scenarios.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132460572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a004
{"title":"Audit of immediate instillation of intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin-C) following transurethral resection for bladder tumour","authors":"","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127509858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0009
Britney Niemann, Conley Stout, Justin R. Chambers, S. Wen, N. Szoka
{"title":"Bowel anastomosis training simulator: design and pilot testing","authors":"Britney Niemann, Conley Stout, Justin R. Chambers, S. Wen, N. Szoka","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"358 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115946192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0001
C. Taylor, A. Corriero
Background: In recent years, surgical training has undergone considerable change and COVID-19 has accelerated the rate at which training methods have needed to be updated. Education of surgical trainees is now transitioning from that of a clinical setting to that of a simulated skills laboratory. This article aims to outline the importance of ensuring equitable access to high-fidelity surgical training equipment and to bring to attention the potential consequences of nonstandardized surgical simulation exposure. Methods: Data collection was performed using the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and Embase bibliographical databases with a predefined search strategy between 11 February 2021 and 1 June 2021. All articles considering surgical education via simulation technologies were considered. Results: Twentyeight studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in a qualitative synthesis. Despite the increasing popularity of simulation, simulation-guided learning has yet to become fully integrated within all curricula, and the use of these technologies is yet to be adequately evaluated in a post-pandemic context. Therefore, there is a need to educate and inform medical students and surgical trainees, who will all be required to learn from and be assessed on simulated clinical technologies. Conclusions: Surgical training methods must be consistently updated so that they reflect the transitioning cultural, social-economic, and political expectations and restraints on surgical curricula. Continual development of simulation facilities is required to ensure sustainable integration within surgical training. Equitable access for all trainees must be a future point of focus if surgical training is to continue at its current level.
{"title":"The developing role of simulation within surgical training and the need for equitable access: a narrative review","authors":"C. Taylor, A. Corriero","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In recent years, surgical training has undergone considerable change and COVID-19 has accelerated the rate at which training methods have needed to be updated. Education of surgical trainees is now transitioning from that of a clinical setting to that of a simulated skills laboratory. This article aims to outline the importance of ensuring equitable access to high-fidelity surgical training equipment and to bring to attention the potential consequences of nonstandardized surgical simulation exposure. Methods: Data collection was performed using the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and Embase bibliographical databases with a predefined search strategy between 11 February 2021 and 1 June 2021. All articles considering surgical education via simulation technologies were considered. Results: Twentyeight studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in a qualitative synthesis. Despite the increasing popularity of simulation, simulation-guided learning has yet to become fully integrated within all curricula, and the use of these technologies is yet to be adequately evaluated in a post-pandemic context. Therefore, there is a need to educate and inform medical students and surgical trainees, who will all be required to learn from and be assessed on simulated clinical technologies. Conclusions: Surgical training methods must be consistently updated so that they reflect the transitioning cultural, social-economic, and political expectations and restraints on surgical curricula. Continual development of simulation facilities is required to ensure sustainable integration within surgical training. Equitable access for all trainees must be a future point of focus if surgical training is to continue at its current level.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124370820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0007
A. Naiem, F. Reyna-Sepúlveda, Ibtisam Mahmoud, M. Lukaszewski, H. Gill, Alexander Thiel, E. Girsowicz
Background: Surgical training is opportunity based, and multiple factors including exposure time, case volume and simulation training contribute to achieving competencies. We aimed to evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) as an adjunct to attain surgical skills faster. Methods: A registered systematic review (PROSPERO number CRD42020211985) of randomized trials (RCTs) on Biosis, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO databases was carried out. Studies included compared active TDCS to sham stimulation in a surgical task involving trainees. Outcomes were grouped into four domains to overcome the heterogeneity of study outcomes: speed of skills acquisition; proficiency, i.e. ability to achieve a pre-determined score/level of proficiency; accuracy and error reduction; and composite outcomes involving more than one domain. Results: Four RCTs were identified involving 143 participants in total (61 sham, 82 TDCS). All studies utilized simulation training: three in laparoscopic training (peg transfer and pattern cutting), and one in neurosurgery training (tumour resection exercise). The mean age of the participants was 24.5 1.5 years, 58% (n=83) were female and 92% (n=131) were right hand dominant. Use of TDCS was associated with improved speed of skills acquisition, proficiency, accuracy and a less steep learning curve. This performance advantage was sustained for at least 6 weeks. Conclusions: TDCS may be a useful, safe adjunct for surgical simulation training. It is associated with improved skills acquisition in both laparoscopic and neurosurgical training tasks. Further research is needed to evaluate its use in other surgical specialties.
{"title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on surgical skills acquisition: a systematic review","authors":"A. Naiem, F. Reyna-Sepúlveda, Ibtisam Mahmoud, M. Lukaszewski, H. Gill, Alexander Thiel, E. Girsowicz","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Surgical training is opportunity based, and multiple factors including exposure time, case volume and simulation training contribute to achieving competencies. We aimed to evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) as an adjunct to attain surgical skills faster. Methods: A registered systematic review (PROSPERO number CRD42020211985) of randomized trials (RCTs) on Biosis, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO databases was carried out. Studies included compared active TDCS to sham stimulation in a surgical task involving trainees. Outcomes were grouped into four domains to overcome the heterogeneity of study outcomes: speed of skills acquisition; proficiency, i.e. ability to achieve a pre-determined score/level of proficiency; accuracy and error reduction; and composite outcomes involving more than one domain. Results: Four RCTs were identified involving 143 participants in total (61 sham, 82 TDCS). All studies utilized simulation training: three in laparoscopic training (peg transfer and pattern cutting), and one in neurosurgery training (tumour resection exercise). The mean age of the participants was 24.5 1.5 years, 58% (n=83) were female and 92% (n=131) were right hand dominant. Use of TDCS was associated with improved speed of skills acquisition, proficiency, accuracy and a less steep learning curve. This performance advantage was sustained for at least 6 weeks. Conclusions: TDCS may be a useful, safe adjunct for surgical simulation training. It is associated with improved skills acquisition in both laparoscopic and neurosurgical training tasks. Further research is needed to evaluate its use in other surgical specialties.","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122438156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a011
{"title":"Surgical on-call simulation: an effective teaching method for medical students","authors":"","doi":"10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1102/2051-7726.2021.a011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Surgical Simulation","volume":"117 21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126408704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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