In this paper, an acrylate copolymer‐based oil adsorption resin was designed and synthesized by a suspension polymerization with octadecyl acrylate (SA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as monomers, divinylbenzene (DVB) as a cross‐linking agent, and toluene as a pore‐forming agent. By studying the synthesis conditions, the copolymer “SA‐BA‐DVB” (PSBA) with the best adsorption capacity was obtained, when the molar ratio between SA and BA was about 0.9, the content of the DVB and PVA 1788 was about 0.107 wt% and 1.0 wt%, respectively, accounting for the total mass amount of the monomers. Furthermore, by introducing 2% reactive silica nanoparticles (R‐SiO2), the performances of the PSBA were improved due to its increased hydrophobicity and activity space. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the resulted R‐SiO2/PSBA to kerosene, diesel oil, benzene, and p‐xylene was 31.90, 34.13, 39.44, and 41.81 mL/g, respectively, which is about 1.12 to 1.21 times higher than that of the PSBA. Also, the R‐SiO2/PSBA show brilliant oil retention rate of about 99% after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min and recycling ability which can be reusable for at least 10 absorption‐desorption cycles without capacity change, demonstrating that the obtained R‐SiO2/PSBA resin can be used as oil removing agents in the field of oil spill applications.HighlightsR‐SiO2 modified acrylate copolymer as an oil adsorption resin was designed and synthesized.The influence of the monomers, cross‐linking agent, and others on the adsorption resin was systematically studied.The adsorption kinetics and performances of the adsorption resin were studied.
{"title":"Synthesis of acrylate copolymer‐based super oil adsorption resins and their performances","authors":"Feng Zhou, Yu Song, Yu Li, Xianyan Ren","doi":"10.1002/pen.26896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26896","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this paper, an acrylate copolymer‐based oil adsorption resin was designed and synthesized by a suspension polymerization with octadecyl acrylate (SA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as monomers, divinylbenzene (DVB) as a cross‐linking agent, and toluene as a pore‐forming agent. By studying the synthesis conditions, the copolymer “SA‐BA‐DVB” (PSBA) with the best adsorption capacity was obtained, when the molar ratio between SA and BA was about 0.9, the content of the DVB and PVA 1788 was about 0.107 wt% and 1.0 wt%, respectively, accounting for the total mass amount of the monomers. Furthermore, by introducing 2% reactive silica nanoparticles (R‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), the performances of the PSBA were improved due to its increased hydrophobicity and activity space. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the resulted R‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/PSBA to kerosene, diesel oil, benzene, and p‐xylene was 31.90, 34.13, 39.44, and 41.81 mL/g, respectively, which is about 1.12 to 1.21 times higher than that of the PSBA. Also, the R‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/PSBA show brilliant oil retention rate of about 99% after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min and recycling ability which can be reusable for at least 10 absorption‐desorption cycles without capacity change, demonstrating that the obtained R‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/PSBA resin can be used as oil removing agents in the field of oil spill applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>R‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> modified acrylate copolymer as an oil adsorption resin was designed and synthesized.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The influence of the monomers, cross‐linking agent, and others on the adsorption resin was systematically studied.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The adsorption kinetics and performances of the adsorption resin were studied.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shreyasi Nandy, T. V. Sreekumar, Shital Palaskar, Neha Mehra
The polyester fabric was subjected to atmospheric plasma and impregnated with commercially available 3‐hydroxyphenyl phosphinyl‐propanoic acid (3HPP) as flame retarding agent by high‐temperature high pressure (HTHP) dyeing method. Various concentrations of 3HPP in water, up to 4% w/v, were applied using the HTHP method. It was observed that the plasma treatment not only enhanced wettability and wicking but also facilitated increased pickup of 3HPP onto the polyester. The treatment exhibited a noteworthy enhancement in the limiting oxygen index (LOI), rising from 20.8% for the untreated control fabric to 30% for the fabric treated with plasma and a 4% 3HPP solution. Additionally, the application of 3HPP without plasma treatment did not yield significant improvements in flame‐retardant (FR) properties. The combined treatment of plasma and 3HPP resulted in an LOI of 29% with a 2% 3HPP treatment, while at the same concentration without plasma treatment, the LOI value was 26.8%. The heightened LOI was primarily attributed to the presence of phosphorus, as confirmed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the wash durability assessment of plasma‐processed and 3HPP‐treated samples demonstrated sustained flame retardancy, with an LOI of approximately 28% even after undergoing 20 wash cycles. Vertical flammability and cone calorimetry also confirm improved FR properties after treatment. Remarkably, the mechanical properties and surface morphology of the fabric remained unaltered following both plasma and chemical treatments.HighlightsEasy and cost‐effective technique for the downstream process for FR polyester fabric.FR agent during polymerization has the disadvantage of lower molecular weight.Potential for producing FR industrial polyester fabric.Post‐plasma treatment improves the washing fastness.The mechanical and comfort properties remain intact during the process.
