Farmland abandonment is a common phenomenon that occurs at a certain stage of rural economic development and is a dynamic process driven by multiple factors. Investigating the interactions among multiple factors influencing regional farmland abandonment across spatial and temporal dimensions is crucial for formulating reclamation policies and ensuring food security Therefore, this study develops an analytical framework for factors influencing farmland abandonment based on configuration theory. Taking 13 districts (counties) in the Huangshui Basin from 2002 to 2020 as case samples, this study applies a dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to explore the configuration effects of these factors on farmland abandonment over the time series. The results indicate that no single condition constitutes a necessary condition for farmland abandonment; however, the necessity of geographical environmental conditions shows a steadily increasing trend over the study period. In the sufficiency analysis of configurations leading to a high farmland abandonment index, five configuration paths were identified, categorized into three types: environment‐driven, population–resource constrained, and population–economy–policy deficient. Three additional configuration paths were found for non‐high abandonment, categorized as population‐oriented and economy‐driven. These findings provide a new perspective for analyzing the factors influencing farmland abandonment in both temporal and spatial dimensions, and also offer a theoretical foundation and data support for the reuse of abandoned farmland.
{"title":"Empirical Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Farmland Abandonment From the Perspective of Complex Configuration","authors":"Juan Wang, Hongyu Wang, Rongrong Ma, Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70304","url":null,"abstract":"Farmland abandonment is a common phenomenon that occurs at a certain stage of rural economic development and is a dynamic process driven by multiple factors. Investigating the interactions among multiple factors influencing regional farmland abandonment across spatial and temporal dimensions is crucial for formulating reclamation policies and ensuring food security Therefore, this study develops an analytical framework for factors influencing farmland abandonment based on configuration theory. Taking 13 districts (counties) in the Huangshui Basin from 2002 to 2020 as case samples, this study applies a dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to explore the configuration effects of these factors on farmland abandonment over the time series. The results indicate that no single condition constitutes a necessary condition for farmland abandonment; however, the necessity of geographical environmental conditions shows a steadily increasing trend over the study period. In the sufficiency analysis of configurations leading to a high farmland abandonment index, five configuration paths were identified, categorized into three types: environment‐driven, population–resource constrained, and population–economy–policy deficient. Three additional configuration paths were found for non‐high abandonment, categorized as population‐oriented and economy‐driven. These findings provide a new perspective for analyzing the factors influencing farmland abandonment in both temporal and spatial dimensions, and also offer a theoretical foundation and data support for the reuse of abandoned farmland.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecological environmental quality (EEQ) directly influences public health, resource availability, and climate resilience for national ecological security and sustainable development. Urban agglomerations experience growing ecological stress under rapid urbanization, yet integrated assessments of EEQ dynamics remain limited. This study develops a Novel Remote Sensing Ecological Index (NRSEI) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform by integrating multi‐source datasets, including Landsat imagery and NPP–VIIRS nighttime light data. The Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) is selected as the study area to analyze long‐term variations in EEQ. The NRSEI integrates five core indicators, namely vegetation greenness, surface wetness, land surface temperature, air pollution represented by PM 2.5 , and human activity intensity, providing a comprehensive assessment of EEQ. Results from 2003 to 2023 reveal an “N‐shaped” temporal pattern: slight improvement (2003–2008), decline (2008–2018), and moderate recovery (2018–2023). Spatially, EEQ exhibits a clear northwest–southeast gradient, with lower values in industrial–agricultural zones and higher values in mountainous and coastal areas. Geographical Detector analysis identifies elevation, mean temperature, and economic development as dominant drivers of EEQ heterogeneity, with synergistic effects exceeding individual influences. Overall, this study establishes a refined and scalable framework for long‐term, high‐resolution ecological monitoring and provides empirical evidence to guide balanced urban and ecological development in rapidly urbanizing regions.
