Hamideh Yari, Majid Pakizeh, Ali Dashti, Mahdi Pourafshari Chenar
When fabricating polymeric membranes using the non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique, the characteristics and performance of the resulting membranes are significantly influenced by the additives incorporated into the casting solution. In this study, polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) microfiltration (MF) membranes were fabricated using different pore‐formers including organic solvents, inorganic salts, and polymers. PCTFE was used as an attractive polymer for the first time in the liquid filtration process. This is due to its favorable properties for MF membranes such as ease of processing, high mechanical robustness, and fouling‐resistance. Dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol, NaCl, ammonium bicarbonate, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated at 1–4 wt% concentration as pore‐forming agents into the PCTFE solution. The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle measurement, and their filtration performance was assessed by pure water permeability (PWP) measurement and separation of milk fat in a cross‐flow membrane module. From the results, the overall porosity, surface porosity, mean pore size, hydrophilicity, PWP, steady flux, and fat rejection were in the following order for the modified membranes: PCTFE/DMF > PCTFE/PEG > PCTFE/ethanol > PCTFE/ammonium bicarbonate > PCTFE/NaCl. Among modified membranes, the highest fat rejection (95.8%) was obtained for the 1 wt% DMF‐containing casting solution. The fat rejection of this membrane was slightly less than the neat PCTFE membrane (97.5%), but its steady permeate flux was more than twice that of the pure sample. Additionally, the anti‐fouling and mechanical characteristics of the membranes were also investigated to assess the suitability of PCTFE polymers for the MF process.HighlightsMF process was conducted using novel PCTFE flat‐sheet membranes.The PCTFE membrane was prepared with different pore‐formers.Using different concentrations of pore‐formers affected the membrane structure.Using pore‐formers affected the PCTFE membrane performance.
{"title":"Studying the effect of different pore‐formers on characteristics and separation performance of PCTFE MF membrane","authors":"Hamideh Yari, Majid Pakizeh, Ali Dashti, Mahdi Pourafshari Chenar","doi":"10.1002/pen.26931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26931","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>When fabricating polymeric membranes using the non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique, the characteristics and performance of the resulting membranes are significantly influenced by the additives incorporated into the casting solution. In this study, polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) microfiltration (MF) membranes were fabricated using different pore‐formers including organic solvents, inorganic salts, and polymers. PCTFE was used as an attractive polymer for the first time in the liquid filtration process. This is due to its favorable properties for MF membranes such as ease of processing, high mechanical robustness, and fouling‐resistance. Dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol, NaCl, ammonium bicarbonate, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated at 1–4 wt% concentration as pore‐forming agents into the PCTFE solution. The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle measurement, and their filtration performance was assessed by pure water permeability (PWP) measurement and separation of milk fat in a cross‐flow membrane module. From the results, the overall porosity, surface porosity, mean pore size, hydrophilicity, PWP, steady flux, and fat rejection were in the following order for the modified membranes: PCTFE/DMF > PCTFE/PEG > PCTFE/ethanol > PCTFE/ammonium bicarbonate > PCTFE/NaCl. Among modified membranes, the highest fat rejection (95.8%) was obtained for the 1 wt% DMF‐containing casting solution. The fat rejection of this membrane was slightly less than the neat PCTFE membrane (97.5%), but its steady permeate flux was more than twice that of the pure sample. Additionally, the anti‐fouling and mechanical characteristics of the membranes were also investigated to assess the suitability of PCTFE polymers for the MF process.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>MF process was conducted using novel PCTFE flat‐sheet membranes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The PCTFE membrane was prepared with different pore‐formers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Using different concentrations of pore‐formers affected the membrane structure.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Using pore‐formers affected the PCTFE membrane performance.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the tribological properties of mollusk‐shell‐high‐density polyethylene (MS‐HDPE) biocomposites and diamond‐like carbon (DLC)‐coated metal beads as potential substitutes for hip joint prostheses. HDPE biocomposites with 0, 5, and 10 wt% of MS were developed using hot compression molding. Coatings included pure DLC, DLC‐Si, and DLC W:H. Wear tests on a ball‐on‐disk tribometer examined friction and wear rates against coated and uncoated balls, along with wear morphology. MS‐HDPE demonstrated superior tribological performance against DLC, achieving a 67% reduction in specific wear rate compared to pure HDPE. The study suggests that 5 wt% MS‐HDPE coupled with a DLC‐coated counterpart coating could be a promising combination for orthopedic applications, presenting a potential solution to metal corrosion and wear debris issues in orthopedic implants.HighlightsTested coatings: DLC, DLC‐Si, and DLC W:H.Biocomposite wear versus coated balls.DLC coating improves wear with shell fillers.Mollusk shell strengthens biocomposites.Reduced wear rate by 63% and friction by 77%.
