Lin Yang, Runze Wang, Xinran Zhang, Rui Wang, Shengli Guo
Microorganisms are instrumental in the genesis of microbial necromass carbon (MNC). However, the depth‐specific microbial regulatory mechanisms (e.g., diversity, life‐history strategies, keystone taxa) modulating MNC accumulation across soil profiles under long‐term agricultural management with distinct root distributions remain to be explicitly addressed, especially within the ecologically fragile Loess Plateau. To fill this gap, we investigated amino sugars and microbial community characteristics in the topsoil (0–20 cm, widely recognized as an active layer) and subsoil (140–200 cm, representative of the region's stable layer) of three long‐term cropping systems with distinct root distribution depths. Our core discovery reveals a clear shift in microbial drivers regulating MNC across the soil profile: MNC accumulation is bacteria‐dominated in topsoil but fungi‐dominated in subsoil. Specifically, topsoil MNC was primarily regulated by bacterial α‐diversity, community composition, and bacterial r ‐strategists (which were negatively correlated with MNC), whereas subsoil MNC was dominated by fungal α‐diversity and fungal K‐strategists. Keystone taxa also exhibited depth‐specific effects: bacterial keystone taxa strongly modulated topsoil MNC, while fungal keystone taxa had a more significant correlation with subsoil MNC. Quantitatively, subsoil MNC content ranged from 62.2% to 74.5% lower than that of the topsoil, and its contribution to soil organic carbon ranged from 26.3% to 44.7% lower ( p < 0.01). These findings provide actionable insights for sustainable land management on the Loess Plateau: optimizing subsoil fungal community characteristics can enhance MNC accumulation, supporting land degradation mitigation and improved soil carbon sequestration.
{"title":"Subsoil Microbial Necromass Carbon Predominantly Influenced by Fungal Community Characteristics in Rainfed Cropping System on Loess Plateau","authors":"Lin Yang, Runze Wang, Xinran Zhang, Rui Wang, Shengli Guo","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70482","url":null,"abstract":"Microorganisms are instrumental in the genesis of microbial necromass carbon (MNC). However, the depth‐specific microbial regulatory mechanisms (e.g., diversity, life‐history strategies, keystone taxa) modulating MNC accumulation across soil profiles under long‐term agricultural management with distinct root distributions remain to be explicitly addressed, especially within the ecologically fragile Loess Plateau. To fill this gap, we investigated amino sugars and microbial community characteristics in the topsoil (0–20 cm, widely recognized as an active layer) and subsoil (140–200 cm, representative of the region's stable layer) of three long‐term cropping systems with distinct root distribution depths. Our core discovery reveals a clear shift in microbial drivers regulating MNC across the soil profile: MNC accumulation is bacteria‐dominated in topsoil but fungi‐dominated in subsoil. Specifically, topsoil MNC was primarily regulated by bacterial α‐diversity, community composition, and bacterial <jats:italic>r</jats:italic> ‐strategists (which were negatively correlated with MNC), whereas subsoil MNC was dominated by fungal α‐diversity and fungal K‐strategists. Keystone taxa also exhibited depth‐specific effects: bacterial keystone taxa strongly modulated topsoil MNC, while fungal keystone taxa had a more significant correlation with subsoil MNC. Quantitatively, subsoil MNC content ranged from 62.2% to 74.5% lower than that of the topsoil, and its contribution to soil organic carbon ranged from 26.3% to 44.7% lower ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01). These findings provide actionable insights for sustainable land management on the Loess Plateau: optimizing subsoil fungal community characteristics can enhance MNC accumulation, supporting land degradation mitigation and improved soil carbon sequestration.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianwei Mao, Cun Chang, Shuai Wu, Igboeli Emeka Edwin, Yonghui Wang, Wei Yan, Jian Liu, Yonglong Han, Xiaofei Ma
Under the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals, the extent to which land use restructuring shapes regional carbon storage (CS) in inland river basins remains insufficiently quantified. Using the Tarim River Basin as a case study, we integrated multiple datasets at 1 km resolution for five time points from 2000 to 2023, and coupled the InVEST carbon model, PLUS scenario simulations, and GeoDetector analysis within a “pattern‐process‐projection” framework (PLUS accuracy: 94.31%). From 2000 to 2023, cropland expanded by 1.69 × 10 4 km 2 and construction land nearly doubled, whereas grassland and forestland decreased by 0.89 × 10 4 km 2 and 0.15 × 10 4 km 2 , respectively, accompanied by intermittent shrinkage of water bodies. CS across the basin increased slightly from 56.53 × 10 8 t to 56.83 × 10 8 t, indicating overall stability, but with clear spatial contrasts: gains occurred