{"title":"Urban Ecological Resilience and Transitions in the Yangtze River Delta: Insights From Remote Sensing Analytics","authors":"Lifu Chai, Huiming Ke, Yuehao Li, Su Zhang, Chen Cao, Xiaoyi Wang, Mingjie Xu, Zongmei Chen, Yanfei Wang, Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70375","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological environmental quality (EEQ) directly influences public health, resource availability, and climate resilience for national ecological security and sustainable development. Urban agglomerations experience growing ecological stress under rapid urbanization, yet integrated assessments of EEQ dynamics remain limited. This study develops a Novel Remote Sensing Ecological Index (NRSEI) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform by integrating multi‐source datasets, including Landsat imagery and NPP–VIIRS nighttime light data. The Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) is selected as the study area to analyze long‐term variations in EEQ. The NRSEI integrates five core indicators, namely vegetation greenness, surface wetness, land surface temperature, air pollution represented by PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> , and human activity intensity, providing a comprehensive assessment of EEQ. Results from 2003 to 2023 reveal an “N‐shaped” temporal pattern: slight improvement (2003–2008), decline (2008–2018), and moderate recovery (2018–2023). Spatially, EEQ exhibits a clear northwest–southeast gradient, with lower values in industrial–agricultural zones and higher values in mountainous and coastal areas. Geographical Detector analysis identifies elevation, mean temperature, and economic development as dominant drivers of EEQ heterogeneity, with synergistic effects exceeding individual influences. Overall, this study establishes a refined and scalable framework for long‐term, high‐resolution ecological monitoring and provides empirical evidence to guide balanced urban and ecological development in rapidly urbanizing regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"64 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Zhang, Haoran Zeng, Haijun Wang, Jianxin Yang, Zhaomin Tong, Shougeng Hu
Capturing patch features can significantly enhance the performance of cellular automata (CA)‐based land use modeling. However, current research has yet to comprehensively explore the definition of patch‐based CA simulation rules and their integration with grid‐based rules. This study proposes a generalized urban CA framework that integrates grid‐ and patch‐based rules across scales. Using Beijing's urban growth from 2000 to 2020 as a case study, we evaluated the simulation performance of CA under different rule‐integration modes. The results demonstrate that patch‐level assessment of urban growth potential improves the model's temporal generalizability, robustness, and accuracy. However, using patches as cells for local interactions reduces simulation performance and efficiency, whereas grid‐based neighborhoods produce better results by more closely resembling complex boundary buffer neighborhoods. Furthermore, treating patches as basic units for urban expansion control enhances simulated urban morphology and accuracy. Integrating these optimal rules across scales within the proposed framework yields the best‐performing CA model. This study offers a methodological reference for grid‐patch integration in land use modeling, which can facilitate pre‐assessing urban growth‐induced land degradation risks and achieving reasonable spatial planning, supporting sustainable urban development.
{"title":"Grid, Patch, or Multi‐Scale Integration? A Comparative Analysis for Cellular Automata‐Based Urban Growth Simulations","authors":"Bin Zhang, Haoran Zeng, Haijun Wang, Jianxin Yang, Zhaomin Tong, Shougeng Hu","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70374","url":null,"abstract":"Capturing patch features can significantly enhance the performance of cellular automata (CA)‐based land use modeling. However, current research has yet to comprehensively explore the definition of patch‐based CA simulation rules and their integration with grid‐based rules. This study proposes a generalized urban CA framework that integrates grid‐ and patch‐based rules across scales. Using Beijing's urban growth from 2000 to 2020 as a case study, we evaluated the simulation performance of CA under different rule‐integration modes. The results demonstrate that patch‐level assessment of urban growth potential improves the model's temporal generalizability, robustness, and accuracy. However, using patches as cells for local interactions reduces simulation performance and efficiency, whereas grid‐based neighborhoods produce better results by more closely resembling complex boundary buffer neighborhoods. Furthermore, treating patches as basic units for urban expansion control enhances simulated urban morphology and accuracy. Integrating these optimal rules across scales within the proposed framework yields the best‐performing CA model. This study offers a methodological reference for grid‐patch integration in land use modeling, which can facilitate pre‐assessing urban growth‐induced land degradation risks and achieving reasonable spatial planning, supporting sustainable urban development.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil bacterial communities, which are vital for nutrient cycling and fertility, may experience intensified alterations under forest‐to‐orchard conversions in the acidic, nutrient‐deficient red‐soil hills of southern China, yet the long‐term impacts of such changes remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of forest‐to‐orchard land use conversion and prolonged orchard cultivation (9 and 16 years) on soil nutrient dynamics and bacterial community structure in a subtropical red soil hilly region of southern China. The soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community compositions, co‐occurrence network, and predicted metabolic pathways were analyzed to assess microbial responses. Land use conversion from forestland to a 16‐year orchard markedly enhanced soil nutrient availability, with soil organic matter increasing from 16.09 g·kg −1 in forest soil to 21.92 g·kg −1 in the soil