{"title":"Enhancing tribological performance of high‐density polyethylene polymer with diamond‐like carbon coating and mollusk shells filler","authors":"Besma Sidia, Walid Bensalah","doi":"10.1002/pen.26914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26914","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study explores the tribological properties of mollusk‐shell‐high‐density polyethylene (MS‐HDPE) biocomposites and diamond‐like carbon (DLC)‐coated metal beads as potential substitutes for hip joint prostheses. HDPE biocomposites with 0, 5, and 10 wt% of MS were developed using hot compression molding. Coatings included pure DLC, DLC‐Si, and DLC W:H. Wear tests on a ball‐on‐disk tribometer examined friction and wear rates against coated and uncoated balls, along with wear morphology. MS‐HDPE demonstrated superior tribological performance against DLC, achieving a 67% reduction in specific wear rate compared to pure HDPE. The study suggests that 5 wt% MS‐HDPE coupled with a DLC‐coated counterpart coating could be a promising combination for orthopedic applications, presenting a potential solution to metal corrosion and wear debris issues in orthopedic implants.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Tested coatings: DLC, DLC‐Si, and DLC W:H.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Biocomposite wear versus coated balls.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>DLC coating improves wear with shell fillers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Mollusk shell strengthens biocomposites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Reduced wear rate by 63% and friction by 77%.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian‐Hua Du, Wei‐Hua Yao, Chih‐Yuan Tsou, Chin‐San Wu, Lei Meng, Xue‐Fei Hu, Chi‐Hui Tsou
This research systematically explores the use of corn stover (CS) with polypropylene (PP) and modified polypropylene (MPP) for sustainable food packaging. MPP is produced via melt mixing with dicumyl peroxide followed by maleic anhydride. The study aims to assess the potential of these biomass composites in eco‐friendly packaging applications. Our comprehensive evaluations include crystalline behavior, water absorption rate, contact angle, water vapor permeation coefficients, and oxygen transmission rates. Notably, at 20% CS content, the tensile strength of the MPP/CS composite material is about 120% higher than PP/CS composites. We also observed that CS significantly alters key properties of PP and MPP. The weight loss analysis of vegetables and water vapor transmission rate tests indicate that the MPP/CS composite film with 20% CS has the best effect on water vapor barrier and preservation of vegetables. Additionally, microbial growth analysis reveals that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus grow less abundantly on composites with lower CS contents, and MPP/CS composites show reduced microbial growth compared to PP/CS. This integrated study demonstrates the optimization of composite material performance through CS variables, revealing innovative potential for CS in enhancing PP and guiding the design of future sustainable packaging materials.Highlights20% CS in MPP/CS boosts tensile strength by 120% versus PP/CS composites.20% CS in MPP/CS gives optimal water vapor barrier and veggie preservation.MPP/CS reduces E. coli and S. aureus growth better than PP/CS, especially at low CS.MPP's functional group enhances CS compatibility, dispersion, structure, and crystallinity.Corn stover‐reinforced PP composites offer a sustainable, eco‐friendly packaging option.
