Role of crop diversification on productivity has been studied widely but its impact on soil carbon dynamics is least studied. The present study was designed to compare the effects of crop diversification in terms of rice‐based mixed crops viz. wheat (RW), chickpea (RC), and flaxseed (RF) and mono‐crops viz. pigeonpea (PP) and mustard (MU) on major soil quality including physical, chemical and biological parameters, total crop biomass, and carbon input (CI) in a tropical rainfed dryland agroecosystem. Trend of total crop biomass observed was: pigeonpea > rice > wheat > mustard > flaxseed > chickpea. Across all the crop sequences, CI into the soil through crop residues including stubbles and root biomass varied considerably and followed the trend: PP > RW > RF > RC > MU. Levels of soil organic carbon (SOC), humic acid, fulvic acid, water holding capacity (WHC), macro‐aggregate fraction, microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus, enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, and β‐glucosidase were higher whereas bulk density, meso‐, and micro‐aggregate fractions were lower in the mixed crops than mono‐crops. SOC was positively correlated to all the attributes except bulk density, meso‐, and micro‐aggregate fractions. Lower values of the various soil quality attributes in PP despite the highest CI into the soil as compared to all the mixed crops might be due to the soil carbon priming effect. This study indicated that the quantity of CI through mixed crops had less impact in sustaining soil fertility and productivity of agroecosystems and suggests that the quality of CI play vital role. Mixed cropping sequence especially rice‐wheat was found to be the better option for the dry tropics.
作物多样化对生产力的作用已被广泛研究，但其对土壤碳动态的影响却研究得最少。本研究旨在比较作物多样化（以水稻为基础的混合作物，即小麦（RW）、鹰嘴豆（RC）和亚麻籽（RF））和单一作物，即鸽子豆（PP）和芥菜（MU））对热带雨林旱地农业生态系统中主要土壤质量（包括物理、化学和生物参数）、作物总生物量和碳输入（CI）的影响。观察到的作物总生物量趋势为：鸽子豆；水稻；小麦；芥菜；亚麻籽；鹰嘴豆。在所有作物序列中，通过作物残留物（包括秸秆和根系生物量）进入土壤的 CI 变化很大，并呈现以下趋势：PP > RW > RF > RC > MU。混合作物的土壤有机碳（SOC）、腐植酸、富里酸、持水量（WHC）、大团聚组分、微生物生物量碳和磷、碱性磷酸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活性水平高于单一作物，而容重、中团聚组分和微团聚组分则低于单一作物。除了容重、中粒和微团聚组分外，SOC 与所有属性都呈正相关。与所有混作作物相比，尽管 PP 的土壤碳吸入量最高，但其各种土壤质量属性值却较低，这可能是由于土壤碳的先导效应。这项研究表明，混合作物中 CI 的数量对维持土壤肥力和农业生态系统的生产力影响较小，这表明 CI 的质量起着至关重要的作用。研究发现，在干旱的热带地区，混合种植（尤其是水稻-小麦）是更好的选择。
{"title":"Variation in soil quality in tropical dryland agroecosystem: Impact of different crop sequences","authors":"Priyanka Soni, Fahami Zaya, Rahul Kumar, Amrita Kumari, Riya Gupta, Nidhi Singh, Nandita Ghoshal","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5217","url":null,"abstract":"Role of crop diversification on productivity has been studied widely but its impact on soil carbon dynamics is least studied. The present study was designed to compare the effects of crop diversification in terms of rice‐based mixed crops viz. wheat (RW), chickpea (RC), and flaxseed (RF) and mono‐crops viz. pigeonpea (PP) and mustard (MU) on major soil quality including physical, chemical and biological parameters, total crop biomass, and carbon input (CI) in a tropical rainfed dryland agroecosystem. Trend of total crop biomass observed was: pigeonpea > rice > wheat > mustard > flaxseed > chickpea. Across all the crop sequences, CI into the soil through crop residues including stubbles and root biomass varied considerably and followed the trend: PP > RW > RF > RC > MU. Levels of soil organic carbon (SOC), humic acid, fulvic acid, water holding capacity (WHC), macro‐aggregate fraction, microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus, enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, and β‐glucosidase were higher whereas bulk density, meso‐, and micro‐aggregate fractions were lower in the mixed crops than mono‐crops. SOC was positively correlated to all the attributes except bulk density, meso‐, and micro‐aggregate fractions. Lower values of the various soil quality attributes in PP despite the highest CI into the soil as compared to all the mixed crops might be due to the soil carbon priming effect. This study indicated that the quantity of CI through mixed crops had less impact in sustaining soil fertility and productivity of agroecosystems and suggests that the quality of CI play vital role. Mixed cropping sequence especially rice‐wheat was found to be the better option for the dry tropics.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141475231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of sustainable development, the greatest challenge facing society today is to improve welfare of the disadvantaged while preserving the environment. This paper constructed a theoretical framework of “policy‐welfare‐environment,” explored the effects in terms of individual welfare enhancement and village environment improvement, and conduct empirical tests on a sample of 1208 rural households in China. The results show that: (1) The assistance policy can significantly improve the overall welfare of the disadvantaged groups, and meanwhile, it can improve different dimensions of welfare, with the degree from high to low was a social opportunity, spiritual feeling, and economic situation. (2) The assistance policy can increase the probability of adopting environmental protection behavior, which in turn can significantly improve the village environment. (3) Welfare improvements in social opportunities mediate between the assistance policy and village environment improvements, while improvements in spiritual feelings and economic status do not. In addition, there is age heterogeneity in the welfare enhancement effect of the policy in the economic status dimension and the spiritual feeling dimension. The conclusions provide valuable policy enlightenment for assistance policy formulation and environmental governance, and can protect the ecological environment while improving public welfare, which is in line with the trend of sustainable development.
