Silica serves as the primary filler in the fabrication of eco‐friendly tires, and achieving an optimal dispersion of polar silica within the natural rubber matrix is crucial for crafting high‐performance rubber composites. In this study, biodegradable surfactants polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molecular weights of 200, 400, and 800 were employed to modify silica. The modified silica was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy; PEG‐modified silica with different molecular weights was compounded with Si69, a conventional silane coupling agent, in the formulation. This aimed to reduce Si69 dosage and mitigate the emission of volatile organic gases, such as ethanol, generated during the silanization reaction between Si69 and silica. Experimental findings revealed that compared with natural rubber composites containing six parts of Si69, the addition of PEG‐modified silica enhanced filler dispersion in the composite while reducing Si69 dosage by three parts. This led to accelerated vulcanization rates, effectively decreased energy consumption during production, and significantly improved wet slip resistance, while maintaining optimal rolling resistance. Rubber composites prepared with PEG800‐modified silica exhibited a 10% increase in elongation at break, a 12% increase in tensile product coefficient, and a 19% enhancement in wet slip resistance.HighlightsSilica is modified by polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 200, 400, and 800.The amount of silane coupling agent and VOC emissions are reduced.The interfacial bonding between silica and rubber matrix is enhanced.The tensile product coefficient and wet slip resistance are improved by 12% and 19%.
{"title":"Application of low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene glycol‐modified silica in natural rubber composites","authors":"Biao Li, Yao Xiao, Yinggang Huang, Zheng Gong, Yahui Chen, Shaoming Li, Chuansheng Wang, Huiguang Bian","doi":"10.1002/pen.26909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26909","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Silica serves as the primary filler in the fabrication of eco‐friendly tires, and achieving an optimal dispersion of polar silica within the natural rubber matrix is crucial for crafting high‐performance rubber composites. In this study, biodegradable surfactants polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molecular weights of 200, 400, and 800 were employed to modify silica. The modified silica was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy; PEG‐modified silica with different molecular weights was compounded with Si69, a conventional silane coupling agent, in the formulation. This aimed to reduce Si69 dosage and mitigate the emission of volatile organic gases, such as ethanol, generated during the silanization reaction between Si69 and silica. Experimental findings revealed that compared with natural rubber composites containing six parts of Si69, the addition of PEG‐modified silica enhanced filler dispersion in the composite while reducing Si69 dosage by three parts. This led to accelerated vulcanization rates, effectively decreased energy consumption during production, and significantly improved wet slip resistance, while maintaining optimal rolling resistance. Rubber composites prepared with PEG800‐modified silica exhibited a 10% increase in elongation at break, a 12% increase in tensile product coefficient, and a 19% enhancement in wet slip resistance.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Silica is modified by polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 200, 400, and 800.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The amount of silane coupling agent and VOC emissions are reduced.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The interfacial bonding between silica and rubber matrix is enhanced.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The tensile product coefficient and wet slip resistance are improved by 12% and 19%.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the generalized results of experimental methods for studying the viscosity of oligomers—DSC, electron microscopy, NMR spin echo, x‐ray diffraction analysis, edge wetting angles, laser microinterference, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, plastic flow—an analysis of the features of the supramolecular organization of melts and solutions of epoxy oligomers was carried out. In terms of thermofluctuation approach, a qualitative assessment of the structural elements forming a macroscopic polymer body is given, and direct morphological evidence of their structure, thermodynamic stability, size evolution with temperature changes and elastic‐strain effects is presented. A mathematical apparatus has been developed to describe the destruction of domains in solutions and melts of oligomers. Analytical equations have been proposed for calculating the time of thermofluctuation relaxation of domains. Based on the analysis of the supramolecular structure of dian epoxy oligomers by transmission electron microscopy and translational mobility of oligomer macromolecules in the high temperature region (Tg + 150°C), it has been suggested that a structure such as “flickering clusters” of free volume elements is formed in the oligomer melts.HighlightsPhase diagrams of aromatic and aliphatic epoxy oligomers have been constructed.The influence of molecular weight on the activation energy of diffusion of viscous flow is estimated.It has been shown that the supramolecular structure of epoxy oligomers in the melt contains “flickering clusters.”The lifetime of density fluctuations of epoxy oligomers domains in melts has been calculated.