{"title":"Enhanced sustainable packaging solutions through corn stover‐reinforced polypropylene biomass composites: Characterization, performance, and potential applications","authors":"Jian‐Hua Du, Wei‐Hua Yao, Chih‐Yuan Tsou, Chin‐San Wu, Lei Meng, Xue‐Fei Hu, Chi‐Hui Tsou","doi":"10.1002/pen.26930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26930","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This research systematically explores the use of corn stover (CS) with polypropylene (PP) and modified polypropylene (MPP) for sustainable food packaging. MPP is produced via melt mixing with dicumyl peroxide followed by maleic anhydride. The study aims to assess the potential of these biomass composites in eco‐friendly packaging applications. Our comprehensive evaluations include crystalline behavior, water absorption rate, contact angle, water vapor permeation coefficients, and oxygen transmission rates. Notably, at 20% CS content, the tensile strength of the MPP/CS composite material is about 120% higher than PP/CS composites. We also observed that CS significantly alters key properties of PP and MPP. The weight loss analysis of vegetables and water vapor transmission rate tests indicate that the MPP/CS composite film with 20% CS has the best effect on water vapor barrier and preservation of vegetables. Additionally, microbial growth analysis reveals that <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> grow less abundantly on composites with lower CS contents, and MPP/CS composites show reduced microbial growth compared to PP/CS. This integrated study demonstrates the optimization of composite material performance through CS variables, revealing innovative potential for CS in enhancing PP and guiding the design of future sustainable packaging materials.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>20% CS in MPP/CS boosts tensile strength by 120% versus PP/CS composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>20% CS in MPP/CS gives optimal water vapor barrier and veggie preservation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>MPP/CS reduces <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> growth better than PP/CS, especially at low CS.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>MPP's functional group enhances CS compatibility, dispersion, structure, and crystallinity.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Corn stover‐reinforced PP composites offer a sustainable, eco‐friendly packaging option.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weijie Jia, Feifei Lin, Zhibo Li, Hao Zhang, Feng Liu, Yan Yang
The importance of the silica–polymer interaction in enhancing the performance of green tires is well recognized. However, there has been a lack of a standardized method to accurately characterize this interaction in vulcanizates. This paper introduces a new methodology for characterizing the interaction between polymer and silica, focusing on the impact of filler loading, coupling agents, and amount of sulfur on this interaction. The methodology is based on equilibrium swelling experiments. Conducting the swelling test in an ammonia atmosphere facilitates the elimination of physical interactions. Consequently, the resulting crosslink density predominantly encompasses that of the rubber matrix and the chemical silica–polymer interaction. Treatment of vulcanizates with hydrofluoric acid serves to nullify the chemical interaction between silica and rubber. Following this process, the equilibrium swelling test enables the determination of the crosslink density of the rubber matrix. As such, the disparity between the crosslink densities obtained after ammonia and after the hydrofluoric acid treatment signifies the chemical interaction between the polymer and silica. The findings revealed that the polymer–silica interaction facilitated by the coupling agent bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) exhibited a notably higher magnitude compared to that enabled by the coupling agent bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide. Moreover, the silica–polymer interaction demonstrated a positive correlation with both silica/TESPT loading and sulfur content. It is worth noting that this paper provides one solution and theoretical basis for calculating polymer–filler interactions in crosslinked composites by dissolving fillers.HighlightsExperimental method for quantitative evaluation of silica–polymer interaction.The method can also be applied to crosslinked polymer/nanofiller composites.TESPT is a more potent silane than TESPD, even sulfur is compensated.Polymer–filler interaction is deeply affected by polysulfide‐polymer reaction.
{"title":"Novel experimental approach to evaluate silica–elastomer interactions of vulcanizates","authors":"Weijie Jia, Feifei Lin, Zhibo Li, Hao Zhang, Feng Liu, Yan Yang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26933","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The importance of the silica–polymer interaction in enhancing the performance of green tires is well recognized. However, there has been a lack of a standardized method to accurately characterize this interaction in vulcanizates. This paper introduces a new methodology for characterizing the interaction between polymer and silica, focusing on the impact of filler loading, coupling agents, and amount of sulfur on this interaction. The methodology is based on equilibrium swelling experiments. Conducting the swelling test in an ammonia atmosphere facilitates the elimination of physical interactions. Consequently, the resulting crosslink density predominantly encompasses that of the rubber matrix and the chemical silica–polymer interaction. Treatment of vulcanizates with hydrofluoric acid serves to nullify the chemical interaction between silica and rubber. Following this