{"title":"Plasma‐assisted incorporation of flame‐retardant chemicals for improved flame retardancy of polyester fabrics","authors":"Shreyasi Nandy, T. V. Sreekumar, Shital Palaskar, Neha Mehra","doi":"10.1002/pen.26924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26924","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The polyester fabric was subjected to atmospheric plasma and impregnated with commercially available 3‐hydroxyphenyl phosphinyl‐propanoic acid (3HPP) as flame retarding agent by high‐temperature high pressure (HTHP) dyeing method. Various concentrations of 3HPP in water, up to 4% w/v, were applied using the HTHP method. It was observed that the plasma treatment not only enhanced wettability and wicking but also facilitated increased pickup of 3HPP onto the polyester. The treatment exhibited a noteworthy enhancement in the limiting oxygen index (LOI), rising from 20.8% for the untreated control fabric to 30% for the fabric treated with plasma and a 4% 3HPP solution. Additionally, the application of 3HPP without plasma treatment did not yield significant improvements in flame‐retardant (FR) properties. The combined treatment of plasma and 3HPP resulted in an LOI of 29% with a 2% 3HPP treatment, while at the same concentration without plasma treatment, the LOI value was 26.8%. The heightened LOI was primarily attributed to the presence of phosphorus, as confirmed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the wash durability assessment of plasma‐processed and 3HPP‐treated samples demonstrated sustained flame retardancy, with an LOI of approximately 28% even after undergoing 20 wash cycles. Vertical flammability and cone calorimetry also confirm improved FR properties after treatment. Remarkably, the mechanical properties and surface morphology of the fabric remained unaltered following both plasma and chemical treatments.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Easy and cost‐effective technique for the downstream process for FR polyester fabric.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>FR agent during polymerization has the disadvantage of lower molecular weight.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Potential for producing FR industrial polyester fabric.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Post‐plasma treatment improves the washing fastness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The mechanical and comfort properties remain intact during the process.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand of natural fiber reinforced composites has grown enormously in polymer industries owing to their renewability and sustainability and maintaining their performance and properties. In this investigation, two natural fibers have been considered as a reinforcer to develop chemically functionalized high‐density polyethylene (CF‐HDPE)‐based composites. The total holocellulose content of ~85% and ~65% for nettle fiber (NTF) and oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPF) make them significant for this study. OPF/CF‐HDPE and NTF/CF‐HDPE composites have been developed and characterized to measure their desirable properties. The structural confirmation suggests reinforcement/matrix adhesion through ester and hydrogen bonds between them. NTF/CF‐HDPE and OPF/CF‐HDPE are thermally stable upto 240°C and 250°C, respectively. A significant increment of ~40% and ~64% in tensile strength were observed in addition of OPF and NTF reinforcer in pristine matrix. A similar observation has been shown in flexural strength with improvement of ~58% and ~83% with OPF and NTF as reinforcer. Among all these composite compositions, the 30/70 NTF/CF‐HDPE composite demonstrated the highest tensile and flexural properties values due to higher holocellulose of NTF. This study demonstrates the potential of OPF and NTF reinforcer to develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, which helps respective industries to manufactured tailored made products with desirable properties.HighlightsOPF/CF‐HDPE and NTF/CF‐HDPE composites are sustainable and low cost.The composite compositions have been developed by extrusion and injection molding.The composite's mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties have been demonstrated.SEM and FTIR characterized the composites for the fiber/matrix adhesion.The composite's thermal stability has been affected by fibers and matrix.