{"title":"Supramolecular structure of epoxy oligomers","authors":"Anatoly E. Chalykh","doi":"10.1002/pen.26942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26942","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Based on the generalized results of experimental methods for studying the viscosity of oligomers—DSC, electron microscopy, NMR spin echo, x‐ray diffraction analysis, edge wetting angles, laser microinterference, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, plastic flow—an analysis of the features of the supramolecular organization of melts and solutions of epoxy oligomers was carried out. In terms of thermofluctuation approach, a qualitative assessment of the structural elements forming a macroscopic polymer body is given, and direct morphological evidence of their structure, thermodynamic stability, size evolution with temperature changes and elastic‐strain effects is presented. A mathematical apparatus has been developed to describe the destruction of domains in solutions and melts of oligomers. Analytical equations have been proposed for calculating the time of thermofluctuation relaxation of domains. Based on the analysis of the supramolecular structure of dian epoxy oligomers by transmission electron microscopy and translational mobility of oligomer macromolecules in the high temperature region (Tg + 150°C), it has been suggested that a structure such as “flickering clusters” of free volume elements is formed in the oligomer melts.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Phase diagrams of aromatic and aliphatic epoxy oligomers have been constructed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The influence of molecular weight on the activation energy of diffusion of viscous flow is estimated.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>It has been shown that the supramolecular structure of epoxy oligomers in the melt contains “flickering clusters.”</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The lifetime of density fluctuations of epoxy oligomers domains in melts has been calculated.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polypropylene (PP) was a very practical and important thermoplastic, which was widely used in various fields due to its low cost, universal, and corrosion resistance. However, the moderate mechanical and heat resistance properties of PP limited its application in some special fields. In this paper, nucleating agents NP‐657 were added to further improve its mechanical and heat resistance performances of PP (300H). Furthermore, the heterogeneous nucleation of NP‐657 reduced the crystal size and increased the crystal density of 300H. With the rise of NP‐657 content, the crystallization rate of different PP systems increased significantly, such as the t1/2 of 300H‐0.2 reduced by 31.9 min in comparison with that of 300H at 140°C. At the same time, the crystallinity of 300H‐0.05 with 0.05 wt.% NP‐657 increased by about 5.96% compared with 300H. In addition, 300H‐0.05 has the highest tensile strength (23.9 ± 0.6 MPa), flexural modulus (1273.3 ± 67.3 MPa), and the highest thermal deformation temperature (88.5 ± 7.7°C) in different PP systems. In general, this paper provided a reference for the fabrication of PP with satisfactory mechanical and heat resistance performances.Highlights300H‐0.05 had a maximum crystallinity of 40.8 ± 0.2% in different PP systems.The flexural modulus of 300H‐0.05 was 434 MPa higher than that of 300H.The tensile strength of 300H‐0.05 increased to 23.9 ± 0.6 MPa.300H had the highest thermal deformation temperature of 88.5 ± 7.7°C.
{"title":"Crystallization, mechanical, and heat resistance performances of copolymer polypropylene modified by α nucleating agent","authors":"Shubing Ding, Congcong Jin, Zhuo Li, Dongxing Dun, Yu Xue, Shengmin Leng, Yan'e Zhang, Hongfu Zhou","doi":"10.1002/pen.26932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26932","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Polypropylene (PP) was a very practical and important thermoplastic, which was widely used in various fields due to its low cost, universal, and corrosion resistance. However, the moderate mechanical and heat resistance properties of PP limited its application in some special fields. In this paper, nucleating agents NP‐657 were added to further improve its mechanical and heat resistance performances of PP (300H). Furthermore, the heterogeneous nucleation of NP‐657 reduced the crystal size and increased the crystal density of 300H. With the rise of NP‐657 content, the crystallization rate of different PP systems increased significantly, such as the <jats:italic>t</jats:italic><jats:sub>1/2</jats:sub> of 300H‐0.2 reduced by 31.9 min in comparison with that of 300H at 140°C. At the same time, the crystallinity of 300H‐0.05 with 0.05 wt.% NP‐657 increased by about 5.96% compared with 300H. In addition, 300H‐0.05 has the highest tensile strength (23.9 ± 0.6 MPa), flexural modulus (1273.3 ± 67.3 MPa), and the highest thermal deformation temperature (88.5 ± 7.7°C) in different PP systems. In general, this paper provided a reference for the fabrication of PP with satisfactory mechanical and heat resistance performances.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>300H‐0.05 had a maximum crystallinity of 40.8 ± 0.2% in different PP systems.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The flexural modulus of 300H‐0.05 was 434 MPa higher than that of 300H.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The tensile strength of 300H‐0.05 increased to 23.9 ± 0.6 MPa.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>300H had the highest thermal deformation temperature of 88.5 ± 7.7°C.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuojun Gu, Donglei Liu, Lei Zhu, Yangdong Xie, S. A. Evsyukov, Xin Luo