process, the equilibrium swelling test enables the determination of the crosslink density of the rubber matrix. As such, the disparity between the crosslink densities obtained after ammonia and after the hydrofluoric acid treatment signifies the chemical interaction between the polymer and silica. The findings revealed that the polymer–silica interaction facilitated by the coupling agent bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) exhibited a notably higher magnitude compared to that enabled by the coupling agent bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide. Moreover, the silica–polymer interaction demonstrated a positive correlation with both silica/TESPT loading and sulfur content. It is worth noting that this paper provides one solution and theoretical basis for calculating polymer–filler interactions in crosslinked composites by dissolving fillers.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Experimental method for quantitative evaluation of silica–polymer interaction.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The method can also be applied to crosslinked polymer/nanofiller composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>TESPT is a more potent silane than TESPD, even sulfur is compensated.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Polymer–filler interaction is deeply affected by polysulfide‐polymer reaction.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sena Özdil Şener, Sema Samatya Yilmaz, Merve Dandan Doganci, Hüseyin Uzuner, Erdinc Doganci
In this study, poly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and benzalkonium chloride with different concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 9%wt.) (PLA/PEG/BCL) composite electrospun mats were produced. PLA is a non‐toxic polymer with high biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, it may be fragile due to its structure. Therefore, in this study, PEG was used as a plasticizer to improve the structural properties of PLA and it was aimed at providing antibacterial properties by adding BCL salt. Its use as an antibacterial composite nanomaterial effective against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial cultures and as a dermal wound dressing material has been examined in two different areas. The addition of BCL salt reduced the bead formation in PLA/PEG nanofibers and increased the homogeneity of fiber dispersion. 9% BCL‐doped composite nanofiber was obtained as the smoothest and most homogeneous surface. This mat was reported to have the highest ductility. The low Tm of pure BCL salt enabled the Tg temperature of PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanofibers to be observed. It was observed that as the BCL salt ratio increased, the T5 and T10 temperatures of the nanofibers decreased and then increased. BCL‐doped mats exhibited liquid absorption behavior in the range of 497%–708%. PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanofibers showed high toxicity to the L929 fibroblast cell line. So, it has been reported that it cannot be used as a dermal wound dressing. PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanomaterials were reported to have 99.99% antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. It was suggested that it could be used in antibacterial coating applications by taking into account modern nanocoating technology.HighlightsPoly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and benzalkonium chloride (PLA/PEG/BCL) composite electrospun mats were produced.The addition of BCL salt reduced the bead formation in PLA/PEG nanofibers and increased the homogeneity of fiber dispersion.9% BCL‐doped composite nanofiber was obtained as the smoothest and most homogeneous surface.PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanofibers showed high toxicity to the L929 fibroblast cell line.PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanomaterials were reported to have 99.99% antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
{"title":"Ultra‐thin benzalkonium chloride‐doped poly(lactic acid) electrospun mat","authors":"Sena Özdil Şener, Sema Samatya Yilmaz, Merve Dandan Doganci, Hüseyin Uzuner, Erdinc Doganci","doi":"10.1002/pen.26906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26906","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this study, poly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and benzalkonium chloride with different concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 9%wt.) (PLA/PEG/BCL) composite electrospun mats were produced. PLA is a non‐toxic polymer with high biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, it may be fragile due to its structure. Therefore, in this study, PEG was used as a plasticizer to improve the structural properties of PLA and it was aimed at providing antibacterial properties by adding BCL salt. Its use as an antibacterial composite nanomaterial effective against Gram‐positive <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic>) and Gram‐negative <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic>) bacterial cultures and as a dermal wound dressing material has been examined in two different areas. The addition of BCL salt reduced the bead formation in PLA/PEG nanofibers and increased the homogeneity of fiber dispersion. 