along oasis margins and riparian corridors, while losses emerged in transitional zones converted to cropland and construction land. GeoDetector identified fractional vegetation cover, soil erosion, and soil type as dominant drivers ( q > 0.25). Interactions related to fractional vegetation cover (FVC) strengthened after 2010, whereas GDP and population density exerted weaker effects. By 2030, the ecological protection scenario yielded the highest CS (57.10 × 10 8 t), the economic development scenario showed limited gains (+0.08 × 10 8 t), and the natural development scenario approached net neutrality. By integrating multi source data, scenario constraints, and interaction informed driver diagnostics, this study delineates carbon sensitive corridors that are highly accessible and quantifies the carbon benefits of controlling fragmentation, stabilizing cropland density, and optimizing water allocation. The findings provide scientific guidance for land use planning and coordinated water and carbon governance in arid regions.
{"title":"Dynamic Changes and Driving Factors of Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Inland River Basins Under Land Use Change","authors":"Jianwei Mao, Cun Chang, Shuai Wu, Igboeli Emeka Edwin, Yonghui Wang, Wei Yan, Jian Liu, Yonglong Han, Xiaofei Ma","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70475","url":null,"abstract":"Under the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals, the extent to which land use restructuring shapes regional carbon storage (CS) in inland river basins remains insufficiently quantified. Using the Tarim River Basin as a case study, we integrated multiple datasets at 1 km resolution for five time points from 2000 to 2023, and coupled the InVEST carbon model, PLUS scenario simulations, and GeoDetector analysis within a “pattern‐process‐projection” framework (PLUS accuracy: 94.31%). From 2000 to 2023, cropland expanded by 1.69 × 10 <jats:sup>4</jats:sup> km <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and construction land nearly doubled, whereas grassland and forestland decreased by 0.89 × 10 <jats:sup>4</jats:sup> km <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and 0.15 × 10 <jats:sup>4</jats:sup> km <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> , respectively, accompanied by intermittent shrinkage of water bodies. CS across the basin increased slightly from 56.53 × 10 <jats:sup>8</jats:sup> t to 56.83 × 10 <jats:sup>8</jats:sup> t, indicating overall stability, but with clear spatial contrasts: gains occurred along oasis margins and riparian corridors, while losses emerged in transitional zones converted to cropland and construction land. GeoDetector identified fractional vegetation cover, soil erosion, and soil type as dominant drivers ( <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> > 0.25). Interactions related to fractional vegetation cover (FVC) strengthened after 2010, whereas GDP and population density exerted weaker effects. By 2030, the ecological protection scenario yielded the highest CS (57.10 × 10 <jats:sup>8</jats:sup> t), the economic development scenario showed limited gains (+0.08 × 10 <jats:sup>8</jats:sup> t), and the natural development scenario approached net neutrality. By integrating multi source data, scenario constraints, and interaction informed driver diagnostics, this study delineates carbon sensitive corridors that are highly accessible and quantifies the carbon benefits of controlling fragmentation, stabilizing cropland density, and optimizing water allocation. The findings provide scientific guidance for land use planning and coordinated water and carbon governance in arid regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Bagheri, Javad Mirzaei, Mehdi Heydari, Mostafa Moradi
Afforestation plays a crucial role in rehabilitating degraded ecosystems and improving soil and environmental conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. Although many studies have shown that afforestation improves soil properties, the combined effects of slope, aspect, and microtopography on soil biochemical responses remain poorly understood. Furthermore, environmental characteristics, particularly aspect and slope percentage in mountainous forest ecosystems, play a key role in determining the extent of its impact. This study investigated the impact of afforestation using the wild almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach) on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil across different aspects, slopes, and canopy positions. To conduct this research, a total of 72 soil samples were collected in spring from northern and eastern aspects in two slope classes (less than 10% and more than 40%) and three positions (Under canopy upslope [UCU], Under canopy downslope [UCD], and control). The physical, chemical, and biological soil properties were then measured in the laboratory using standard methods. The results showed that saturated point (SP) (39.48 ver. 36.39), sand (25.33 ver. 23.50), clay (32.44 ver. 28.72), organic