of the 16‐year‐old orchard and the available phosphorus concentration increasing from 45.87 mg·kg −1 to 298.96 mg·kg −1 , indicating substantial nutrient enrichment under orchard cultivation. Orchard establishment also shifted the bacterial community composition, with the abundance of Proteobacteria increasing and that of Acidobacteriota decreasing. Co‐occurrence network analysis revealed initially more complex microbial interactions in orchard soils, including the emergence of Verrucomicrobiota taxa that were absent from forest soils, but the network complexity declined after 16 years of cultivation. Soil organic matter and available phosphorus were key drivers of the changes in community structure. The predicted functional profiles indicated a clear metabolic shift from nutrient‐conserving pathways (e.g., organic nitrogen degradation prevalent in forest soils) to enhanced biosynthesis and fermentation pathways in orchard soils. This shift reflected a transition in microbial strategy from resource‐conserving to rapid cycling under prolonged cultivation. Overall, these findings highlight the strong influence of land use conversion and soil nutrient status on microbial community assembly and function, and underscored the need for nutrient‐sensitive management to sustain soil health and ecosystem services in orchard systems. These insights offer an ecological guide for optimizing fertilization and organic‐matter management to improve soil resilience and sustain the productivity of red‐soil hilly orchards converted from forests.
{"title":"Impact of Land Use Conversion on Soil Environmental Factors and Bacterial Community Composition in the Red Soil Hilly Region of Southern China","authors":"Zuopin Zhuo, Bangning Zhou, Heming Li, Chuanjin Xie, Xiaopeng Wang, Fangshi Jiang, Jinshi Lin, Yanhe Huang, Yue Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70361","url":null,"abstract":"Soil bacterial communities, which are vital for nutrient cycling and fertility, may experience intensified alterations under forest‐to‐orchard conversions in the acidic, nutrient‐deficient red‐soil hills of southern China, yet the long‐term impacts of such changes remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of forest‐to‐orchard land use conversion and prolonged orchard cultivation (9 and 16 years) on soil nutrient dynamics and bacterial community structure in a subtropical red soil hilly region of southern China. The soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community compositions, co‐occurrence network, and predicted metabolic pathways were analyzed to assess microbial responses. Land use conversion from forestland to a 16‐year orchard markedly enhanced soil nutrient availability, with soil organic matter increasing from 16.09 g·kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in forest soil to 21.92 g·kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in the soil of the 16‐year‐old orchard and the available phosphorus concentration increasing from 45.87 mg·kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 298.96 mg·kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , indicating substantial nutrient enrichment under orchard cultivation. Orchard establishment also shifted the bacterial community composition, with the abundance of Proteobacteria increasing and that of Acidobacteriota decreasing. Co‐occurrence network analysis revealed initially more complex microbial interactions in orchard soils, including the emergence of Verrucomicrobiota taxa that were absent from forest soils, but the network complexity declined after 16 years of cultivation. Soil organic matter and available phosphorus were key drivers of the changes in community structure. The predicted functional profiles indicated a clear metabolic shift from nutrient‐conserving pathways (e.g., organic nitrogen degradation prevalent in forest soils) to enhanced biosynthesis and fermentation pathways in orchard soils. This shift reflected a transition in microbial strategy from resource‐conserving to rapid cycling under prolonged cultivation. Overall, these findings highlight the strong influence of land use conversion and soil nutrient status on microbial community assembly and function, and underscored the need for nutrient‐sensitive management to sustain soil health and ecosystem services in orchard systems. These insights offer an ecological guide for optimizing fertilization and organic‐matter management to improve soil resilience and sustain the productivity of red‐soil hilly orchards converted from forests.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although large‐scale land reclamation (LR) has been implemented in open‐pit metal mining areas, long‐term ecological restoration effects remain unsystematically revealed due to insufficient continuous monitoring, hindering the accurate achievement of mining area ecosystem resilience and carbon neutrality goals. This study proposed an Iron Mine Eco‐Quality Index (IM‐EQI) to better reflect the Malan Iron Mine's ecological quality (1990–2024), with multiple methods exploring IM‐EQI's long‐term temporal evolution, spatial pattern changes, and nonlinear driving mechanisms. The results illustrated that: (1) IM‐EQI had high consistency with the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) and the Mine‐Specific Eco‐Environment Index (MSEEI) ( R2 = 0.90, p < 0.01) and better characterized the information richness of the iron mining ecosystem; (2) After 2010 reclamation, most areas' ecological environment quality (EEQ) improved sustainably (61.45% mild/significant improvement) with continuous H–H clustering; (3) XGBoost‐SHAP revealed nonlinear relationships/threshold effects between driving factors and IM‐EQI. Single‐factor importance and inter‐factor interaction analyses consistently showed land use dominated IM‐EQI spatial distribution—mining land exacerbated ecological risks and reduced land sustainability, while land use's synergies with precipitation/temperature amplified open‐pit mining's negative ecological impacts. This study's findings provide quantitative support for targeted metal mine reclamation optimization and long‐term ecological management and offer practical paradigms references for “ecology first, green development” in resource‐based regions.