{"title":"Comparative study of oil palm and nettle fibers reinforced chemically functionalized high‐density polyethylene composites","authors":"Hariome Sharan Gupta, Sanjay Palsule","doi":"10.1002/pen.26887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26887","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The demand of natural fiber reinforced composites has grown enormously in polymer industries owing to their renewability and sustainability and maintaining their performance and properties. In this investigation, two natural fibers have been considered as a reinforcer to develop chemically functionalized high‐density polyethylene (CF‐HDPE)‐based composites. The total holocellulose content of ~85% and ~65% for nettle fiber (NTF) and oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPF) make them significant for this study. OPF/CF‐HDPE and NTF/CF‐HDPE composites have been developed and characterized to measure their desirable properties. The structural confirmation suggests reinforcement/matrix adhesion through ester and hydrogen bonds between them. NTF/CF‐HDPE and OPF/CF‐HDPE are thermally stable upto 240°C and 250°C, respectively. A significant increment of ~40% and ~64% in tensile strength were observed in addition of OPF and NTF reinforcer in pristine matrix. A similar observation has been shown in flexural strength with improvement of ~58% and ~83% with OPF and NTF as reinforcer. Among all these composite compositions, the 30/70 NTF/CF‐HDPE composite demonstrated the highest tensile and flexural properties values due to higher holocellulose of NTF. This study demonstrates the potential of OPF and NTF reinforcer to develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, which helps respective industries to manufactured tailored made products with desirable properties.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>OPF/CF‐HDPE and NTF/CF‐HDPE composites are sustainable and low cost.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The composite compositions have been developed by extrusion and injection molding.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The composite's mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties have been demonstrated.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>SEM and FTIR characterized the composites for the fiber/matrix adhesion.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The composite's thermal stability has been affected by fibers and matrix.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Badr M. Thamer, Faiz A. Al‐aizari, Hany S. Abdo, Mohamed H. El‐Newehy
In this study, chromium‐based metal–organic framework (MIL‐101(Cr)) was incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers (PVA NFs) via green electrospinning followed by heat treatment to fabricate MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs composite without the need for any organic solvent or other dispersants. The fabricated MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs were comprehensively characterized using a suite of common techniques. Morphological characteristics of MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs showed a fibrous structure with an average diameter of 228 ± 37 nm and decorated with MIL‐101(Cr) particles arranged in a nanoneedle‐like pattern. Subsequently, its adsorption efficiency towards the cationic crystal violet dye (CV) was evaluated through batch adsorption experiments. The influence of various experimental parameters on CV removal efficiency was systematically optimized using a factorial design approach. The Langmuir isotherm and kinetic pseudo‐second‐order (PSO) model provided an excellent fit to the adsorption equilibrium data, indicating a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 344.18 mg/g for MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs compared with 83.94 mg/g for pristine PVA NFs. Furthermore, the MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs composite demonstrated excellent reusability and stability, maintaining a significant portion of its removal capacity even after six adsorption–desorption cycles. These findings highlight the potential of the fabricated composite as a highly efficient and reusable adsorbent for CV removal from wastewater treatment applications.HighlightsThe MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs nanocomposite fabricated by electrospinning technique.The MIL‐101(Cr) particle arranged in a nanoneedle‐like pattern in the PVA NFs.Incorporation of MIL‐101(Cr) improved qmax of PVA by 391.5%.The MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs membrane has excellent stability and reusability.
{"title":"Facile green fabrication of MIL‐101(Cr)/PVA nanofiber composite as effective, stable, and reusable adsorbent for cationic dye removal","authors":"Badr M. Thamer, Faiz A. Al‐aizari, Hany S. Abdo, Mohamed H. El‐Newehy","doi":"10.1002/pen.26922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26922","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this study, chromium‐based metal–organic framework (MIL‐101(Cr)) was incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers (PVA NFs) via green electrospinning followed by heat treatment to fabricate MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs composite without the need for any organic solvent or other dispersants. The fabricated MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs were comprehensively characterized using a suite of common techniques. Morphological characteristics of MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs showed a fibrous structure with an average diameter of 228 ± 37 nm and decorated with MIL‐101(Cr) particles arranged in a nanoneedle‐like pattern. Subsequently, its adsorption efficiency towards the cationic crystal violet dye (CV) was evaluated through batch adsorption experiments. The influence of various experimental parameters on CV removal efficiency was systematically optimized using a factorial design approach. The Langmuir isotherm and kinetic pseudo‐second‐order (PSO) model provided an excellent fit to the adsorption equilibrium data, indicating a maximum adsorption capacity (<jats:italic>q</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>) of 344.18 mg/g for MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs compared with 83.94 mg/g for pristine PVA NFs. Furthermore, the MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs composite demonstrated excellent reusability and stability, maintaining a significant portion of its removal capacity even after six adsorption–desorption cycles. These findings highlight the potential of the fabricated composite as a highly efficient and reusable adsorbent for CV removal from wastewater treatment applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs nanocomposite fabricated by electrospinning technique.