matter (OM) (2.2 ver. 1.93), and total nitrogen (N) (0.1 ver. 0.09) were higher in the northern aspect than in the eastern aspect, while the BD (1.18 ver. 1.08) was higher in the northern aspect than in the eastern aspect. On slopes of less than 10%, the soil had higher amounts of pH (7.31 ver. 7.24), SP (37.93 ver. 35.99), OM (2.06 ver. 2.16), and N (0.1 ver. 0.07), phosphorus (P) (283 ver. 199) and potassium (K) (287 ver. 193). The highest levels of the urease enzyme (μgρ NH4 Nml-5dwt 2 h− 1 8) were observed on slopes with less than a 10% incline and at the UCD (8.26). The lowest levels were observed on slopes with an incline above 40% and in the control position (μgρ NH4 Nml-5dwt 2 h−1 2). Additionally, enzyme activity was higher in the northern aspect than in the eastern aspect (i.e., phosphatase activity = 901.39). These results indicate that afforestation positively impacts quality-related indicators, including soil respiration, porosity, urease and phosphatase enzymes, and OM and nutrients in the soil. Generally, soil is more fertile on slopes of less than 10%, on northern slopes, and on UCD. This research aims to restore this valuable ecosystem and ensure the region's sustainability, which can lead to improved soil quality and increased ecosystem sustainability. Future restoration efforts in semi-arid mountains should prioritize planting A. scoparia on northern and downslope positions to enhance soil moisture, fertility, organic carbon, and ecosystem recovery efficiency.
{"title":"Soil Rehabilitation in Degraded Oak Forest Stands Through Afforestation With Amygdalus scoparia","authors":"Fatemeh Bagheri, Javad Mirzaei, Mehdi Heydari, Mostafa Moradi","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70441","url":null,"abstract":"Afforestation plays a crucial role in rehabilitating degraded ecosystems and improving soil and environmental conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. Although many studies have shown that afforestation improves soil properties, the combined effects of slope, aspect, and microtopography on soil biochemical responses remain poorly understood. Furthermore, environmental characteristics, particularly aspect and slope percentage in mountainous forest ecosystems, play a key role in determining the extent of its impact. This study investigated the impact of afforestation using the wild almond (<i>Amygdalus scoparia</i> Spach) on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil across different aspects, slopes, and canopy positions. To conduct this research, a total of 72 soil samples were collected in spring from northern and eastern aspects in two slope classes (less than 10% and more than 40%) and three positions (Under canopy upslope [UCU], Under canopy downslope [UCD], and control). The physical, chemical, and biological soil properties were then measured in the laboratory using standard methods. The results showed that saturated point (SP) (39.48 ver. 36.39), sand (25.33 ver. 23.50), clay (32.44 ver. 28.72), organic matter (OM) (2.2 ver. 1.93), and total nitrogen (N) (0.1 ver. 0.09) were higher in the northern aspect than in the eastern aspect, while the BD (1.18 ver. 1.08) was higher in the northern aspect than in the eastern aspect. On slopes of less than 10%, the soil had higher amounts of pH (7.31 ver. 7.24), SP (37.93 ver. 35.99), OM (2.06 ver. 2.16), and N (0.1 ver. 0.07), phosphorus (P) (283 ver. 199) and potassium (K) (287 ver. 193). The highest levels of the urease enzyme (μgρ NH4 Nml-5dwt 2 h<sup>− 1</sup> 8) were observed on slopes with less than a 10% incline and at the UCD (8.26). The lowest levels were observed on slopes with an incline above 40% and in the control position (μgρ NH4 Nml-5dwt 2 h<sup>−1</sup> 2). Additionally, enzyme activity was higher in the northern aspect than in the eastern aspect (i.e., phosphatase activity = 901.39). These results indicate that afforestation positively impacts quality-related indicators, including soil respiration, porosity, urease and phosphatase enzymes, and OM and nutrients in the soil. Generally, soil is more fertile on slopes of less than 10%, on northern slopes, and on UCD. This research aims to restore this valuable ecosystem and ensure the region's sustainability, which can lead to improved soil quality and increased ecosystem sustainability. Future restoration efforts in semi-arid mountains should prioritize planting <i>A. scoparia</i> on northern and downslope positions to enhance soil moisture, fertility, organic carbon, and ecosystem recovery efficiency.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guannan Chen, Zhenhuang Yang, Grzegorz Mentel, Paweł Jamróz, Dariusz Zarzecki