This work focuses on developing a novel thermal‐responsive shape memory Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/maleic‐anhydride grafted poly[styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene] (SEBS‐g‐MAH) blends, with enhanced shape memory and mechanical properties, which is tailored for 3D printing applications. The thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the blends were rigorously assessed by DSC, TGA, mechanical testing, and dynamic rheological analysis. The results show that the elongation at the break of the blends exceeds 1000%, which can be attributed to the formation of the co‐continuous structure. Thermal‐responsive shape memory properties characterized by the water bath circulation method showed that the PCL4/MAH6 exhibited the optimal overall performance (shape fixation rate of 97.22%, shape recovery rate of 96.67%) and remained stable after 10 cycles of testing. Moreover, the effect of printing parameters on shape memory properties was investigated, revealing that blends perform the most promising memory behavior at a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, hot‐bed temperature of 40°C, and printing speed of 40 mm/s. In addition, the relationship between the composition of the blends and their properties was investigated at the molecular level by molecular dynamics simulations, which were in agreement with the experimental observations. In conclusion, this study provides new perspectives on the development of advanced materials suitable for 4D printing applications.HighlightsThe co‐continuous structure effectively enhances blends' mechanical properties.The storage modulus exerts a dominant influence on the shape memory properties.Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to validate experimental observations.
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of 4D printable PCL/SEBS‐g‐MAH blends with excellent mechanical and shape memory properties","authors":"Shuojun Gu, Donglei Liu, Lei Zhu, Yangdong Xie, S. A. Evsyukov, Xin Luo","doi":"10.1002/pen.26947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26947","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This work focuses on developing a novel thermal‐responsive shape memory Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/maleic‐anhydride grafted poly[styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene] (SEBS‐g‐MAH) blends, with enhanced shape memory and mechanical properties, which is tailored for 3D printing applications. The thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the blends were rigorously assessed by DSC, TGA, mechanical testing, and dynamic rheological analysis. The results show that the elongation at the break of the blends exceeds 1000%, which can be attributed to the formation of the co‐continuous structure. Thermal‐responsive shape memory properties characterized by the water bath circulation method showed that the PCL4/MAH6 exhibited the optimal overall performance (shape fixation rate of 97.22%, shape recovery rate of 96.67%) and remained stable after 10 cycles of testing. Moreover, the effect of printing parameters on shape memory properties was investigated, revealing that blends perform the most promising memory behavior at a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, hot‐bed temperature of 40°C, and printing speed of 40 mm/s. In addition, the relationship between the composition of the blends and their properties was investigated at the molecular level by molecular dynamics simulations, which were in agreement with the experimental observations. In conclusion, this study provides new perspectives on the development of advanced materials suitable for 4D printing applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The co‐continuous structure effectively enhances blends' mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The storage modulus exerts a dominant influence on the shape memory properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to validate experimental observations.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"304 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thuy Thu Truong, Ly Mai Thi Nguyen, Hau Cong Le, Ha Tran Nguyen, Le‐Thu T. Nguyen
New shape‐memory networks composed of both reversible Diels–Alder covalent crosslinks and the hydrogen and π–π stacking bonds of triazine functional groups, with self‐healing properties as a result of the reversibility of these dynamic bonds were achieved from a furfuryl‐functionalized copoly(triazine‐r‐polypropylene glycol‐r‐polydimethylsiloxane), crosslinked with a maleimide end‐capped polycaprolactone and a long polycaprolactone‐based chain extender. The presence of multiple dynamic bonds, including the Diels–Alder and triazine‐derived π–π stacking and H‐bond interactions as well as the enhanced network mobility arising from polypropylene glycol, polydimethylsiloxane and polycaprolactone segments upon triggering the shape memory effect resulted in a material with high toughness (~200 MPa J−1) and efficient healing ability (with a recoveries of tensile strength and toughness after being cut and healed of 87% and 94%, respectively).HighlightsFurfuryl dichlorotriazine was coupled with PPG and PDMS forming a copolymer.The copolymer was crosslinked with PCL‐dimaleimide and PCL‐difuran extender.Multiple dynamic bonds (Diels–Alder, π–π stacking and H‐bond) were present.The network showed high toughness and good healing performance.