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The MIL‐101(Cr) particle arranged in a nanoneedle‐like pattern in the PVA NFs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Incorporation of MIL‐101(Cr) improved <jats:italic>q</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub> of PVA by 391.5%.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The MIL‐101(Cr)@PVA NFs membrane has excellent stability and reusability.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collagen (Col) composite fibers containing various functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared via microfluidic spinning, and the influences of MWNT content and type on the performances of the composite fibers were investigated by transmission electron microscope, UV–vis, SEM, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and tensile testing. The Col composite fibers showed tightly packed bundle structures on surfaces originated from the high shear rates in the microfluidic channels, and MWNT facilitates the self‐assembly of Col molecules, leading to the ordered arrangement of Col fibrils along the fiber axis. When the loading of carboxylated MWNT (cMWNT) was 0.5 wt%, the tensile strength of Col/cMWNT achieved the maximum of 1.94 cN/dtex owing to the excellent hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions between the carboxyl groups in cMWNT and amino groups in Col molecules, which is significantly higher than those composite fibers made from unfunctionalized and hydroxylated MWNT. Moreover, with the incorporation of MWNT the thermal stability and water resistance of Col fibers were improved due to the enhanced interfacial interactions between Col and MWNT. The fabrication method in this work enables the controlled formation of Col fibers and demonstrates huge potential for use in Col‐based biomaterials.HighlightsNovel collagen (Col)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite fibers were prepared via microfluidic spinning.The Col composite fibers showed tightly packed bundle surface structures.Col/carboxylated MWNT achieved the maximum tensile strength of 1.94 cN/dtex.MWNT enhanced thermal stability and water resistance of Col fibers.
利用微流体纺丝技术制备了含有不同功能化多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）的胶原蛋白（Col）复合纤维，并通过透射电子显微镜、紫外可见光、扫描电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射和拉伸测试等手段研究了MWNT含量和类型对复合纤维性能的影响。在微流体通道中的高剪切速率作用下，Col 复合纤维表面呈现出紧密的束状结构，MWNT 促进了 Col 分子的自组装，使 Col 纤维沿纤维轴有序排列。当羧基化 MWNT（cMWNT）的负载量为 0.5 wt%时，由于 cMWNT 中的羧基与 Col 分子中的氨基之间存在良好的氢键和静电作用，Col/cMWNT 的拉伸强度达到最大值 1.94 cN/dtex，明显高于未官能化和羟基化 MWNT 制成的复合纤维。此外，加入 MWNT 后，由于 Col 与 MWNT 之间的界面相互作用增强，Col 纤维的热稳定性和耐水性也得到了改善。亮点 通过微流体纺丝法制备了新型胶原蛋白（Col）/多壁碳纳米管（MWNT）复合纤维。胶原蛋白复合纤维显示出紧密的束面结构。Col/羧化 MWNT 的最大拉伸强度为 1.94 cN/dtex。MWNT 增强了 Col 纤维的热稳定性和耐水性。
{"title":"Collagen composite fibers with various functionalized carbon nanotubes fabricated via microfluidic spinning","authors":"Changkun Ding, Hua Wang, Yu Zhang, Xu Zeng, Xiwen Qin","doi":"10.1002/pen.26917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26917","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Collagen (Col) composite fibers containing various functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared via microfluidic spinning, and the influences of MWNT content and type on the performances of the composite fibers were investigated by transmission electron microscope, UV–vis, SEM, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and tensile testing. The Col composite fibers showed tightly packed bundle structures on surfaces originated from the high shear rates in the microfluidic channels, and MWNT facilitates the self‐assembly of Col molecules, leading to the ordered arrangement of Col fibrils along the fiber axis. When the loading of carboxylated MWNT (cMWNT) was 0.5 wt%, the tensile strength of Col/cMWNT achieved the maximum of 1.94 cN/dtex owing to the excellent hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions between the carboxyl groups in cMWNT and amino groups in Col molecules, which is significantly higher than those composite fibers made from unfunctionalized and hydroxylated MWNT. Moreover, with the incorporation of MWNT the thermal stability and water resistance of Col fibers were improved due to the enhanced interfacial interactions between Col and MWNT. The fabrication method in this work enables the controlled formation of Col fibers and demonstrates huge potential for use in Col‐based biomaterials.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Novel collagen (Col)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite fibers were prepared via microfluidic spinning.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The Col composite fibers showed tightly packed bundle surface structures.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Col/carboxylated MWNT achieved the maximum tensile strength of 1.94 cN/dtex.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>MWNT enhanced thermal stability and water resistance of Col fibers.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meifang Liu, Qiang Chen, Yiyang Liu, Jie Li, Xiaoyu Yang, Jie Du, Xinxin Tan
A new type of deuterated polymer microspheres with a much higher deuterium/carbon (D/C) atom ratio was designed and fabricated to produce high‐yield thermonuclear neutrons. Supramolecular deuterated polycyclooctene (D‐PCOE) with ~1.7 D/C atom ratio was synthesized, which well meets the requirements including higher D/C atom ratio, good solubility for processability, and excellent mechanical properties. Monodispersed D‐PCOE microspheres including shells and beads are fabricated by a microfluidic technique. The properties of the D‐PCOE materials and corresponding microspheres are analyzed and compared with those of the deuterated polystyrene microspheres (~1 D/C atom ratio), which have been widely used in laser‐driven spherically convergent plasma fusion experiments. This work expands the category of deuterated polymeric materials and provides a new type of deuterated polymer microspheres in the forthcoming high‐yield neutron experiments.HighlightsSupramolecular D‐PCOE with ~1.7 D/C atom ratio was successfully synthesized.Monodispersed D‐PCOE microspheres were successfully fabricated.The quality of D‐PCOE microspheres is also investigated.