{"title":"Welfare enhancement or environment improvement: How does China's rural revitalization assistance policy work? Evidence from China","authors":"Man Huang, Xue Zhao, Jincai Zhuang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5213","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of sustainable development, the greatest challenge facing society today is to improve welfare of the disadvantaged while preserving the environment. This paper constructed a theoretical framework of “policy‐welfare‐environment,” explored the effects in terms of individual welfare enhancement and village environment improvement, and conduct empirical tests on a sample of 1208 rural households in China. The results show that: (1) The assistance policy can significantly improve the overall welfare of the disadvantaged groups, and meanwhile, it can improve different dimensions of welfare, with the degree from high to low was a social opportunity, spiritual feeling, and economic situation. (2) The assistance policy can increase the probability of adopting environmental protection behavior, which in turn can significantly improve the village environment. (3) Welfare improvements in social opportunities mediate between the assistance policy and village environment improvements, while improvements in spiritual feelings and economic status do not. In addition, there is age heterogeneity in the welfare enhancement effect of the policy in the economic status dimension and the spiritual feeling dimension. The conclusions provide valuable policy enlightenment for assistance policy formulation and environmental governance, and can protect the ecological environment while improving public welfare, which is in line with the trend of sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrian Martinez Hontecillas, Manuel Esteban Lucas‐Borja, Maria Ángeles Carmona‐Yañez, Pietro Denisi, Pedro Antonio Plaza‐Alvarez, Demetrio Antonio Zema
One of the most common post‐fire management techniques is the construction of check dams in catchments. However, little research has explored how small check dams impact on bed profile, vegetation diversity and soil properties several years after their construction in Mediterranean ephemeral channels draining micro‐catchments burned by severe wildfires. To fill this gap, this study has evaluated the effects of rock check dams installed about 10 years ago in small catchments after a wildfire in Castilla La Mancha (Central Eastern Spain). The changes in channel morphology, plant diversity as well as a large dataset of soil properties have been analysed close to the check dams in comparison to burned but non‐regulated channels. Neither the channel slope nor bed sediment size significantly changed downstream and upstream of the structures in comparison to the non‐regulated channels. Thanks to the unexploited retention capacity, the studied control works are still able to store the mobilised sediments on occasion of the most intense floods. Higher species richness in both upstream and downstream sections (+64%) was detected, while the plant evenness was not altered compared to the non‐regulated channels. Regarding the soil properties, increases in organic matter (over 200%), nutrients (+72% for N and +152% for P) and some cations (+29% for Ca and +86% for Mg) were measured. Overall, the presence of the rock check dams in the burned micro‐catchments, although improving many key plant and soil characteristics, did not sharply change the hydrological, geomorphological and ecological conditions compared with those of the non‐regulated catchments.