{"title":"Assessment of Land Reclamation Effectiveness and Driving Mechanisms in Typical Metal Mining Areas in China Using Remote Sensing and Explainable Machine Learning","authors":"Anya Zhong, Zhenqi Hu, Jinhua Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70377","url":null,"abstract":"Although large‐scale land reclamation (LR) has been implemented in open‐pit metal mining areas, long‐term ecological restoration effects remain unsystematically revealed due to insufficient continuous monitoring, hindering the accurate achievement of mining area ecosystem resilience and carbon neutrality goals. This study proposed an Iron Mine Eco‐Quality Index (IM‐EQI) to better reflect the Malan Iron Mine's ecological quality (1990–2024), with multiple methods exploring IM‐EQI's long‐term temporal evolution, spatial pattern changes, and nonlinear driving mechanisms. The results illustrated that: (1) IM‐EQI had high consistency with the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) and the Mine‐Specific Eco‐Environment Index (MSEEI) ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.90, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01) and better characterized the information richness of the iron mining ecosystem; (2) After 2010 reclamation, most areas' ecological environment quality (EEQ) improved sustainably (61.45% mild/significant improvement) with continuous H–H clustering; (3) XGBoost‐SHAP revealed nonlinear relationships/threshold effects between driving factors and IM‐EQI. Single‐factor importance and inter‐factor interaction analyses consistently showed land use dominated IM‐EQI spatial distribution—mining land exacerbated ecological risks and reduced land sustainability, while land use's synergies with precipitation/temperature amplified open‐pit mining's negative ecological impacts. This study's findings provide quantitative support for targeted metal mine reclamation optimization and long‐term ecological management and offer practical paradigms references for “ecology first, green development” in resource‐based regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spatial controls on rainfall‐triggered landslides remain elusive due to monitoring challenges in mountainous regions with frequent cloud cover. Here we fuse three complementary interferometric techniques—Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), Enhanced Small BAseline Subset (E‐SBAS), and storm‐pair Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D‐InSAR)—with Sentinel‐2 imagery and seven machine learning classifiers to analyze the June 2024 landslide outbreak in mountainous Meizhou, Guangdong. Time‐series interferometry captures centimeter‐scale precursor motion, yet radar decorrelation in vegetated areas limits detection, underscoring the need for multisensor integration. After ingesting the full remote‐sensing stack, the gradient boosting decision tree reveals soil types—especially the clay‐rich red soils that mantle lower catchments—as the dominant control: within these zones, the model captures 69% of new failures inside just 18% of the landscape (AUC = 0.85), whereas slope angle and aspect rank second‐order. Support vector machine performs optimally for historical records, while gradient boosting decision tree excels under extreme rainfall, reflecting temporal shifts in factor importance. By coupling near‐real‐time InSAR with soil‐aware learning frameworks, our approach offers a practical route toward adaptive early warning and targeted mitigation across the red‐soil belts of southern China.