{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of deuteration‐rich polymer microsphere for high‐yield neutron source","authors":"Meifang Liu, Qiang Chen, Yiyang Liu, Jie Li, Xiaoyu Yang, Jie Du, Xinxin Tan","doi":"10.1002/pen.26925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26925","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>A new type of deuterated polymer microspheres with a much higher deuterium/carbon (D/C) atom ratio was designed and fabricated to produce high‐yield thermonuclear neutrons. Supramolecular deuterated polycyclooctene (D‐PCOE) with ~1.7 D/C atom ratio was synthesized, which well meets the requirements including higher D/C atom ratio, good solubility for processability, and excellent mechanical properties. Monodispersed D‐PCOE microspheres including shells and beads are fabricated by a microfluidic technique. The properties of the D‐PCOE materials and corresponding microspheres are analyzed and compared with those of the deuterated polystyrene microspheres (~1 D/C atom ratio), which have been widely used in laser‐driven spherically convergent plasma fusion experiments. This work expands the category of deuterated polymeric materials and provides a new type of deuterated polymer microspheres in the forthcoming high‐yield neutron experiments.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Supramolecular D‐PCOE with ~1.7 D/C atom ratio was successfully synthesized.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Monodispersed D‐PCOE microspheres were successfully fabricated.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The quality of D‐PCOE microspheres is also investigated.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangxu Li, Lei Wu, Qingxiang Lai, Yifan Xu, He Wang, Chuansheng Wang, Huiguang Bian
Cellulose fibers were modified via aqueous silane‐graphene oxide (GO) coordination by flash drying and extrusion dispersion process. The adsorption of GO reduced the polarity of the cellulose fiber surface and attenuated the agglomeration effect between the cellulose fibers, thus facilitating the dispersion of fibers in the rubber matrix. Adding aqueous 3‐aminopropylsilane oligomer (8150) incorporated active sites on the surface of cellulose fibers, thereby improving the interfacial binding properties of cellulose nano fibers (CNFs) and natural rubber (NR). After blending the modified CNFs with NR latex, high‐temperature flocculation was performed using an atomised flash device. Finally, CNF/NR was pre‐dispersed through a twin‐screw extruder, after which a CNF/NR masterbatch with excellent performance was prepared. Experimental results revealed that composites prepared using GO‐8150 via the flash drying‐twin‐screw dispersion process exhibited excellent dispersion characteristics, processing properties, mechanical properties, rolling resistance, wear resistance, and heat generation properties. Compared with traditional dry mixing, the composites prepared by flash drying‐twin‐screw dispersion process showed a 16.95% increase in tensile strength, 16.07% increase in 300% constant elongation, 19.01% reduction in abrasion consumption, 42.26% reduction in rolling resistance, and a reduction in the Payne effect. This study offers an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the high‐value utilization of natural fibers and the preparation of NR composites with excellent properties, while providing a green and nonpolluting modification process with no acidic liquid discharge.HighlightsGO‐8150 reduces the polarity of the fibers and promotes dispersion.The flash extrusion dispersion process achieves green flocculation.42% lower rolling resistance for rubber composites.