{"title":"Effects of small rock check dams on channel bed, vegetation diversity, and soil properties 10 years after a severe wildfire in forest micro‐catchments of central eastern Spain","authors":"Adrian Martinez Hontecillas, Manuel Esteban Lucas‐Borja, Maria Ángeles Carmona‐Yañez, Pietro Denisi, Pedro Antonio Plaza‐Alvarez, Demetrio Antonio Zema","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5229","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most common post‐fire management techniques is the construction of check dams in catchments. However, little research has explored how small check dams impact on bed profile, vegetation diversity and soil properties several years after their construction in Mediterranean ephemeral channels draining micro‐catchments burned by severe wildfires. To fill this gap, this study has evaluated the effects of rock check dams installed about 10 years ago in small catchments after a wildfire in Castilla La Mancha (Central Eastern Spain). The changes in channel morphology, plant diversity as well as a large dataset of soil properties have been analysed close to the check dams in comparison to burned but non‐regulated channels. Neither the channel slope nor bed sediment size significantly changed downstream and upstream of the structures in comparison to the non‐regulated channels. Thanks to the unexploited retention capacity, the studied control works are still able to store the mobilised sediments on occasion of the most intense floods. Higher species richness in both upstream and downstream sections (+64%) was detected, while the plant evenness was not altered compared to the non‐regulated channels. Regarding the soil properties, increases in organic matter (over 200%), nutrients (+72% for N and +152% for P) and some cations (+29% for Ca and +86% for Mg) were measured. Overall, the presence of the rock check dams in the burned micro‐catchments, although improving many key plant and soil characteristics, did not sharply change the hydrological, geomorphological and ecological conditions compared with those of the non‐regulated catchments.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Yellow River Delta (YRD) has the world's highest land formation rate. However, soil salinization has caused severe land degradation in the region. Understanding the distribution of soil salinity and its variation is essential for saline soil management. This study combined soil salinity sampling data, remote sensing imagery, and layers of geographic environmental factors. Three different models, including Ordinary Kriging (OK), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME), were used and compared to predict the soil salinity of two soil layers in 2006 and 2022. Then the spatial distribution characteristics and development trends of soil salinity in the YRD were analyzed. The results indicated that (1) The BME model is an optimal salinity prediction model that integrates soft data from multiple sources to perform nonlinear estimates. Compared to the OK and GWR models, the RMSE was reduced by up to 25% and 13%, respectively, and the greatest improvement in R2 was increased from 0.0534 and 0.2718 to 0.5569, respectively. (2) Soil salinity in the YRD shows a spatially increasing trend from the southwestern inland to the northeastern coast. Over the past 16 years, the salinization pattern has become more complex: soil salinization has been mitigated in the central and southern regions, with the average salinity decreasing from 1.03% to 0.86% and the salinization rate decreasing from 99% to 88%; and it has significantly intensified in the northern part of the study area near the old Yellow River channel and the Gubei Reservoir, and in some scattered inland areas. Continuous water and sediment regulation in the Yellow River basin and ecological management of natural reserves can generally alleviate soil salinization, but the risk of soil salinization can be increased by seawater erosion, inappropriate land use, and resource exploitation.
{"title":"Detection of soil salinity distribution and its change in the Yellow River Delta comparing 2006 and 2022","authors":"Qing Yang, Xiaomei Fan, Linlin Wang, Ying Tang, Liuhong Huang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5222","url":null,"abstract":"The Yellow River Delta (YRD) has the world's highest land formation rate. However, soil salinization has caused severe land degradation in the region. Understanding the distribution of soil salinity and its variation is essential for saline soil management. This study combined soil salinity sampling data, remote sensing imagery, and layers of geographic environmental factors. Three different models, including Ordinary Kriging (OK), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME), were used and compared to predict the soil salinity of two soil layers in 2006 and 2022. Then the spatial distribution characteristics and development trends of soil salinity in the YRD were analyzed. The results indicated that (1) The BME model is an optimal salinity prediction model that integrates soft data from multiple sources to perform nonlinear estimates. Compared to the OK and GWR models, the RMSE was reduced by up to 25% and 13%, respectively, and the greatest improvement in <jats:italic>R</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> was increased from 0.0534 and 0.2718 to 0.5569, respectively. (2) Soil salinity in the YRD shows a spatially increasing trend from the southwestern inland to the northeastern coast. Over the past 16 years, the salinization pattern has become more complex: soil salinization has been mitigated in the central and southern regions, with the average salinity decreasing from 1.03% to 0.86% and the salinization rate decreasing from 99% to 88%; and it has significantly intensified in the northern part of the study area near the old Yellow River channel and the Gubei Reservoir, and in some scattered inland areas. Continuous water and sediment regulation in the Yellow River basin and ecological management of natural reserves can generally alleviate soil salinization, but the risk of soil salinization can be increased by seawater erosion, inappropriate land use, and resource exploitation.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Latterini, Marcin K. Dyderski, Paweł Horodecki, Rachele Venanzi, Rodolfo Picchio, Andrzej M. Jagodziński