{"title":"Integrated InSAR and Machine Learning Reveal Soil Type as Primary Control on Rainfall‐Triggered Landslide Susceptibility in Meizhou, China","authors":"Haoran Yu, Pinglang Kou, Qiang Xu, Zhengwu Yuan, Xu Dong, Wenli Liang, Dalei Peng, Minggao Tang, Lichuan Chen, Chuanhao Pu, Zhao Jin","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70360","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial controls on rainfall‐triggered landslides remain elusive due to monitoring challenges in mountainous regions with frequent cloud cover. Here we fuse three complementary interferometric techniques—Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), Enhanced Small BAseline Subset (E‐SBAS), and storm‐pair Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D‐InSAR)—with Sentinel‐2 imagery and seven machine learning classifiers to analyze the June 2024 landslide outbreak in mountainous Meizhou, Guangdong. Time‐series interferometry captures centimeter‐scale precursor motion, yet radar decorrelation in vegetated areas limits detection, underscoring the need for multisensor integration. After ingesting the full remote‐sensing stack, the gradient boosting decision tree reveals soil types—especially the clay‐rich red soils that mantle lower catchments—as the dominant control: within these zones, the model captures 69% of new failures inside just 18% of the landscape (AUC = 0.85), whereas slope angle and aspect rank second‐order. Support vector machine performs optimally for historical records, while gradient boosting decision tree excels under extreme rainfall, reflecting temporal shifts in factor importance. By coupling near‐real‐time InSAR with soil‐aware learning frameworks, our approach offers a practical route toward adaptive early warning and targeted mitigation across the red‐soil belts of southern China.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"332 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingting Peng, Yang Yang, Hui Zhang, Yingna Liu, Cheng'ao Li
Soil erosion is a crucial process leading to lateral redistributions of surface soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN). However, its role in the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and their stoichiometry remains unclear. The objective was to evaluate the impact of soil erosion on both the horizontal and vertical distributions of SOC, TN, and the C/N ratio along a cultivated hillslope. On a typical slope farmland in the black soil region of northeast China, the mean annual soil erosion rate (ER) and the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and the C/N ratio were investigated at different slope positions. Both SOC and TN decreased exponentially with depth at each position, except the foots experiencing limited SOC decomposition due to elevated soil moisture and prone to being covered with sediment eroded upslope. The surface SOC and TN at the foots, as a consequence, could be similar to or even lower than those underneath and at the other positions. Given such complexity, no significant correlation was manifested between ER and either surface content ( p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the depletion rates of both SOC and TN significantly positively interacted with ER ( p < 0.05), as soil erosion tended to enhance the contrasts of soil nutrients thus biomass between the surface and subsurface soils. The C / N ratios of the plough layer were relatively consistent among the slope positions, and no statistical interaction was detected between the mean ratio and ER ( p > 0.05). As soil depth increased, however, the C/N ratio changed remarkably at most positions, on account of the presence of the plow pan and/or the deposition of sediments over the original soils.
{"title":"The Role of Soil Erosion in Regulating Soil C , N , and C/N Ratio Along a Cultivated Black Soil Slope","authors":"Tingting Peng, Yang Yang, Hui Zhang, Yingna Liu, Cheng'ao Li","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70379","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a crucial process leading to lateral redistributions of surface soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN). However, its role in the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and their stoichiometry remains unclear. The objective was to evaluate the impact of soil erosion on both the horizontal and vertical distributions of SOC, TN, and the <jats:italic>C/N</jats:italic> ratio along a cultivated hillslope. On a typical slope farmland in the black soil region of northeast China, the mean annual soil erosion rate (ER) and the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and the <jats:italic>C/N</jats:italic> ratio were investigated at different slope positions. Both SOC and TN decreased exponentially with depth at each position, except the foots experiencing limited SOC decomposition due to elevated soil moisture and prone to being covered with sediment eroded upslope. The surface SOC and TN at the foots, as a consequence, could be similar to or even lower than those underneath and at the other positions. Given such complexity, no significant correlation was manifested between ER and either surface content ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.05). Nevertheless, the depletion rates of both SOC and TN significantly positively interacted with ER ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05), as soil erosion tended to enhance the contrasts of soil nutrients thus biomass between the surface and subsurface soils. The <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> ratios of the plough layer were relatively consistent among the slope positions, and no statistical interaction was detected between the mean ratio and ER ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.05). As soil depth increased, however, the <jats:italic>C/N</jats:italic> ratio changed remarkably at most positions, on account of the presence of the plow pan and/or the deposition of sediments over the original soils.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globally, mangrove forests offer a wide range of ecosystem services that are vulnerable due to land degradation and climate change. Mangrove protection and their restoration strategies have been getting more attention for restoring these significant ecosystem services. Land management practices play a crucial role in balancing ecosystem services with agricultural needs. The present study investigates the trade‐offs and synergies among key ecosystem services in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve, northeast Hainan province, China. This study analyzes the different indices (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], normalized difference water index [NDWI]), Random Forest algorithm for mangrove cover area and land use land cover (LULC) classification from 2017 to 2024. The study period found maximum NDVI mean values that is, 0.162 and 0.157, in the years 2021 and 2022. In contrast, NDWI showed a declining trend that is, 14.39%, showing rising pressure on aquatic ecosystems. The results of mangrove cover area increased by 43.1% during the study period from 2017 to 2024. The LULC classification highlights that the water surface decreased, while both the tree‐covered area and built‐up area increased in the studied region. In conclusion, overall findings reveal a clear trade‐off: expansion of mangrove cover enhances regulating and supporting ecosystem services, while the loss of water bodies leads to challenges to provisioning services. These trends highlight the need for targeted, evidence‐based interventions, including optimizing irrigation scheduling to reduce moisture stress and strengthening mangrove conservation zones to sustain coastal protection. This situation emphasizes the necessity for integrated land and water management to maintain a balanced ecosystem service for long‐term sustainability.