9% BCL‐doped composite nanofiber was obtained as the smoothest and most homogeneous surface. This mat was reported to have the highest ductility. The low T<jats:sub>m</jats:sub> of pure BCL salt enabled the T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub> temperature of PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanofibers to be observed. It was observed that as the BCL salt ratio increased, the T<jats:sub>5</jats:sub> and T<jats:sub>10</jats:sub> temperatures of the nanofibers decreased and then increased. BCL‐doped mats exhibited liquid absorption behavior in the range of 497%–708%. PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanofibers showed high toxicity to the L929 fibroblast cell line. So, it has been reported that it cannot be used as a dermal wound dressing. PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanomaterials were reported to have 99.99% antibacterial activity against <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic>. It was suggested that it could be used in antibacterial coating applications by taking into account modern nanocoating technology.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Poly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and benzalkonium chloride (PLA/PEG/BCL) composite electrospun mats were produced.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The addition of BCL salt reduced the bead formation in PLA/PEG nanofibers and increased the homogeneity of fiber dispersion.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>9% BCL‐doped composite nanofiber was obtained as the smoothest and most homogeneous surface.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanofibers showed high toxicity to the L929 fibroblast cell line.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>PLA/PEG/BCL composite nanomaterials were reported to have 99.99% antibacterial activity against <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic>.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabrielle Esposito, Gyaneshwar Tandon, Andrew Abbott, Dennis Butcher, Hilmar Koerner
Frontal polymerization has great potential in complementing additive manufacturing processes such as direct ink writing as a continuous cure synchronized to the printing speed can overcome issues such as sagging. To study the incorporation of frontal polymerization into a potential printing process, a frontally polymerizable DGEBA epoxy resin has been developed for both UV and thermal initiation. Through frontal polymerization alone, full conversion is observed with a starting glass transition of 150°C for both initiation methods. Resulting thermal behavior is shown to have little dependence on either initiation irradiance or temperature utilized and much greater dependence on initiator concentration in the resin. Mechanical behavior is maximized by varying initiator concentration and cure conditions achieving tensile stress of 75 MPa and K1C of 1.2 MPa‐m1/2. Shelf stability of the resin proves promising with no viscosity change after 12 weeks of room temperature storage. Future studies will concern adapting the resin for both direct ink writing and continuous fiber additive manufacturing applications.HighlightsFrontal polymerization of EPON 826 using RICFPUtilized a tetrakis borate containing diaryliodonium cationic initiatorStable and polymerizable after 12 weeksResin printed and frontally cured using UV initiation
{"title":"Frontal polymerization for UV‐ and thermally initiated EPON 826 resin","authors":"Gabrielle Esposito, Gyaneshwar Tandon, Andrew Abbott, Dennis Butcher, Hilmar Koerner","doi":"10.1002/pen.26879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26879","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Frontal polymerization has great potential in complementing additive manufacturing processes such as direct ink writing as a continuous cure synchronized to the printing speed can overcome issues such as sagging. To study the incorporation of frontal polymerization into a potential printing process, a frontally polymerizable DGEBA epoxy resin has been developed for both UV and thermal initiation. Through frontal polymerization alone, full conversion is observed with a starting glass transition of 150°C for both initiation methods. Resulting thermal behavior is shown to have little dependence on either initiation irradiance or temperature utilized and much greater dependence on initiator concentration in the resin. Mechanical behavior is maximized by varying initiator concentration and cure conditions achieving tensile stress of 75 MPa and K<jats:sub>1C</jats:sub> of 1.2 MPa‐m<jats:sup>1/2</jats:sup>. Shelf stability of the resin proves promising with no viscosity change after 12 weeks of room temperature storage. Future studies will concern adapting the resin for both direct ink writing and continuous fiber additive manufacturing applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Frontal polymerization of EPON 826 using RICFP</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Utilized a tetrakis borate containing diaryliodonium cationic initiator</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Stable and polymerizable after 12 weeks</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Resin printed and frontally cured using UV initiation</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the advances in additive manufacturing, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a biocompatible polymer, can be used in biomedical applications such as spinal implants. This paper aims to investigate the evolution of the microstructure of PEEK parts manufactured by material extrusion (MEX)‐based additive manufacturing with different printing parameters. The effect of layer thickness (LT) and nozzle diameter on mechanical properties was investigated using tensile, Charpy impact, and short beam strength (SBS) tests. Two different LTs, 0.1 and 0.2 mm, and two different nozzle diameters, 0.6 and 0.8 mm, were used as printing parameters. By increasing the LT, tensile strength dropped by around 24%, and impact strength by almost 55%. Moreover, altering the LT resulted in a 15% decrease in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) from the SBS test. In addition, increasing the nozzle diameter also led to a significant reduction in all of the results as tensile strength, Charpy impact strength, and ILSS. The results were also consolidated by scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were that increasing LT leads to an increase in microstructural defects that act as stress concentrators. Following the tests, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal printing parameters. In the end, using the optimum printing parameters from the RSM study, a structural analysis of a MEX‐printed spinal implant was conducted through finite element method, considering the loading cases mimicking daily human body motions.HighlightsAs layer thickness increased, tensile and impact strength dropped.Tensile and impact strength dropped truly with increasing nozzle diameter.SEM revealed that increasing layer thickness causes more microstructural flaws.FEM analysis showed that PEEK‐based implant provides structural integrity.