{"title":"Self‐healing reversible network from furfuryl‐functionalized copoly(triazine‐r‐polypropylene glycol‐r‐polydimethylsiloxane)","authors":"Thuy Thu Truong, Ly Mai Thi Nguyen, Hau Cong Le, Ha Tran Nguyen, Le‐Thu T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/pen.26940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26940","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>New shape‐memory networks composed of both reversible Diels–Alder covalent crosslinks and the hydrogen and π–π stacking bonds of triazine functional groups, with self‐healing properties as a result of the reversibility of these dynamic bonds were achieved from a furfuryl‐functionalized copoly(triazine‐<jats:italic>r</jats:italic>‐polypropylene glycol‐<jats:italic>r</jats:italic>‐polydimethylsiloxane), crosslinked with a maleimide end‐capped polycaprolactone and a long polycaprolactone‐based chain extender. The presence of multiple dynamic bonds, including the Diels–Alder and triazine‐derived π–π stacking and H‐bond interactions as well as the enhanced network mobility arising from polypropylene glycol, polydimethylsiloxane and polycaprolactone segments upon triggering the shape memory effect resulted in a material with high toughness (~200 MPa J<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) and efficient healing ability (with a recoveries of tensile strength and toughness after being cut and healed of 87% and 94%, respectively).Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Furfuryl dichlorotriazine was coupled with PPG and PDMS forming a copolymer.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The copolymer was crosslinked with PCL‐dimaleimide and PCL‐difuran extender.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Multiple dynamic bonds (Diels–Alder, π–π stacking and H‐bond) were present.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The network showed high toughness and good healing performance.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of multifunctional supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels remains challenging. Here, the dynamic host–guest interactions involving the host molecule CB[8] and guest units were utilized to prepare Fe3O4 hybrid supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels. The results showed that the hydrogels obtained possessed a porous structure. The CB[8]‐modified Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@CB[8]) nanoparticles served as cross‐linkers in forming the network of hydrogels. By adjusting the Fe3O4@CB[8] content, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels could be controlled. The tensile stress was measured at 160 kPa with a fracture strain of 1380%, while the compression stress was 230 kPa at 70% compression strain. The self‐healing efficiency of the hydrogels at room temperature reached 95% after 24 h. The as‐obtained hydrogels show strain sensitivity and have the potential for applications in detecting elbow and finger movements. Our supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit multiple functions, including self‐healing, injectability, photothermal responsiveness, and conductivity, making them suitable for integration into flexible electronics.HighlightsFe3O4@CB[8] nanoparticles serve as cross‐linkers for the nanocomposite hydrogels.CB[8] based host–guest interactions enable hydrogels to self‐heal.Fe3O4@CB[8] endow hydrogels with stretchability and photothermal responsiveness.Hydrogels exhibit injectability, NIR responsiveness, and conductive ability.
{"title":"Self‐healing, adhesive, photothermal responsive, stretchable, and strain‐sensitive supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels based on host–guest interactions","authors":"Shiying Chen, Yixuan Nie, Yingying Huang, Yuxuan Yang, Hongyi Chen, Xiongzhi Zhang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26939","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The development of multifunctional supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels remains challenging. Here, the dynamic host–guest interactions involving the host molecule CB[8] and guest units were utilized to prepare Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> hybrid supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels. The results showed that the hydrogels obtained possessed a porous structure. The CB[8]‐modified Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> (Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>@CB[8]) nanoparticles served as cross‐linkers in forming the network of hydrogels. By adjusting the Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>@CB[8] content, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels could be controlled. The tensile stress was measured at 160 kPa with a fracture strain of 1380%, while the compression stress was 230 kPa at 70% compression strain. The self‐healing efficiency of the hydrogels at room temperature reached 95% after 24 h. The as‐obtained hydrogels show strain sensitivity and have the potential for applications in detecting elbow and finger movements. Our supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit multiple functions, including self‐healing, injectability, photothermal responsiveness, and conductivity, making them suitable for integration into flexible electronics.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>@CB[8] nanoparticles serve as cross‐linkers for the nanocomposite hydrogels.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>CB[8] based host–guest interactions enable hydrogels to self‐heal.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>@CB[8] endow hydrogels with stretchability and photothermal responsiveness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Hydrogels exhibit injectability, NIR responsiveness, and conductive ability.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a combination of Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs is applied to discover the relationships between the components of rubber compounds and technical specifications. Optimization of rubber compound formulation is realized by support vector regression integrated genetic algorithm to minimize compound cost. Twelve components potentially affecting the technical specifications of rubber compound, which are natural rubber, carbon black, white filler, stearic acid, zinc oxide, antiozonant, antioxidant, process oil, curing retarder, curing agent, and accelerator, are screened through Plackett–Burman design to decide the significant variables. Afterwards, four significant parameters, including carbon black, process oil, curing agent, and accelerator are analyzed using Box–Behnken design to minimize the number of experiments while obtaining the correlation between formulation and specifications. Lastly, a support vector regression integrated genetic algorithm is implemented to predict optimum compound formulation at minimum cost.HighlightsOptimization of rubber compound to reduce the mixture and curing cost.Combination of Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs.Integration of support vector regression to genetic algorithm.Correlations between the amounts of components and technical specifications.