European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Central and Southern Italy are managed applying the shelterwood system. Prior to the regeneration cut, it is common to apply 2–3 thinning interventions, aiming to obtain mostly firewood, considering the low dimension and poor quality of the stems. These interventions are usually carried out by local forest enterprises relying on a low or medium level of mechanization (small‐scale forestry). In particular, the short wood system is applied, thus processing the logs to 1 m length and extracting them with forestry‐fitted farm tractors equipped with forwarding bins. Despite the large application of this harvesting system in the Mediterranean forestry, no information is available in the literature about its possible disturbance to the forest soil. To fulfill this knowledge gap, we developed the first assessment of soil physicochemical (bulk density, penetration resistance, shear resistance, organic matter content) and biological (soil microarthropods biodiversity evaluated with the QBS‐ar index, that is, an index based on the idea that high‐quality soils have more groups of microarthropods that are morphologically better adapted to the soil than low‐quality soils) properties for this kind of logging operation. In three case study areas in Central Italy, we applied an experimental design to evaluate separately the impacts related to the passage of the machine and that of the silvicultural treatment itself. We further applied linear mixed‐effect models to investigate the relationship between changes in soil physicochemical and biological properties. We found the effect of the silvicultural treatment to be negligible, but there was a significant alteration of the investigated parameters in the soil affected by the passage of the machine. Soil penetration and shear resistance doubled in the forwarding trails (0.25 MPa and 4.02 t m−2, respectively) in comparison with the other two experimental treatments (control area and soil not affected by the machine passage; about 0.12 MPa and 2.10 t m−2, respectively). Soil organic matter and soil microarthropod biodiversity (QBS‐ar index) were reduced by 25% in the forwarding trails (about 30% and 92 respectively) in comparison with the soil not affected by the machine passage (about 39% and about 130, respectively). Such significant disturbance, which occurred even if the applied machinery had lower weight in comparison to other alternatives (forwarders), is related to the high number of machine passes needed to extract the woody material with forwarding bins applying the short wood system. We found a significant relationship between soil compaction and soil organic matter removal and microarthropod biodiversity, with the latter which resulted significantly lower in more compacted and organic matter‐poor soils. We demonstrated that this small‐scale extraction system can have a negative effect on soil f
{"title":"Evaluating small‐scale harvesting disturbance to the forest soil in Mediterranean beech high forests","authors":"Francesco Latterini, Marcin K. Dyderski, Paweł Horodecki, Rachele Venanzi, Rodolfo Picchio, Andrzej M. Jagodziński","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5228","url":null,"abstract":"European beech (<jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica</jats:italic> L.) forests in Central and Southern Italy are managed applying the shelterwood system. Prior to the regeneration cut, it is common to apply 2–3 thinning interventions, aiming to obtain mostly firewood, considering the low dimension and poor quality of the stems. These interventions are usually carried out by local forest enterprises relying on a low or medium level of mechanization (small‐scale forestry). In particular, the short wood system is applied, thus processing the logs to 1 m length and extracting them with forestry‐fitted farm tractors equipped with forwarding bins. Despite the large application of this harvesting system in the Mediterranean forestry, no information is available in the literature about its possible disturbance to the forest soil. To fulfill this knowledge gap, we developed the first assessment of soil physicochemical (bulk density, penetration resistance, shear resistance, organic matter content) and biological (soil microarthropods biodiversity evaluated with the QBS‐ar index, that is, an index based on the idea that high‐quality soils have more groups of microarthropods that are morphologically better adapted to the soil than low‐quality soils) properties for this kind of logging operation. In three case study areas in Central Italy, we applied an experimental design to evaluate separately the impacts related to the passage of the machine and that of the silvicultural treatment itself. We further applied linear mixed‐effect models to investigate the relationship between changes in soil physicochemical and biological properties. We found the effect of the silvicultural treatment to be negligible, but there was a significant alteration of the investigated parameters in the soil affected by the passage of the machine. Soil penetration and shear resistance doubled in the forwarding trails (0.25 MPa and 4.02 t m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>, respectively) in comparison with the other two experimental treatments (control area and soil not affected by the machine passage; about 0.12 MPa and 2.10 t m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>, respectively). Soil organic matter and soil microarthropod biodiversity (QBS‐ar index) were reduced by 25% in the forwarding trails (about 30% and 92 respectively) in comparison with the soil not affected by the machine passage (about 39% and about 130, respectively). Such significant disturbance, which occurred even if the applied machinery had lower weight in comparison to other alternatives (forwarders), is related to the high number of machine passes needed to extract the woody material with forwarding bins applying the short wood system. We found a significant relationship between soil compaction and soil organic matter removal and microarthropod biodiversity, with the latter which resulted significantly lower in more compacted and organic matter‐poor soils. We demonstrated that this small‐scale extraction system can have a negative effect on soil f","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pranav Dev Singh, Anna Klamerus‐Iwan, Bartłomiej Woś, Marcin Pietrzykowski
This study examines the relationship between the reclamation method (with topsoil and with bare rock), individual species, and land cover (woodland, grassland, and forbsland) on micro‐climate and retention properties, that is, volumetric water content (vwc) and water storage capacity (S). The large overburden dump “Sośnica” in Upper Silesia served as a research site, which makes it possible to investigate the planned experimental variants with relatively homogeneous properties of the deposited rock. The study uses statistical analysis and multilinear regressions to investigate the correlation between reclamation method, species, and land cover with parameters such as atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, vwc, soil temperature (st), and S. The experiments were carried out both in the field and in the laboratory. The results of this study indicate that the parameters related to retention properties were higher in the recultivated areas than in the areas left to natural succession. “S” was significantly higher in grassland and forbsland (15.67–16.52%) than in control plots where 10.23% was found, and in areas where an additional soil layer was applied (14.72%). Maximum vwc (22.17%) was on plots with topsoil than on bare rock (14.89%). Vwc were highest in the areas designated as grassland (28.54%), in comparison with woodlands and forblands (the control without vegetation cover had the worst thermal and retention properties). This study sheds light on the effects of reclamation method, species, and land cover on various parameters and helps to understand the importance of appropriate reclamation techniques for soil and water conservation. Further research on the impacts of reclamation techniques and land cover on micro‐climatic conditions in diverse post‐mining landscapes is crucial for developing globally applicable restoration strategies that promote ecological resilience.