{"title":"The microstructural evolution of material extrusion based additive manufacturing of polyetheretherketone under different printing conditions and application in a spinal implant","authors":"Alaeddin Burak Irez, Alperen Dogru","doi":"10.1002/pen.26929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26929","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>With the advances in additive manufacturing, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a biocompatible polymer, can be used in biomedical applications such as spinal implants. This paper aims to investigate the evolution of the microstructure of PEEK parts manufactured by material extrusion (MEX)‐based additive manufacturing with different printing parameters. The effect of layer thickness (LT) and nozzle diameter on mechanical properties was investigated using tensile, Charpy impact, and short beam strength (SBS) tests. Two different LTs, 0.1 and 0.2 mm, and two different nozzle diameters, 0.6 and 0.8 mm, were used as printing parameters. By increasing the LT, tensile strength dropped by around 24%, and impact strength by almost 55%. Moreover, altering the LT resulted in a 15% decrease in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) from the SBS test. In addition, increasing the nozzle diameter also led to a significant reduction in all of the results as tensile strength, Charpy impact strength, and ILSS. The results were also consolidated by scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were that increasing LT leads to an increase in microstructural defects that act as stress concentrators. Following the tests, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal printing parameters. In the end, using the optimum printing parameters from the RSM study, a structural analysis of a MEX‐printed spinal implant was conducted through finite element method, considering the loading cases mimicking daily human body motions.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>As layer thickness increased, tensile and impact strength dropped.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Tensile and impact strength dropped truly with increasing nozzle diameter.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>SEM revealed that increasing layer thickness causes more microstructural flaws.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>FEM analysis showed that PEEK‐based implant provides structural integrity.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hua‐yong Liao, Hong‐lu Chen, Guo‐liang Tao, Chun‐lin Liu
A composite of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and hollow glass beads (HGB) with two different HGB sizes was prepared and investigated rheologically. When the HGB content reaches approximately 30 wt%, the PET/HGB composite changes from a Newtonian fluid to a pseudoplastic one within the measured frequency range. If the HGB content is below the critical value, the viscosity of the composite may be lower than that of the neat PET melt. This is because scrolling or sliding of the HGB in the PET melt increases the apparent shear rate and reduces the torque measured by the rheometer rotor. Meanwhile, the size of the HGB affects the viscosity of the composite. The 40 μm HGB has a more pronounced effect, resulting in higher viscosity than 50 μm HGB. Furthermore, the composite containing 40 μm HGB has a lower density than the one containing 50 μm HGB. This is because the 40 μm HGB has a lower breaking rate and higher volume fraction compared to the 50 μm HGB at the same mass fraction. The peak relaxation time of the PET/HGB composite increases with the HGB content, and higher temperatures correspond to shorter relaxation times. DSC analysis showed that the addition of HGB filler decreased the melting temperature and increased the crystallization temperature of the PET material. Since the PET/HGB composite has a longer relaxation time than pure PET, the corresponding aggregates made of PET chains and HGBs are expected to have larger characteristic sizes compared to PET and HGB. These sizes can be determined approximately using a grid drawing method. The coupling agent CS‐101 enhances the bonding between PET and HGB. This is evidenced by comparing the viscosity curves of the composite with and without the coupling agent.HighlightsThe polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/hollow glass beads (HGB) composites with low levels of HGB might exhibit unusual viscosity.Abnormal viscosity in molten PET occurs due to the rolling or sliding of HGB.The composites with high HGB levels may exhibit a solid‐like modulus plateau.The proposed aggregate consists of PET, HGB, and broken glass shards.