{"title":"Optimization of rubber mixture production using a validated technological sequence of methods","authors":"Zeynep Uruk, Alper Kiraz, Bağdagül Karaağaç","doi":"10.1002/pen.26926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26926","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this study, a combination of Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs is applied to discover the relationships between the components of rubber compounds and technical specifications. Optimization of rubber compound formulation is realized by support vector regression integrated genetic algorithm to minimize compound cost. Twelve components potentially affecting the technical specifications of rubber compound, which are natural rubber, carbon black, white filler, stearic acid, zinc oxide, antiozonant, antioxidant, process oil, curing retarder, curing agent, and accelerator, are screened through Plackett–Burman design to decide the significant variables. Afterwards, four significant parameters, including carbon black, process oil, curing agent, and accelerator are analyzed using Box–Behnken design to minimize the number of experiments while obtaining the correlation between formulation and specifications. Lastly, a support vector regression integrated genetic algorithm is implemented to predict optimum compound formulation at minimum cost.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Optimization of rubber compound to reduce the mixture and curing cost.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Combination of Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Integration of support vector regression to genetic algorithm.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Correlations between the amounts of components and technical specifications.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the process parameters of fused filament fabrication are optimized to improve the tensile strength and impact energy of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube (PLA/CNT) composite. Hence, the utility function (UF) technique and response surface method (RSM) are applied to explore the optimal levels of the effective parameters of print speed, nozzle temperature, and CNT content. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and SEM analyses are employed to examine the thermal properties of the printed samples. The results of DSC and TGA analyses exhibited that the incorporation of CNT into PLA enhanced the thermal strength of PLA/CNT composite. The addition of CNTs in the composite improved the tensile strength by 37%, while the addition of CNTs up to 4 wt% improved the impact energy by 29%. Moreover, an increment of the print speed to 60 mm/s reduced the impact energy (12%) and tensile strength (22%), while an increment of the nozzle temperature to 200°C enhanced the impact energy (9%) and tensile strength (12%). The optimization results demonstrated that the strength and impact energy of PLA/CNT composite optimized at CNT content of 2.8 wt%, print speed of 20 mm/s, and nozzle temperature of 209°C. Additionally, the impact energy and tensile strength of the PLA/CNT composite enhanced up to 62.5 MPa and 2.14 J at the optimum conditions.HighlightsApplication of FFF process for producing the PLA/CNT compositeInvestigating the impact of FFF parameters on the mechanical propertiesEstimating the optimal conditions of the FFF process
{"title":"Optimization of FFF process parameters to improve the tensile strength and impact energy of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube composite","authors":"Hatam Hardani, Mahmoud Afshari, Fatemeh Allahyari, Mohammad Reza Samadi, Hossein Afshari, Edison Marcelo Melendres Medina","doi":"10.1002/pen.26900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26900","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this study, the process parameters of fused filament fabrication are optimized to improve the tensile strength and impact energy of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube (PLA/CNT) composite. Hence, the utility function (UF) technique and response surface method (RSM) are applied to explore the optimal levels of the effective parameters of print speed, nozzle temperature, and CNT content. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and SEM analyses are employed to examine the thermal properties of the printed samples. The results of DSC and TGA analyses exhibited that the incorporation of CNT into PLA enhanced the thermal strength of PLA/CNT composite. The addition of CNTs in the composite improved the tensile strength by 37%, while the addition of CNTs up to 4 wt% improved the impact energy by 29%. Moreover, an increment of the print speed to 60 mm/s reduced the impact energy (12%) and tensile strength (22%), while an increment of the nozzle temperature to 200°C enhanced the impact energy (9%) and tensile strength (12%). The optimization results demonstrated that the strength and impact energy of PLA/CNT composite optimized at CNT content of 2.8 wt%, print speed of 20 mm/s, and nozzle temperature of 209°C. Additionally, the impact energy and tensile strength of the PLA/CNT composite enhanced up to 62.5 MPa and 2.14 J at the optimum conditions.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Application of FFF process for producing the PLA/CNT composite</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Investigating the impact of FFF parameters on the mechanical properties</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Estimating the optimal conditions of the FFF process</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Khaleghi, Taher Azdast, Rezgar Hasanzadeh, Chul B. Park, Asghar Rasouli