本研究探讨了开垦方法（使用表土和裸岩）、单个物种和土地覆盖（林地、草地和牧草地）对小气候和保水特性（即体积含水量（vwc）和蓄水能力（S））的影响。位于上西里西亚的大型堆积物堆场 "Sośnica "是一个研究场所，这使得研究计划中的实验变体与相对均匀的沉积岩特性成为可能。本研究采用统计分析和多线性回归的方法，研究开垦方法、物种和土地覆盖与大气温度、相对湿度、vwc、土壤温度（st）和 S 等参数之间的相关性。研究结果表明，与保留特性相关的参数在复耕地区比在自然演替地区要高。草地和牧草地的 "S"（15.67%-16.52%）明显高于对照地块（10.23%）和施用额外土层的地区（14.72%）。与裸岩（14.89%）相比，表层土壤地块的 vwc 最大（22.17%）。与林地和荒地相比，草地（28.54%）的 Vwc 值最高（无植被覆盖的对照组热稳定性最差）。这项研究揭示了开垦方法、物种和土地覆盖对各种参数的影响，有助于了解适当的开垦技术对水土保持的重要性。进一步研究复垦技术和土地植被对不同采矿后地貌的微气候条件的影响，对于制定全球适用的恢复战略以促进生态恢复能力至关重要。
{"title":"Influence of reclamation techniques and vegetation types on water retention in hard coal spoil heaps","authors":"Pranav Dev Singh, Anna Klamerus‐Iwan, Bartłomiej Woś, Marcin Pietrzykowski","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5226","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationship between the reclamation method (with topsoil and with bare rock), individual species, and land cover (woodland, grassland, and forbsland) on micro‐climate and retention properties, that is, volumetric water content (vwc) and water storage capacity (S). The large overburden dump “Sośnica” in Upper Silesia served as a research site, which makes it possible to investigate the planned experimental variants with relatively homogeneous properties of the deposited rock. The study uses statistical analysis and multilinear regressions to investigate the correlation between reclamation method, species, and land cover with parameters such as atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, vwc, soil temperature (st), and S. The experiments were carried out both in the field and in the laboratory. The results of this study indicate that the parameters related to retention properties were higher in the recultivated areas than in the areas left to natural succession. “S” was significantly higher in grassland and forbsland (15.67–16.52%) than in control plots where 10.23% was found, and in areas where an additional soil layer was applied (14.72%). Maximum vwc (22.17%) was on plots with topsoil than on bare rock (14.89%). Vwc were highest in the areas designated as grassland (28.54%), in comparison with woodlands and forblands (the control without vegetation cover had the worst thermal and retention properties). This study sheds light on the effects of reclamation method, species, and land cover on various parameters and helps to understand the importance of appropriate reclamation techniques for soil and water conservation. Further research on the impacts of reclamation techniques and land cover on micro‐climatic conditions in diverse post‐mining landscapes is crucial for developing globally applicable restoration strategies that promote ecological resilience.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mulching is one of the best management practices used in soil and water conservation studies. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different mulch types and doses on runoff coefficient (Rc), soil loss (Er), sediment concentration (Sc), time to ponding (tp), runoff generation time (tr), percolated (pw) and retained (rw) water and total losses of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3−), ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4+), total nitrogen (TN), phosphate‐phosphorus (PO43−), and total organic carbon (TOC) under simulated rainfall in the laboratory. Three different mulch materials (dry weed, peanut hay, and wheat straw) were applied at four different doses (0, 2, 4, and 6 t/ha) on the experimental plots. A simulated rainfall intensity of 97 mm/s was applied for an hour. All mulch types and doses reduced Rc, and the most effective reduction was found in 2 t/ha dry weed mulch applied plots. The most effective application for reducing soil loss was 6 t/ha peanut hay mulch. The most effective application for delaying the ponding time and runoff generation time was the 4 t/ha application of wheat straw mulch. The highest pw and rw were found in 6 t/ha and 4 t/ha doses of dry weed mulch applications, respectively. The most effective application for reducing NH4+ losses was found in 4 t/ha wheat straw application plots. The most effective mulch type and dose for reducing NO3− loss was 6 t/ha of dry weed mulch. The lowest TN loss was found in the plots where 6 t/ha of peanut hay mulch was applied. In terms of PO43− losses, the lowest loss was in 6 t/ha of dry weed mulch plots. The lowest TOC loss was at 4 t/ha of straw mulch applications. Mulching can be a good natural‐based solution for reducing soil, water, and nutrient loss. However, different mulch types and doses should be tested for different environmental conditions to determine the most cost‐effective mulch type and dose.