研究人员制备了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和空心玻璃微珠（HGB）的复合材料，并对两种不同尺寸的 HGB 进行了流变学研究。当 HGB 含量达到约 30 wt% 时，PET/HGB 复合材料在测量频率范围内会从牛顿流体转变为假塑性流体。如果 HGB 含量低于临界值，则复合材料的粘度可能低于纯 PET 熔体的粘度。这是因为 HGB 在 PET 熔体中的滚动或滑动增加了表观剪切速率，降低了流变仪转子测得的扭矩。同时，HGB 的大小也会影响复合材料的粘度。40 μm HGB 的影响更为明显，其粘度高于 50 μm HGB。此外，含有 40 μm HGB 的复合材料的密度低于含有 50 μm HGB 的复合材料。这是因为在相同质量分数下，40 μm HGB 的断裂率和体积分数比 50 μm HGB 高。PET/HGB 复合材料的峰值弛豫时间随着 HGB 含量的增加而增加，温度越高，弛豫时间越短。DSC 分析表明，HGB 填料的加入降低了 PET 材料的熔化温度，提高了结晶温度。由于 PET/HGB 复合材料的弛豫时间比纯 PET 长，因此与 PET 和 HGB 相比，由 PET 链和 HGB 组成的相应聚集体的特征尺寸会更大。这些尺寸可通过网格绘制法大致确定。偶联剂 CS-101 增强了 PET 和 HGB 之间的结合。要点 HGB 含量低的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）/中空玻璃珠（HGB）复合材料可能会表现出异常粘度。熔融 PET 中的异常粘度是由于 HGB 的滚动或滑动造成的。HGB含量高的复合材料可能会表现出类似固体的模量高原。拟议的骨料由 PET、HGB 和碎玻璃碎片组成。
{"title":"Rheological investigation on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filled with hollow glass beads","authors":"Hua‐yong Liao, Hong‐lu Chen, Guo‐liang Tao, Chun‐lin Liu","doi":"10.1002/pen.26927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26927","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>A composite of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and hollow glass beads (HGB) with two different HGB sizes was prepared and investigated rheologically. When the HGB content reaches approximately 30 wt%, the PET/HGB composite changes from a Newtonian fluid to a pseudoplastic one within the measured frequency range. If the HGB content is below the critical value, the viscosity of the composite may be lower than that of the neat PET melt. This is because scrolling or sliding of the HGB in the PET melt increases the apparent shear rate and reduces the torque measured by the rheometer rotor. Meanwhile, the size of the HGB affects the viscosity of the composite. The 40 μm HGB has a more pronounced effect, resulting in higher viscosity than 50 μm HGB. Furthermore, the composite containing 40 μm HGB has a lower density than the one containing 50 μm HGB. This is because the 40 μm HGB has a lower breaking rate and higher volume fraction compared to the 50 μm HGB at the same mass fraction. The peak relaxation time of the PET/HGB composite increases with the HGB content, and higher temperatures correspond to shorter relaxation times. DSC analysis showed that the addition of HGB filler decreased the melting temperature and increased the crystallization temperature of the PET material. Since the PET/HGB composite has a longer relaxation time than pure PET, the corresponding aggregates made of PET chains and HGBs are expected to have larger characteristic sizes compared to PET and HGB. These sizes can be determined approximately using a grid drawing method. The coupling agent CS‐101 enhances the bonding between PET and HGB. This is evidenced by comparing the viscosity curves of the composite with and without the coupling agent.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/hollow glass beads (HGB) composites with low levels of HGB might exhibit unusual viscosity.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Abnormal viscosity in molten PET occurs due to the rolling or sliding of HGB.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The composites with high HGB levels may exhibit a solid‐like modulus plateau.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The proposed aggregate consists of PET, HGB, and broken glass shards.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Van Toan Nguyen, Dinh Trung Nguyen, Dang Nam Nguyen, Ngọc Quyen Tran, Huy‐Binh Do
This research aimed to create self‐assembled nanogel particles using chitosan grafted with various types of Pluronic to encapsulate curcumin, a hydrophobic biological agent. The study explored the properties of CS–Pluronic nanogels using Pluronic types L61, P123, F127, and F68, each varying in hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) index. Findings indicated that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Pluronics and CS–Pluronic copolymers did not depend on the HLB values but were influenced by the structural characteristics of each Pluronic type. The efficiency of curcumin encapsulation within the nanogels correlated with the CMC values of the CS–Pluronic copolymers, where lower CMC values resulted in higher encapsulation efficiencies. The curcumin‐loaded nanogels were spherical, positively charged, and had an average diameter under 200 nm. Controlled, pH‐dependent release of curcumin was observed in vitro studies conducted at 37°C in PBS at pH levels of 7.4 and 5.0, with a faster release in acidic conditions. Biocompatibility testing indicated that nanogel biocompatibility was influenced by the HLB value of Pluronic, with lower HLB values associated with reduced biocompatibility. Cytotoxicity testing revealed that curcumin‐loaded nanogels had increased cytotoxicity on MCF‐7 cells compared to free curcumin. CS–P123 emerged as the most effective carrier, meeting biocompatibility and stability requirements during storage.HighlightsCS–Pluronic serves as an effective hydrophobic drug delivery system.The capacity of CS–Pluronic to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs is determined by its CMC value rather than its HLB index.CS–Pluronic is a copolymer known for its excellent biocompatibility.CS–Pluronic increases the toxicity of curcumin in nanogels compared to free curcumin.