Due to severe climate challenges, global economies are transitioning to green energy, specifically, the solar thermal and wind energy to attain the COP28 targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs). To fulfill energy demand, countries are investing in these sources, yet their role in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is not clearly examined. The objective of this research is to examine the linear and nonlinear implications of solar thermal and wind energy on global GHG emissions. Employing the extended STIRPAT model, this study further considers the role of forest land management, economic growth, foreign trade, and urbanization over the period 1990Q1–2021Q4. The autoregressive distributed lag model has been used to address the mixed integration order variables. The empirical results indicate that both linear and nonlinear solar thermal, forest land resources, and wind energy significantly reduce GHG emissions in the short- and long-run. The influence of nonlinear solar and wind energy is stronger than their linear terms. Additionally, the forest areas are significantly correlated with the decreased emissions level. On the other hand, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid as economic growth boosts emissions in the short run while diminishing it in the long run. In contrast, the results reveal that urbanization and international trade are the leading drivers of global GHG emissions. Based on the findings, this study recommends promoting renewable energy investment, forest conservation incentives, and carbon-border adjustments.
{"title":"From Growth to Green: The Complex Interplay of Renewables, Forest Land Management and Trade on GHG Emissions","authors":"Guannan Chen, Zhenhuang Yang, Grzegorz Mentel, Paweł Jamróz, Dariusz Zarzecki","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70431","url":null,"abstract":"Due to severe climate challenges, global economies are transitioning to green energy, specifically, the solar thermal and wind energy to attain the COP28 targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs). To fulfill energy demand, countries are investing in these sources, yet their role in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is not clearly examined. The objective of this research is to examine the linear and nonlinear implications of solar thermal and wind energy on global GHG emissions. Employing the extended STIRPAT model, this study further considers the role of forest land management, economic growth, foreign trade, and urbanization over the period 1990Q1–2021Q4. The autoregressive distributed lag model has been used to address the mixed integration order variables. The empirical results indicate that both linear and nonlinear solar thermal, forest land resources, and wind energy significantly reduce GHG emissions in the short- and long-run. The influence of nonlinear solar and wind energy is stronger than their linear terms. Additionally, the forest areas are significantly correlated with the decreased emissions level. On the other hand, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid as economic growth boosts emissions in the short run while diminishing it in the long run. In contrast, the results reveal that urbanization and international trade are the leading drivers of global GHG emissions. Based on the findings, this study recommends promoting renewable energy investment, forest conservation incentives, and carbon-border adjustments.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the implementation of various ecological restoration and regional development policies, both urbanization and soil conservation in the Loess Plateau (LP) have advanced substantially, but conflicts between development and the ecological environment are becoming increasingly prominent. Soil conservation is a key regulating ecosystem service, and understanding its interaction and coupling mechanism with urbanization is crucial for achieving sustainable urban development. This study used multi-source remote sensing data and evaluated soil erosion and conservation status over the past 30 years based on the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model. In addition, the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and reveal the mechanism of the coupling coordinate degree (CCD) between soil conservation rate (SCR) and urbanization index (UBZ). Results indicate that: (1) soil erosion intensity (SE) has been well controlled in the Loess Plateau in recent decades, and the SCR has an obvious upward trend, but there is a risk of soil erosion worsening in the urban agglomeration area; (2) the coupling coordination degree between UBZ and SCR has improved significantly in the research period, but it is still concentrated in the southeast of the Loess Plateau and around the provincial capital cities; (3) there is a very significant logarithmic function fitting relationship between UBZ and CCD. At present, UBZ is the main factor leading CCD, and cities need to pay attention to controlling SE to maintain the stable growth rate of CCD when they develop to a certain period. This study pioneers the integration of multi-source remote sensing data with the RUSLE-CCDM framework to quantify a logarithmic relationship between urbanization and soil conservation coupling in the LP, proposing a phased constraint-incentive-restoration governance strategy aligned with environmental thresholds.