{"title":"The efficiency of different mulch types and dose applications on runoff, soil, and nutrient losses under simulated rainfall","authors":"Selma Yaşar Korkanç, Halil Şahin","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5216","url":null,"abstract":"Mulching is one of the best management practices used in soil and water conservation studies. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different mulch types and doses on runoff coefficient (Rc), soil loss (Er), sediment concentration (Sc), time to ponding (tp), runoff generation time (tr), percolated (pw) and retained (rw) water and total losses of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub><jats:sup>−</jats:sup>), ammonium‐nitrogen (NH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub><jats:sup>+</jats:sup>), total nitrogen (TN), phosphate‐phosphorus (PO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub><jats:sup>3−</jats:sup>), and total organic carbon (TOC) under simulated rainfall in the laboratory. Three different mulch materials (dry weed, peanut hay, and wheat straw) were applied at four different doses (0, 2, 4, and 6 t/ha) on the experimental plots. A simulated rainfall intensity of 97 mm/s was applied for an hour. All mulch types and doses reduced Rc, and the most effective reduction was found in 2 t/ha dry weed mulch applied plots. The most effective application for reducing soil loss was 6 t/ha peanut hay mulch. The most effective application for delaying the ponding time and runoff generation time was the 4 t/ha application of wheat straw mulch. The highest pw and rw were found in 6 t/ha and 4 t/ha doses of dry weed mulch applications, respectively. The most effective application for reducing NH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub><jats:sup>+</jats:sup> losses was found in 4 t/ha wheat straw application plots. The most effective mulch type and dose for reducing NO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub><jats:sup>−</jats:sup> loss was 6 t/ha of dry weed mulch. The lowest TN loss was found in the plots where 6 t/ha of peanut hay mulch was applied. In terms of PO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub><jats:sup>3−</jats:sup> losses, the lowest loss was in 6 t/ha of dry weed mulch plots. The lowest TOC loss was at 4 t/ha of straw mulch applications. Mulching can be a good natural‐based solution for reducing soil, water, and nutrient loss. However, different mulch types and doses should be tested for different environmental conditions to determine the most cost‐effective mulch type and dose.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nan Huang, Xin Ying Li, Hong Yan Liu, Jin Nian Tang, Yong Fu Ji, Chang Ming Zhao, Jin Hua Li
Haloxylon ammodendron is a typical tree species in arid region for windbreak and sand fixation. Understanding how stand structure (i.e., afforestation density, forest type, and stand age) of H. ammodendron impacts ecological benefits and tree growth status has great implications for desertification control in arid area. We obtained a dataset of 446 observations from 79 studies related to H. ammodendron plantations for meta‐analysis. Stand age was the key factor affecting performances of windbreak, tree canopy, and soil properties while afforestation density was more important in determining tree survival rate. Wind speed in H. ammodendron plantations was reduced by 52% in general compared to that at the site without any plantations and decreased as the increasing density. With the increase of stand age, soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus accumulated continuously, but soil moisture in 0–60 cm depth decrease when trees grew up to nearly 20 years. Within 4000 plants ha−1, responses of survival rate, tree height, ground diameter, and canopy decreased with the increase of afforestation density. Compared with mono‐species plantation, mixed afforestation was more beneficial to windbreak and survival, while it damaged tree growth. Combining the ecological functions and tree growth of H. ammodendron plantations, the afforestation density and forest age should be controlled to 450–900 plants ha−1 and 20 years, respectively, as the upper limit. Therefore, besides reasonable afforestation density, management measures for regulations of forest age and existing stand density were important to maintain higher ecological benefits and better tree growth of H. ammodendron plantations.