{"title":"Preparation of aqueous silane‐graphene oxide co‐modified cellulose fibers/natural rubber composites via flash extrusion dispersion process","authors":"Xiangxu Li, Lei Wu, Qingxiang Lai, Yifan Xu, He Wang, Chuansheng Wang, Huiguang Bian","doi":"10.1002/pen.26854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26854","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Cellulose fibers were modified via aqueous silane‐graphene oxide (GO) coordination by flash drying and extrusion dispersion process. The adsorption of GO reduced the polarity of the cellulose fiber surface and attenuated the agglomeration effect between the cellulose fibers, thus facilitating the dispersion of fibers in the rubber matrix. Adding aqueous 3‐aminopropylsilane oligomer (8150) incorporated active sites on the surface of cellulose fibers, thereby improving the interfacial binding properties of cellulose nano fibers (CNFs) and natural rubber (NR). After blending the modified CNFs with NR latex, high‐temperature flocculation was performed using an atomised flash device. Finally, CNF/NR was pre‐dispersed through a twin‐screw extruder, after which a CNF/NR masterbatch with excellent performance was prepared. Experimental results revealed that composites prepared using GO‐8150 via the flash drying‐twin‐screw dispersion process exhibited excellent dispersion characteristics, processing properties, mechanical properties, rolling resistance, wear resistance, and heat generation properties. Compared with traditional dry mixing, the composites prepared by flash drying‐twin‐screw dispersion process showed a 16.95% increase in tensile strength, 16.07% increase in 300% constant elongation, 19.01% reduction in abrasion consumption, 42.26% reduction in rolling resistance, and a reduction in the Payne effect. This study offers an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the high‐value utilization of natural fibers and the preparation of NR composites with excellent properties, while providing a green and nonpolluting modification process with no acidic liquid discharge.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO</jats:styled-content>‐8150 reduces the polarity of the fibers and promotes dispersion.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The flash extrusion dispersion process achieves green flocculation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>42% lower rolling resistance for rubber composites.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) is well‐known to be miscible with polystyrene, but immiscible with styrene copolymers containing polar groups. Certain nitrated‐PPOs (NPPOs) were found to be miscible with copolymers of styrene/acrylonitrile (SANs), copolymers of styrene/maleic anhydride (SMAs), a terpolymer of α‐methylstyrene/styrene/acrylonitrile (α‐MS/S/AN), and a copolymer of o‐ and p‐chlorostyrene (PCS). Also, certain simultaneously nitrated‐ and chlorinated‐PPOs (NCPPOs) were found to be miscible with SANs, SMAs and PCS whereas immiscible with the α‐MS/S/AN. The miscibility was indicated by the presence of a single composition‐dependent glass‐transition temperature for a given blend across the entire range of blend compositions tested. The miscibility of the aforementioned NPPOs and NCPPOs blends with SAN1 and SMA1 is attributed to hydrogen bonding of hydroxy groups of NPPOs and NCPPOs with nitrile groups and carbonyl groups, respectively, based on the literature information. The hydroxy groups were generated during nitration and simultaneous nitration/chlorination of PPO as a result of nucleophilic chain scission. Miscible blends of ‐NPPO/SAN and ‐NPPO/SMA with ABS1 showed a substantially better balance of the following properties than a comparable immiscible‐NPPO/SAN blend and a ‐PPO/SAN blend with ABS1: notched Izod impact strength, tensile properties, heat distortion temperature and gasoline stress‐crack resistance.HighlightsNitration and simultaneous nitration/chlorination of PPO generated hydroxyl end groups.Certain NPPOs and NCPPOs were miscible with SANs, SMAs and PCS.Miscibility indicated by a single composition dependent Tg for a given blend.Miscibility attributed to hydrogen bonding of respective functional groups.Impact‐modified miscible‐NPPO/SAN blends and ‐NPPO/SMA blends with ABS1 as impact modifier had good key properties.