{"title":"Mitigating Soil and Land Degradation: Socio‐Ecological Perspectives on Ecosystem Service Trade‐Offs","authors":"Zhenqiang Feng","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70372","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, mangrove forests offer a wide range of ecosystem services that are vulnerable due to land degradation and climate change. Mangrove protection and their restoration strategies have been getting more attention for restoring these significant ecosystem services. Land management practices play a crucial role in balancing ecosystem services with agricultural needs. The present study investigates the trade‐offs and synergies among key ecosystem services in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve, northeast Hainan province, China. This study analyzes the different indices (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], normalized difference water index [NDWI]), Random Forest algorithm for mangrove cover area and land use land cover (LULC) classification from 2017 to 2024. The study period found maximum NDVI mean values that is, 0.162 and 0.157, in the years 2021 and 2022. In contrast, NDWI showed a declining trend that is, 14.39%, showing rising pressure on aquatic ecosystems. The results of mangrove cover area increased by 43.1% during the study period from 2017 to 2024. The LULC classification highlights that the water surface decreased, while both the tree‐covered area and built‐up area increased in the studied region. In conclusion, overall findings reveal a clear trade‐off: expansion of mangrove cover enhances regulating and supporting ecosystem services, while the loss of water bodies leads to challenges to provisioning services. These trends highlight the need for targeted, evidence‐based interventions, including optimizing irrigation scheduling to reduce moisture stress and strengthening mangrove conservation zones to sustain coastal protection. This situation emphasizes the necessity for integrated land and water management to maintain a balanced ecosystem service for long‐term sustainability.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial ecosystems has been a significant environmental issue attributable to their recalcitrance and ecotoxicological effects. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge on the contamination of the soil environment by MPs, including sources, transportation processes, adsorption onto soil components, and effects on ecological and human health. It is derived from various human activities and penetrates agricultural soils, urban soils, and natural environments. MPs notably change soil physico‐chemical properties by modifying pH and porosity (~88 mg/kg). It suppresses enzymatic activity (LDPE MPs at 0.50% [w/w] β‐glucosidase [~31%], urease [~14%] as well as dehydrogenase [~41%]) through adsorption and altering the soil microenvironment and disturbs biological indices of soil (~1000 mg/kg), thereby impacting nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and crop yield (PS at 50 mg L −1 in faba beans). MPs also interact, adsorb (through electrostatic binding), and co‐transport heavy metals and pollutants, which increases the toxicity risk in the soil–plant system. In plants, uptake and translocation of MPs (through apoplastic, symplastic, and crack‐entry pathways) are dependent on particle size, charge, and plant species. It has been documented in the edible parts, raising concerns about food safety. MPs' vertical and horizontal transfer is facilitated by soil organisms such as earthworms and insects, affecting ecological processes. Research on MNPs has risen from 2009 to 2025, emphasizing their detection in human tissues and their links to endocrine malfunction, reproductive issues, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. This study highlights the immediate necessity for multidisciplinary research, sustainable plastic alternatives, and efficient mitigation strategies to protect health and ecosystems.