{"title":"Effects of stand structure on ecological benefits and tree growth of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations: A meta‐analysis","authors":"Nan Huang, Xin Ying Li, Hong Yan Liu, Jin Nian Tang, Yong Fu Ji, Chang Ming Zhao, Jin Hua Li","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5227","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Haloxylon ammodendron</jats:italic> is a typical tree species in arid region for windbreak and sand fixation. Understanding how stand structure (i.e., afforestation density, forest type, and stand age) of <jats:italic>H. ammodendron</jats:italic> impacts ecological benefits and tree growth status has great implications for desertification control in arid area. We obtained a dataset of 446 observations from 79 studies related to <jats:italic>H. ammodendron</jats:italic> plantations for meta‐analysis. Stand age was the key factor affecting performances of windbreak, tree canopy, and soil properties while afforestation density was more important in determining tree survival rate. Wind speed in <jats:italic>H. ammodendron</jats:italic> plantations was reduced by 52% in general compared to that at the site without any plantations and decreased as the increasing density. With the increase of stand age, soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus accumulated continuously, but soil moisture in 0–60 cm depth decrease when trees grew up to nearly 20 years. Within 4000 plants ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, responses of survival rate, tree height, ground diameter, and canopy decreased with the increase of afforestation density. Compared with mono‐species plantation, mixed afforestation was more beneficial to windbreak and survival, while it damaged tree growth. Combining the ecological functions and tree growth of <jats:italic>H. ammodendron</jats:italic> plantations, the afforestation density and forest age should be controlled to 450–900 plants ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and 20 years, respectively, as the upper limit. Therefore, besides reasonable afforestation density, management measures for regulations of forest age and existing stand density were important to maintain higher ecological benefits and better tree growth of <jats:italic>H. ammodendron</jats:italic> plantations.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil erosion is a major cause of soil degradation, leading to soil quality deterioration. The resulting alternation of soil properties would in turn change the soil's responses in subsequent soil erosion events later, which, however, has rarely been studied. The objective was to examine the effects of such erosion‐induced degradation on subsequent soil erosion and sediment size distribution of a cultivated black soil under heavy rainstorms. The plough layers of the black soil that had suffered from 0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 years of soil erosion in northeast China were artificially constructed, corresponding to five erosional degradation levels of none, slight, moderate, severe, and very severe degradations, successively. A simulated heavy rainfall at the 75 mm h−1 intensity was performed, and runoff and sediment samples were collected every 6 min and analyzed for particle size distribution. Owing to the increasingly coarse source soil and thereby enhanced hydraulic conductivity, the steady‐state runoff rate decreased from 1.06 to 0.77 mm min−1, as the degradation level increased from none to very severe degradation. However, the fine‐textured noneroded soil had a better water retention capacity, which decreased runoff, especially at the beginning of the rainfall. The maximum runoff in total, that is, 103.61 mm, was consequently observed in the slightly degraded soil. The sediment concentrations and yields here were also significantly greater than those of the other treatments (p <0.01), suggesting a relatively higher soil erodibility. Sediment sorting was observed at each treatment especially during the first half of the rainfall, except for the slightly eroded soil where the elevated runoff was believed sufficient to equally transport different‐sized particles. The clay particles were enriched in the sediments eroded from the non‐ and moderately degraded soils, as the corresponding enrichment ratios (ERs) were typically above 1. Whereas for the severely and very severely degraded soils, ERs were around 0.5, indicating considerable depletion of these fine particles. These results demonstrate the diverse erosional responses of the soils exhibiting varying erosion‐induced degradation levels and hold important implications for agricultural management and soil and water conservation in the black soil region of northeast China as well as other similar regions.
水土流失是土壤退化的主要原因，会导致土壤质量下降。由此导致的土壤性质变化反过来又会改变土壤在随后的土壤侵蚀事件中的反应，然而，对这一点的研究却很少。本研究的目的是考察这种侵蚀引起的退化对暴雨下耕作黑土的后续土壤侵蚀和沉积物粒径分布的影响。人工构建了中国东北地区遭受 0 年、10 年、30 年、50 年和 70 年水土流失的黑土犁耕层，分别对应无、轻微、中度、重度和极重度五种侵蚀退化程度。模拟强度为 75 mm h-1 的强降雨，每 6 分钟采集一次径流和沉积物样本，并进行粒径分布分析。由于源土壤越来越粗，从而增强了水力传导性，随着降解程度从无降解到非常严重降解，稳态径流速率从 1.06 mm min-1 降至 0.77 mm min-1。然而，质地细腻的非侵蚀土壤具有更好的保水能力，从而减少了径流量，尤其是在降雨初期。因此，在轻微退化的土壤中观察到的径流总量最大，为 103.61 毫米。这里的泥沙浓度和产量也明显高于其他处理（p <0.01），表明土壤的侵蚀性相对较高。除轻微侵蚀土壤外，每个处理都观察到了沉积物分选现象，尤其是在降雨的前半段，因为在轻微侵蚀土壤中，径流量的增加足以平均输送不同大小的颗粒。在未退化和中度退化土壤的侵蚀沉积物中，粘土颗粒富集，因为相应的富集比（ER）通常高于 1。而在严重和极严重退化的土壤中，富集比约为 0.5，表明这些细颗粒已大量减少。这些结果表明，不同侵蚀引起的退化程度的土壤具有不同的侵蚀反应，对中国东北黑土区及其他类似地区的农业管理和水土保持具有重要意义。