{"title":"Miscible blends of chemically‐modified poly(phenylene oxides) with styrene copolymers containing polar groups","authors":"James Yoon‐Jin Chung","doi":"10.1002/pen.26898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26898","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) is well‐known to be miscible with polystyrene, but immiscible with styrene copolymers containing polar groups. Certain nitrated‐PPOs (NPPOs) were found to be miscible with copolymers of styrene/acrylonitrile (SANs), copolymers of styrene/maleic anhydride (SMAs), a terpolymer of α‐methylstyrene/styrene/acrylonitrile (α‐MS/S/AN), and a copolymer of o‐ and p‐chlorostyrene (PCS). Also, certain simultaneously nitrated‐ and chlorinated‐PPOs (NCPPOs) were found to be miscible with SANs, SMAs and PCS whereas immiscible with the α‐MS/S/AN. The miscibility was indicated by the presence of a single composition‐dependent glass‐transition temperature for a given blend across the entire range of blend compositions tested. The miscibility of the aforementioned NPPOs and NCPPOs blends with SAN1 and SMA1 is attributed to hydrogen bonding of hydroxy groups of NPPOs and NCPPOs with nitrile groups and carbonyl groups, respectively, based on the literature information. The hydroxy groups were generated during nitration and simultaneous nitration/chlorination of PPO as a result of nucleophilic chain scission. Miscible blends of ‐NPPO/SAN and ‐NPPO/SMA with ABS1 showed a substantially better balance of the following properties than a comparable immiscible‐NPPO/SAN blend and a ‐PPO/SAN blend with ABS1: notched Izod impact strength, tensile properties, heat distortion temperature and gasoline stress‐crack resistance.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Nitration and simultaneous nitration/chlorination of PPO generated hydroxyl end groups.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Certain NPPOs and NCPPOs were miscible with SANs, SMAs and PCS.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Miscibility indicated by a single composition dependent <jats:italic>T</jats:italic><jats:sub>g</jats:sub> for a given blend.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Miscibility attributed to hydrogen bonding of respective functional groups.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Impact‐modified miscible‐NPPO/SAN blends and ‐NPPO/SMA blends with ABS1 as impact modifier had good key properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blends are typically phase‐separated, and there is limited research on using graphene oxide (GO) as their matrix filler. PLA/PHBV/GO composites using 1, 3, or 5 wt% GO were prepared by melt mixing, after which their morphology and thermal properties were determined. All the components were hydrophilic (Contact angles less than 90°), and the wetting coefficient value of 3.52 suggested that GO would be dispersed in PLA during surface energy evaluations (SEES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that PLA/PHBV blends are immiscible and phase‐separated; however, adding GO brought partial miscibility. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that GO plasticized the polymers at lower contents (1 wt%) and inhibited their crystallization at higher contents (3 and 5 wt%). Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements showed that a chemical interaction exists between GO and the polymers, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that GO inhibited crystallization in the polymers at high contents. Adding GO to the polymers generally improved the thermal stability of PLA, verifying the affinity thereof during thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. Merging of the thermal degradation steps implied that GO induced partial miscibility on polymers. Concurrently, the polymers thermally masked the GO to prolong its lifespan. Composites with 1 wt% GO were the optimal and ideal materials.HighlightsMelt mixed PLA/PHBV blends and their composites with GO as a filler.GO brought partial miscibility to the blends and favored the PLA phase.1 wt% GO contents provide optimal thermal and morphological properties.3 and 5 wt% GO contents form chemical bonds with the polymers.Initial GO loadings increase the crystallinity of the polymers.
聚乳酸（PLA）/聚（3-羟基丁酸-3-羟基戊酸）（PHBV）共混物通常是相分离的，而使用氧化石墨烯（GO）作为其基体填料的研究还很有限。我们通过熔融混合的方法制备了含有 1、3 或 5 wt% GO 的聚乳酸/PHBV/GO 复合材料，然后测定了它们的形态和热性能。所有成分都具有亲水性（接触角小于 90°），润湿系数值为 3.52，这表明在进行表面能评估（SEES）时，GO 会分散在聚乳酸中。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示，聚乳酸/PHBV 混合物是不相溶和相分离的；但是，添加 GO 后会产生部分相溶。差示扫描量热法（DSC）显示，GO 在聚合物中的含量较低（1 wt%）时会使聚合物塑化，而在聚合物中的含量较高（3 和 5 wt%）时则会抑制聚合物结晶。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测量结果表明，GO 与聚合物之间存在化学作用，X 射线衍射（XRD）结果证实，GO 在聚合物中的含量较高时，会抑制聚合物的结晶。在聚合物中添加 GO 可普遍提高聚乳酸的热稳定性，这在热重分析（TGA）中得到了验证。热降解步骤的合并意味着 GO 诱导了聚合物的部分混溶性。同时，聚合物对 GO 进行热遮蔽，延长了其使用寿命。含有 1 wt% GO 的复合材料是最佳的理想材料。 亮点 以 GO 作为填料，熔融混合聚乳酸/PHBV 共混物及其复合材料。GO 带来了混合物的部分混溶性，并有利于聚乳酸相。1 wt% 的 GO 含量可提供最佳的热性能和形态性能。3 和 5 wt% 的 GO 含量可与聚合物形成化学键。最初的 GO 含量会增加聚合物的结晶度。