{"title":"Investigation of the properties of chitosan–Pluronic based nanogel drug delivery systems utilizing various Pluronic types","authors":"Van Toan Nguyen, Dinh Trung Nguyen, Dang Nam Nguyen, Ngọc Quyen Tran, Huy‐Binh Do","doi":"10.1002/pen.26923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26923","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This research aimed to create self‐assembled nanogel particles using chitosan grafted with various types of Pluronic to encapsulate curcumin, a hydrophobic biological agent. The study explored the properties of CS–Pluronic nanogels using Pluronic types L61, P123, F127, and F68, each varying in hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) index. Findings indicated that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Pluronics and CS–Pluronic copolymers did not depend on the HLB values but were influenced by the structural characteristics of each Pluronic type. The efficiency of curcumin encapsulation within the nanogels correlated with the CMC values of the CS–Pluronic copolymers, where lower CMC values resulted in higher encapsulation efficiencies. The curcumin‐loaded nanogels were spherical, positively charged, and had an average diameter under 200 nm. Controlled, pH‐dependent release of curcumin was observed in vitro studies conducted at 37°C in PBS at pH levels of 7.4 and 5.0, with a faster release in acidic conditions. Biocompatibility testing indicated that nanogel biocompatibility was influenced by the HLB value of Pluronic, with lower HLB values associated with reduced biocompatibility. Cytotoxicity testing revealed that curcumin‐loaded nanogels had increased cytotoxicity on MCF‐7 cells compared to free curcumin. CS–P123 emerged as the most effective carrier, meeting biocompatibility and stability requirements during storage.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>CS–Pluronic serves as an effective hydrophobic drug delivery system.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The capacity of CS–Pluronic to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs is determined by its CMC value rather than its HLB index.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>CS–Pluronic is a copolymer known for its excellent biocompatibility.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>CS–Pluronic increases the toxicity of curcumin in nanogels compared to free curcumin.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The shear‐thickening gel (STG) is introduced as a toughening agent into the epoxy resin (EP) to improve the toughness and impact resistance of the EP without significantly increasing its viscosity. By utilizing the unique BO dynamic bonds present in STG, the EP/STG composite exhibits remarkable toughness at low strain rates due to the gradual disentanglement of molecular chains. Conversely, at high strain rates, the disentanglement of molecular chains is hindered, resulting in a pronounced impact hardening effect and overall superior impact resistance. Our findings reveal that when STG is added at a concentration of 15%, the EP/STG composite material attains its peak mechanical performance. Specifically, it demonstrates a tensile strength of 31.8 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 550.6 MPa. Furthermore, compared to pure EP, the EP/STG composite experiences an increase in elongation at break and impact strength by 40% and 8.1%, respectively. Additionally, the introduction of hydroxyl and B atoms in STG promotes the ring‐opening reaction of epoxy groups during the curing process of the EP, thus accelerating the curing reaction rate. These insights provide a solid theoretical foundation for optimizing the performance of EPs in engineering applications.HighlightsThe STG was actively utilized to enhance the toughness of EP.The modified EP system exhibits significant improvements in toughness and impact resistance without a notable increase in viscosity.The promotional effect of STG on the curing of EP systems was revealed through curing kinetics analysis and rheological analysis.
在环氧树脂（EP）中引入剪切增稠凝胶（STG）作为增韧剂，可在不显著增加其粘度的情况下提高 EP 的韧性和抗冲击性。通过利用 STG 中独特的 BO 动态键，EP/STG 复合材料在低应变速率下由于分子链的逐渐脱开而表现出显著的韧性。相反，在高应变速率下，分子链的解缠会受到阻碍，从而产生明显的冲击硬化效应和整体优异的抗冲击性。我们的研究结果表明，当 STG 的添加浓度为 15%时，EP/STG 复合材料的机械性能达到峰值。具体来说，它的拉伸强度达到 31.8 兆帕，弹性模量为 550.6 兆帕。此外，与纯 EP 相比，EP/STG 复合材料的断裂伸长率和冲击强度分别提高了 40% 和 8.1%。此外，STG 中羟基和 B 原子的引入促进了 EP 固化过程中环氧基团的开环反应，从而加快了固化反应速度。这些见解为优化 EP 在工程应用中的性能提供了坚实的理论基础。改性后的 EP 系统在韧性和抗冲击性方面都有显著改善，而粘度却没有明显增加。通过固化动力学分析和流变学分析，揭示了 STG 对 EP 系统固化的促进作用。
{"title":"Study on mechanical properties and curing properties of shear‐thickening gel toughened epoxy resin","authors":"Jingtao Ma, Haolijie Wen, Kaixuan Wang, Ziming Xiong, Fengguo Yan, Zhongwei Zhang, Kejing Yu","doi":"10.1002/pen.26890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26890","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The shear‐thickening gel (STG) is introduced as a toughening agent into the epoxy resin (EP) to improve the toughness and impact resistance of the EP without significantly increasing its viscosity. By utilizing the unique BO dynamic bonds present in STG, the EP/STG composite exhibits remarkable toughness at low strain rates due to the gradual disentanglement of molecular chains. Conversely, at high strain rates, the disentanglement of molecular chains is hindered, resulting in a pronounced impact hardening effect and overall superior impact resistance. Our findings reveal that when STG is added at a concentration of 15%, the EP/STG composite material attains its peak mechanical performance. Specifically, it demonstrates a tensile strength of 31.8 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 550.6 MPa. Furthermore, compared to pure EP, the EP/STG composite experiences an increase in elongation at break and impact strength by 40% and 8.1%, respectively. Additionally, the introduction of hydroxyl and B atoms in STG promotes the ring‐opening reaction of epoxy groups during the curing process of the EP, thus accelerating the curing reaction rate. These insights provide a solid theoretical foundation for optimizing the performance of EPs in engineering applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The STG was actively utilized to enhance the toughness of EP.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The modified EP system exhibits significant improvements in toughness and impact resistance without a notable increase in viscosity.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The promotional effect of STG on the curing of EP systems was revealed through curing kinetics analysis and rheological analysis.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：