{"title":"Effects of erosion‐induced degradation on subsequent soil erosion and sediment sorting of a cultivated black soil under simulated heavy rainstorm","authors":"Yang Yang, Ying Wang, Xinyi Chen, Yingna Liu","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5218","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a major cause of soil degradation, leading to soil quality deterioration. The resulting alternation of soil properties would in turn change the soil's responses in subsequent soil erosion events later, which, however, has rarely been studied. The objective was to examine the effects of such erosion‐induced degradation on subsequent soil erosion and sediment size distribution of a cultivated black soil under heavy rainstorms. The plough layers of the black soil that had suffered from 0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 years of soil erosion in northeast China were artificially constructed, corresponding to five erosional degradation levels of none, slight, moderate, severe, and very severe degradations, successively. A simulated heavy rainfall at the 75 mm h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> intensity was performed, and runoff and sediment samples were collected every 6 min and analyzed for particle size distribution. Owing to the increasingly coarse source soil and thereby enhanced hydraulic conductivity, the steady‐state runoff rate decreased from 1.06 to 0.77 mm min<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, as the degradation level increased from none to very severe degradation. However, the fine‐textured noneroded soil had a better water retention capacity, which decreased runoff, especially at the beginning of the rainfall. The maximum runoff in total, that is, 103.61 mm, was consequently observed in the slightly degraded soil. The sediment concentrations and yields here were also significantly greater than those of the other treatments (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> <0.01), suggesting a relatively higher soil erodibility. Sediment sorting was observed at each treatment especially during the first half of the rainfall, except for the slightly eroded soil where the elevated runoff was believed sufficient to equally transport different‐sized particles. The clay particles were enriched in the sediments eroded from the non‐ and moderately degraded soils, as the corresponding enrichment ratios (<jats:italic>ER</jats:italic>s) were typically above 1. Whereas for the severely and very severely degraded soils, <jats:italic>ER</jats:italic>s were around 0.5, indicating considerable depletion of these fine particles. These results demonstrate the diverse erosional responses of the soils exhibiting varying erosion‐induced degradation levels and hold important implications for agricultural management and soil and water conservation in the black soil region of northeast China as well as other similar regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141463946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many arid shrubland lands around the world, such as the Monte Desert of Argentina, ecological restoration efforts often prioritize direct seeding or outplantings. Another restorative intervention with lower costs, such as assisted natural regeneration (ANR) through soil tillage, are poorly studied and implemented. In this context, we selected 16 abandoned petroleum drilling platforms that were scarified with furrows to evaluate the natural establishment of vegetation. An equal number of neighboring sites were chosen as ecological reference sites. Five years after scarification, an analysis was conducted on the similarity, richness, diversity of species, plant coverage, density, and soil in soil‐scarified petroleum drilling platforms and ecological reference sites. Similarity, diversity, plant coverage, and density were low between degraded and reference sites. However, 40% of the total species found in the ecological reference colonized one or more of the degraded sites studied. The species found in degraded sites belonged to various life forms (shrubs, perennial, and annual herbs). Additionally, the colonization exhibited notable differences with the typical succession sequence of pioneer, intermediate, and mature species. Many of them were considered typical of climax states in previous studies, such as the case of Larrea divaricata and Larrea cuneifolia. The discussion addresses the succession process in arid lands and highlights the importance of considering ANR with more emphasis on restoration efforts.
{"title":"How much can assisted natural regeneration contribute to ecological restoration in arid lands?","authors":"Florencia del Mar González, Daniel Roberto Pérez","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5212","url":null,"abstract":"In many arid shrubland lands around the world, such as the Monte Desert of Argentina, ecological restoration efforts often prioritize direct seeding or outplantings. Another restorative intervention with lower costs, such as assisted natural regeneration (ANR) through soil tillage, are poorly studied and implemented. In this context, we selected 16 abandoned petroleum drilling platforms that were scarified with furrows to evaluate the natural establishment of vegetation. An equal number of neighboring sites were chosen as ecological reference sites. Five years after scarification, an analysis was conducted on the similarity, richness, diversity of species, plant coverage, density, and soil in soil‐scarified petroleum drilling platforms and ecological reference sites. Similarity, diversity, plant coverage, and density were low between degraded and reference sites. However, 40% of the total species found in the ecological reference colonized one or more of the degraded sites studied. The species found in degraded sites belonged to various life forms (shrubs, perennial, and annual herbs). Additionally, the colonization exhibited notable differences with the typical succession sequence of pioneer, intermediate, and mature species. Many of them were considered typical of climax states in previous studies, such as the case of <jats:italic>Larrea divaricata</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Larrea cuneifolia</jats:italic>. The discussion addresses the succession process in arid lands and highlights the importance of considering ANR with more emphasis on restoration efforts.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141463944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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