{"title":"Morphology and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/graphene oxide polymeric composites","authors":"Lesia Sydney Mokoena, Julia Puseletso Mofokeng","doi":"10.1002/pen.26919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26919","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blends are typically phase‐separated, and there is limited research on using graphene oxide (GO) as their matrix filler. PLA/PHBV/GO composites using 1, 3, or 5 wt% GO were prepared by melt mixing, after which their morphology and thermal properties were determined. All the components were hydrophilic (Contact angles less than 90°), and the wetting coefficient value of 3.52 suggested that GO would be dispersed in PLA during surface energy evaluations (SEES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that PLA/PHBV blends are immiscible and phase‐separated; however, adding GO brought partial miscibility. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that GO plasticized the polymers at lower contents (1 wt%) and inhibited their crystallization at higher contents (3 and 5 wt%). Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements showed that a chemical interaction exists between GO and the polymers, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that GO inhibited crystallization in the polymers at high contents. Adding GO to the polymers generally improved the thermal stability of PLA, verifying the affinity thereof during thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. Merging of the thermal degradation steps implied that GO induced partial miscibility on polymers. Concurrently, the polymers thermally masked the GO to prolong its lifespan. Composites with 1 wt% GO were the optimal and ideal materials.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Melt mixed PLA/PHBV blends and their composites with GO as a filler.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>GO brought partial miscibility to the blends and favored the PLA phase.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>1 wt% GO contents provide optimal thermal and morphological properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>3 and 5 wt% GO contents form chemical bonds with the polymers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Initial GO loadings increase the crystallinity of the polymers.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymeric nanocell foam is a promising material that faces manufacturing challenges. Producing sizable and thick foams for properties testing has been challenging. This study aims to scale up and understand the foaming mechanism of nanocellular foams by controlling the saturation temperature, pressure, and molecular weight distribution of the matrix to fine‐tune the glass transition temperature of the polymer/gas mixture. The hot‐press foamed samples possess a 100 × 70 × 6 ~ 8 mm3 dimension and a cell size of less than 200 nm. Bimodal structures can also be created by controlling the critical processing parameters. Introducing 37% microcells into unimodal nanocellular foam reduced the relative density from 0.29 to 0.19. The thermal conductivity of the foams was tuned by controlling the cell size distribution. Unimodal nanofoams have the lowest thermal conductivity for foams of the same density due to the Knudsen effect and tortuosity. The measured thermal conductivity is in agreement with theoretical models.HighlightsPMMA nanofoam with a dimension of 100 × 70 × 6–8 mm3 and cell size below 200 nm.The morphology of nanofoams was tuned to be unimodal and bimodal.The foam density of the bimodal nanofoams was lowered below 0.238 g/cm3.The thermal conductivity of foams was tuned by controlling the cell structure.
{"title":"Fabrication of flat and sizeable nanocellular polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) foam with tunable thermal conductivity","authors":"Kiday Fiseha Gebremedhin, Solomon Dufera Tolcha, Shu‐Kai Yeh","doi":"10.1002/pen.26895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26895","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Polymeric nanocell foam is a promising material that faces manufacturing challenges. Producing sizable and thick foams for properties testing has been challenging. This study aims to scale up and understand the foaming mechanism of nanocellular foams by controlling the saturation temperature, pressure, and molecular weight distribution of the matrix to fine‐tune the glass transition temperature of the polymer/gas mixture. The hot‐press foamed samples possess a 100 × 70 × 6 ~ 8 mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> dimension and a cell size of less than 200 nm. Bimodal structures can also be created by controlling the critical processing parameters. Introducing 37% microcells into unimodal nanocellular foam reduced the relative density from 0.29 to 0.19. The thermal conductivity of the foams was tuned by controlling the cell size distribution. Unimodal nanofoams have the lowest thermal conductivity for foams of the same density due to the Knudsen effect and tortuosity. The measured thermal conductivity is in agreement with theoretical models.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>PMMA nanofoam with a dimension of 100 × 70 × 6–8 mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> and cell size below 200 nm.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The morphology of nanofoams was tuned to be unimodal and bimodal.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The foam density of the bimodal nanofoams was lowered below 0.238 g/cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The thermal conductivity of foams was tuned by controlling the cell structure.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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