{"title":"Coupling Coordinated Development of Urbanization and Soil Conservation Ratio in the Loess Plateau Region of China","authors":"Xun Zhang, Zhaoliang Gao, Huazhu Zheng, Claudio O. Delang, Hongming He, Shaobo Long, Yongcai Lou","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70477","url":null,"abstract":"With the implementation of various ecological restoration and regional development policies, both urbanization and soil conservation in the Loess Plateau (LP) have advanced substantially, but conflicts between development and the ecological environment are becoming increasingly prominent. Soil conservation is a key regulating ecosystem service, and understanding its interaction and coupling mechanism with urbanization is crucial for achieving sustainable urban development. This study used multi-source remote sensing data and evaluated soil erosion and conservation status over the past 30 years based on the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model. In addition, the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and reveal the mechanism of the coupling coordinate degree (CCD) between soil conservation rate (SCR) and urbanization index (UBZ). Results indicate that: (1) soil erosion intensity (SE) has been well controlled in the Loess Plateau in recent decades, and the SCR has an obvious upward trend, but there is a risk of soil erosion worsening in the urban agglomeration area; (2) the coupling coordination degree between UBZ and SCR has improved significantly in the research period, but it is still concentrated in the southeast of the Loess Plateau and around the provincial capital cities; (3) there is a very significant logarithmic function fitting relationship between UBZ and CCD. At present, UBZ is the main factor leading CCD, and cities need to pay attention to controlling SE to maintain the stable growth rate of CCD when they develop to a certain period. This study pioneers the integration of multi-source remote sensing data with the RUSLE-CCDM framework to quantify a logarithmic relationship between urbanization and soil conservation coupling in the LP, proposing a phased constraint-incentive-restoration governance strategy aligned with environmental thresholds.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Balancing ecosystem-service supply and demand is central to understanding both the natural and social dimensions of ecosystem services and to enhancing human well-beings. Concurrently, collaborative efforts are underway to improve multiple ecosystem services, including the promotion of carbon neutrality and water purification (WP) within basin regions. Here, we quantified the WP and carbon sequestration (CS) of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) and explored the driving mechanism of two ecosystem services from the perspective of supply and demand. The results reveal that CS and WP of TGRA have generally achieved a balance between supply and demand over the past 30 years. WP-supply showed a significant decline (−6.25 × 102 t/year), while CS-supply exhibited steady growth (20.27 × 104 tC/year). WP-demand experienced a slight reduction (−8.42 × 102 t/year), whereas CS-demand increased sharply (73.7 × 104 tC/year). Spatial analysis indicated that both CS and WP supply–demand reachability peaked in regions exceeding 1000 m in elevation and 25° in slope. WP exhibited strong spatial clustering, with high–high agglomerations predominantly located in the central Yangtze and southwestern areas, and low–low clusters concentrated in northern and southern zones. However, CS exhibited distinct spatial variation, featuring high–low zones in the east and low–high zones in the southwest. Climate factors significantly enhanced WP-supply (0.41) and WP-demand (0.54) but inhibited both CS-supply (−0.11) and CS-demand (−0.05). Socioeconomic factors are positively related to CS-demand (0.94) while negatively impacting CS-supply (−0.38). Soil factors exerted a positive influence on CS-supply (0.35) but a negative effect on WP-supply (−0.37). Moreover, management strategies in the TGRA should integrate spatially targeted measures for WP to address local supply–demand gaps, along with a spatially regulated regional “cap and trade” mechanism to sustain CS surplus. Supported by vegetation restoration and coordinated water–carbon governance, this approach can strengthen WP–CS synergies.