{"title":"A Systematic Review on Emission, Accumulation, Mechanism, and Toxicity Perspective of Micro‐Nanoplastics in the Soil–Plant Nexus","authors":"Priyadarshani Rajput, Pradeep Kumar, Swarnendra Banerjee, Vishnu D. Rajput, Chao Qin, Hemant Kumar, Manjeet Kumar Sah Gond, Shivangee Dubey, Ritu Rani, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Minkina, Yanzheng Gao","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70381","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial ecosystems has been a significant environmental issue attributable to their recalcitrance and ecotoxicological effects. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge on the contamination of the soil environment by MPs, including sources, transportation processes, adsorption onto soil components, and effects on ecological and human health. It is derived from various human activities and penetrates agricultural soils, urban soils, and natural environments. MPs notably change soil physico‐chemical properties by modifying pH and porosity (~88 mg/kg). It suppresses enzymatic activity (LDPE MPs at 0.50% [w/w] β‐glucosidase [~31%], urease [~14%] as well as dehydrogenase [~41%]) through adsorption and altering the soil microenvironment and disturbs biological indices of soil (~1000 mg/kg), thereby impacting nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and crop yield (PS at 50 mg L <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in faba beans). MPs also interact, adsorb (through electrostatic binding), and co‐transport heavy metals and pollutants, which increases the toxicity risk in the soil–plant system. In plants, uptake and translocation of MPs (through apoplastic, symplastic, and crack‐entry pathways) are dependent on particle size, charge, and plant species. It has been documented in the edible parts, raising concerns about food safety. MPs' vertical and horizontal transfer is facilitated by soil organisms such as earthworms and insects, affecting ecological processes. Research on MNPs has risen from 2009 to 2025, emphasizing their detection in human tissues and their links to endocrine malfunction, reproductive issues, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. This study highlights the immediate necessity for multidisciplinary research, sustainable plastic alternatives, and efficient mitigation strategies to protect health and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Zhao, Bingbing Li, Zhouxinnan Xu, Zhiheng Song, Songyi Huang, Min Wang
Accelerated urbanization underscores the importance of black carbon (BC) in urban soils, a key component of soil organic carbon with implications for ecosystem function and human health. This meta‐analysis systematically integrated data from 54 studies comprising 4548 sampling sites across 40 Chinese cities, supplemented by targeted field sampling, to examine the distribution, sources, and influencing factors of soil BC in urban environments. After rigorous screening, standardization, and outlier removal, correlation analysis, and multivariate statistics were applied. Results showed an average urban topsoil BC content of 6.70 ± 5.34 g/kg, with marked spatial heterogeneity: higher concentrations were observed in eastern compared to western regions, and in northern relative to southern cities. Fossil fuel combustion—primarily vehicular emissions and industrial coal burning—was identified as the dominant source of BC, while biomass burning served as a secondary contributor, with additional local inputs from urban expansion and straw burning. Among natural factors, higher precipitation in southern regions enhanced BC migration, leading to reduced concentrations. Anthropogenic factors, however, exerted a stronger influence: cities with higher urbanization levels and greater energy consumption exhibited significantly elevated BC inputs. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of BC distribution patterns and source apportionment in China's urban soils, offering scientific support for urban environmental management and soil quality improvement amid ongoing urbanization, thereby contributing to sustainable urban development.
{"title":"Urbanization Promotes Topsoil Black Carbon Accumulation: A Meta‐Analysis","authors":"Yu Zhao, Bingbing Li, Zhouxinnan Xu, Zhiheng Song, Songyi Huang, Min Wang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70332","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerated urbanization underscores the importance of black carbon (BC) in urban soils, a key component of soil organic carbon with implications for ecosystem function and human health. This meta‐analysis systematically integrated data from 54 studies comprising 4548 sampling sites across 40 Chinese cities, supplemented by targeted field sampling, to examine the distribution, sources, and influencing factors of soil BC in urban environments. After rigorous screening, standardization, and outlier removal, correlation analysis, and multivariate statistics were applied. Results showed an average urban topsoil BC content of 6.70 ± 5.34 g/kg, with marked spatial heterogeneity: higher concentrations were observed in eastern compared to western regions, and in northern relative to southern cities. Fossil fuel combustion—primarily vehicular emissions and industrial coal burning—was identified as the dominant source of BC, while biomass burning served as a secondary contributor, with additional local inputs from urban expansion and straw burning. Among natural factors, higher precipitation in southern regions enhanced BC migration, leading to reduced concentrations. Anthropogenic factors, however, exerted a stronger influence: cities with higher urbanization levels and greater energy consumption exhibited significantly elevated BC inputs. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of BC distribution patterns and source apportionment in China's urban soils, offering scientific support for urban environmental management and soil quality improvement amid ongoing urbanization, thereby contributing to sustainable urban development.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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