This study investigates the cell structure control in 50% thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and 50% acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blend foam using CO2 as a physical blowing agent, focusing on the effects of variable foaming parameters on the microstructure. Samples measuring 25 × 25 × 1 mm were produced and analyzed for foam structure. The foaming process involved saturating the samples with CO2 gas at pressures of 4, 5.5, and 7 MPa, followed by rapid pressure release and immersion in a hot glycerol bath. The foaming parameters included varied temperatures (80, 90, and 120°C) and times (5–80 s). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis provided data on cell size and density. Results indicated that increasing the saturation pressure enhanced CO2 uptake in the ABS/TPU blend, with the CO2 uptake rate peaking early in the process. Higher foaming temperatures and extended foaming times led to increased cell size, cell density, and expansion ratio. These findings highlight the significant role of process parameters in controlling the cell structure of ABS/TPU blend foams, offering valuable insights into optimizing foam properties for industrial applications.HighlightsOptimization of foam parameters leads to cell structure control in ABS/TPU composite foams for industrial applications.Increasing saturation pressure significantly boosts CO2 uptake in ABS/TPU composite foams.Increasing the foaming temperature and duration leads to larger cell sizes, higher cell density, and greater expansion ratios in ABS/TPU composite foams.
{"title":"Tuning cellular structure in a previously developed microcellular acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/thermoplastic polyurethane blend foams","authors":"Sara Khaleghi, Taher Azdast, Rezgar Hasanzadeh, Chul B. Park, Asghar Rasouli","doi":"10.1002/pen.26920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26920","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study investigates the cell structure control in 50% thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and 50% acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blend foam using CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> as a physical blowing agent, focusing on the effects of variable foaming parameters on the microstructure. Samples measuring 25 × 25 × 1 mm were produced and analyzed for foam structure. The foaming process involved saturating the samples with CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> gas at pressures of 4, 5.5, and 7 MPa, followed by rapid pressure release and immersion in a hot glycerol bath. The foaming parameters included varied temperatures (80, 90, and 120°C) and times (5–80 s). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis provided data on cell size and density. Results indicated that increasing the saturation pressure enhanced CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> uptake in the ABS/TPU blend, with the CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> uptake rate peaking early in the process. Higher foaming temperatures and extended foaming times led to increased cell size, cell density, and expansion ratio. These findings highlight the significant role of process parameters in controlling the cell structure of ABS/TPU blend foams, offering valuable insights into optimizing foam properties for industrial applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Optimization of foam parameters leads to cell structure control in ABS/TPU composite foams for industrial applications.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Increasing saturation pressure significantly boosts CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> uptake in ABS/TPU composite foams.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Increasing the foaming temperature and duration leads to larger cell sizes, higher cell density, and greater expansion ratios in ABS/TPU composite foams.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<jats:label/>This study aims to prepare alkyd–melamine–ketone combinations from short‐oil alkyd resins synthesized using coconut oil fatty acid and waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) intermediate (bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, BHET) for coating applications with a green technology approach. For this aim, waste PET flakes obtained from post‐consumer water bottles were depolymerized by the glycolysis reaction. Purified depolymerization intermediate (BHET) was incorporated into the formulation of the four‐component alkyd resin, completely instead of the diol. For comparison, reference alkyds without waste PET were also synthesized. Then, ketone modifications of alkyd resins were carried out using cyclohexanone formaldehyde (CHF) resin by blending method. For this, firstly, melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was added to the alkyd resin at a ratio of 40% by weight to obtain alkyd–melamine formaldehyde (Alkyd–MF) resin. Then, ketone‐modified blends were prepared at ratios of Alkyd–MF/CHF of 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 by weight. The effect of using ketone (CHF) resin at different ratios and the presence of BHET on the coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd–ketone blend films were investigated. At the end of the study, high‐gloss (151–154 GU) and medium‐hard (71–120 König second) films exhibiting excellent adhesion (100%) were obtained from alkyd–ketone blends. In both the reference and PET‐based blend series, adding CHF resin to the alkyd–amino (Alkyd–MF) resin improved all physical coating properties. Moreover, with increasing CHF resin ratios, hardness, gloss, and abrasion properties increased in both series. Although acceptable and usable results have been obtained in all ratios of CHF resin (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), the optimum CHF resin ratio for each physical coating properties has changed depending on the desired properties and expectations. These blend films resisted corrosive chemicals such as concentrated alkali, acid, and salt solutions for 72 h without damage, and at the end of the 18 h not affected by water. Acetone, toluene, methanol, and ethyl acetate did not affect these films in any way. All films performed excellently in repeated environmental resistance testing over 10 cycles, simulating changing climate conditions. In the chemical coating tests, superior results were obtained with all CHF resin ratios. The thermal resistance of Alkyd–MF/CHF blend films was found to be quite high. The incorporation of CHF resin into the alkyd–amino (Alkyd–MF) resin improved thermal resistance, and as the amount of CHF resin increased the thermal stability increased in both blend series. Moreover, the thermal resistance of PET‐based blend films was higher than their counterparts in reference blends due to the use of long‐chain BHET having an aromatic unit.Highlights<jats:list list-type="bullet"> <jats:list-item>Alkyd–MF/CHF blends using alkyds with and without PET were prepared.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Good physical/ex
{"title":"Ketone modification of alkyd synthesized from waste PET as a sustainable option: A comparative study of coating and thermal properties of alkyd–melamine–ketone resin systems","authors":"Tuğba Erol, Işıl Acar","doi":"10.1002/pen.26935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26935","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study aims to prepare alkyd–melamine–ketone combinations from short‐oil alkyd resins synthesized using coconut oil fatty acid and waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) intermediate (bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, BHET) for coating applications with a green technology approach. For this aim, waste PET flakes obtained from post‐consumer water bottles were depolymerized by the glycolysis reaction. Purified depolymerization intermediate (BHET) was incorporated into the formulation of the four‐component alkyd resin, completely instead of the diol. For comparison, reference alkyds without waste PET were also synthesized. Then, ketone modifications of alkyd resins were carried out using cyclohexanone formaldehyde (CHF) resin by blending method. For this, firstly, melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was added to the alkyd resin at a ratio of 40% by weight to obtain alkyd–melamine formaldehyde (Alkyd–MF) resin. Then, ketone‐modified blends were prepared at ratios of Alkyd–MF/CHF of 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 by weight. The effect of using ketone (CHF) resin at different ratios and the presence of BHET on the coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd–ketone blend films were investigated. At the end of the study, high‐gloss (151–154 GU) and medium‐hard (71–120 König second) films exhibiting excellent adhesion (100%) were obtained from alkyd–ketone blends. In both the reference and PET‐based blend series, adding CHF resin to the alkyd–amino (Alkyd–MF) resin improved all physical coating properties. Moreover, with increasing CHF resin ratios, hardness, gloss, and abrasion properties increased in both series. Although acceptable and usable results have been obtained in all ratios of CHF resin (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), the optimum CHF resin ratio for each physical coating properties has changed depending on the desired properties and expectations. These blend films resisted corrosive chemicals such as concentrated alkali, acid, and salt solutions for 72 h without damage, and at the end of the 18 h not affected by water. Acetone, toluene, methanol, and ethyl acetate did not affect these films in any way. All films performed excellently in repeated environmental resistance testing over 10 cycles, simulating changing climate conditions. In the chemical coating tests, superior results were obtained with all CHF resin ratios. The thermal resistance of Alkyd–MF/CHF blend films was found to be quite high. The incorporation of CHF resin into the alkyd–amino (Alkyd–MF) resin improved thermal resistance, and as the amount of CHF resin increased the thermal stability increased in both blend series. Moreover, the thermal resistance of PET‐based blend films was higher than their counterparts in reference blends due to the use of long‐chain BHET having an aromatic unit.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Alkyd–MF/CHF blends using alkyds with and without PET were prepared.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Good physical/ex","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"306 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：