{"title":"Coupling Water Purification and Carbon Sequestration at Various Spatial Scales From Supply and Demand Perspective","authors":"Jing Cheng, Mingyang Ding, Zhenya Zhu, Xinping Luo, Xin Huang, Chunbo Huang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70434","url":null,"abstract":"Balancing ecosystem-service supply and demand is central to understanding both the natural and social dimensions of ecosystem services and to enhancing human well-beings. Concurrently, collaborative efforts are underway to improve multiple ecosystem services, including the promotion of carbon neutrality and water purification (WP) within basin regions. Here, we quantified the WP and carbon sequestration (CS) of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) and explored the driving mechanism of two ecosystem services from the perspective of supply and demand. The results reveal that CS and WP of TGRA have generally achieved a balance between supply and demand over the past 30 years. WP-supply showed a significant decline (−6.25 × 10<sup>2</sup> t/year), while CS-supply exhibited steady growth (20.27 × 10<sup>4</sup> tC/year). WP-demand experienced a slight reduction (−8.42 × 10<sup>2</sup> t/year), whereas CS-demand increased sharply (73.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> tC/year). Spatial analysis indicated that both CS and WP supply–demand reachability peaked in regions exceeding 1000 m in elevation and 25° in slope. WP exhibited strong spatial clustering, with high–high agglomerations predominantly located in the central Yangtze and southwestern areas, and low–low clusters concentrated in northern and southern zones. However, CS exhibited distinct spatial variation, featuring high–low zones in the east and low–high zones in the southwest. Climate factors significantly enhanced WP-supply (0.41) and WP-demand (0.54) but inhibited both CS-supply (−0.11) and CS-demand (−0.05). Socioeconomic factors are positively related to CS-demand (0.94) while negatively impacting CS-supply (−0.38). Soil factors exerted a positive influence on CS-supply (0.35) but a negative effect on WP-supply (−0.37). Moreover, management strategies in the TGRA should integrate spatially targeted measures for WP to address local supply–demand gaps, along with a spatially regulated regional “cap and trade” mechanism to sustain CS surplus. Supported by vegetation restoration and coordinated water–carbon governance, this approach can strengthen WP–CS synergies.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Sanjiangyuan region possesses pivotal ecological and strategic value, with its soil quality serving as a cornerstone for regional and global ecological balance. However, under the coupled stressors of climate warming and intensifying anthropogenic activities, the accumulation of soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has accelerated markedly, posing a substantial environmental threat to this fragile ecosystem. To unravel the driving mechanisms governing soil PTE contamination, this study focused on the alpine grasslands of Sanjiangyuan, analyzing the concentrations of five priority PTEs (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg). Employing an integrated framework that couples spatial interpolation, correlation analysis, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), we systematically disentangled how elevation, climatic factors, soil physicochemical properties, and anthropogenic disturbances shape the spatial distribution patterns and variability of soil PTEs. Results indicated that: (1) Soil PTE concentrations exhibited a unimodal distribution along the elevational gradient, peaking at intermediate altitudes, and showed significant positive correlations with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and vegetation cover (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Spatially, concentrations displayed a distinct decreasing gradient from the southern region toward the eastern and northwestern sectors. Notably, the southern region was characterized by the highest contaminant loads (Pb: 16.47 ± 3.82, Cd: 0.10 ± 0.02, Cr: 52.78 ± 7.56, As: 14.45 ± 2.35, Hg: 0.041 ± 0.004 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), whereas the northwestern region presented the lowest values (Pb: 8.41 ± 1.10, Cd: 0.04 ± 0.002, Cr: 30.47 ± 3.48, As: 11.89 ± 1.97, Hg: 0.017 ± 0.001 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). (2) Reflecting its lithogenic origin, Cr exhibited significantly stronger correlations with key edaphic properties—including soil water content (SWC), pH, organic/inorganic carbon (SOC, SIC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil total phosphorus (STP)—compared to other PTEs. Notably, these associations were more robust in the subsurface layer (10–20 cm) than in the surface layer (0–10 cm). (3) Within the 0–20 cm soil profile, concentrations of PTEs exhibited a significant decline with increasing distance from anthropogenic disturbances. Pb showed the highest sensitivity to this spatial gradient, evidenced by a feature importance score of 30.05%. While this distance effect attenuated notably with soil depth, sharp concentration gradients were observed in the surface layer: Pb dropped from 12.45 ± 3.49 to 4.21 ± 0.82 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, Cd from 0.071 ± 0.015 to 0.023 ± 0.001 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, Cr from 53.97 ± 8.79 to 23.43 ± 4.22 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, As from 13.21 ± 2.56 to 9.36 ± 1.64 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, and Hg from 0.039 ± 0.002 to 0.013 ± 0.003 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. (4) The PMF model identified four distinct source factors contributing to soil PTE accumulation. Traffic emissions and fossil fuel combustion (ac
三江源地区是青藏高原腹地，土壤质量是区域乃至全球生态平衡的基石，具有重要的生态和战略价值。然而，在气候变暖和人类活动加剧的双重压力下，土壤潜在有毒元素（pte）的积累明显加快，对这一脆弱的生态系统构成了重大的环境威胁。为了揭示土壤PTE污染的驱动机制，本研究以三江源高寒草原为研究对象，分析了5种优先PTE （Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg）的浓度。采用空间插值、相关分析和正矩阵分解（PMF）相结合的综合框架，系统地揭示了海拔、气候因子、土壤理化性质和人为干扰对土壤pte空间分布格局和变异的影响。结果表明：(1)土壤PTE浓度沿海拔梯度呈单峰分布，在中海拔处达到峰值，与年平均降水量（MAP）和植被覆盖度呈显著正相关（p < 0.05）。从空间上看，从南部向东部和西北部呈明显的递减趋势。值得注意的是，南部地区的污染物负荷最高（Pb: 16.47±3.82,Cd: 0.10±0.02,Cr: 52.78±7.56,As: 14.45±2.35,Hg: 0.041±0.004 mg kg - 1），而西北部地区的污染物负荷最低（Pb: 8.41±1.10,Cd: 0.04±0.002,Cr: 30.47±3.48,As: 11.89±1.97,Hg: 0.017±0.001 mg kg - 1）。(2) Cr与土壤水分（SWC）、pH、有机/无机碳（SOC， SIC）、全氮（TN）、土壤全磷（STP）等关键土壤性质的相关性显著强于其他pte，反映了其成岩成因。值得注意的是，这些关联在亚表层（10-20 cm）比在表层（0-10 cm）更为强烈。(3)在0 ~ 20 cm土壤剖面上，pte浓度随距离人为干扰的增加而显著降低。Pb对该空间梯度的敏感性最高，特征重要性得分为30.05%。虽然这种距离效应随着土壤深度的增加而明显减弱，但在表层中发现了明显的浓度梯度：Pb从12.45±3.49 mg kg - 1下降到4.21±0.82 mg kg - 1， Cd从0.071±0.015 mg kg - 1下降到0.023±0.001 mg kg - 1， Cr从53.97±8.79 mg kg - 1下降到23.43±4.22 mg kg - 1， As从13.21±2.56 mg kg - 1下降到9.36±1.64 mg kg - 1， Hg从0.039±0.002 mg kg - 1下降到0.013±0.003 mg kg - 1。(4) PMF模型识别出4种不同的土壤PTE积累源因子。交通排放和化石燃料燃烧（占总变化的32.1%）是Pb和as的主要驱动因素。相比之下，Hg主要受混合人为源控制（28.6%），Cr主要受自然成土过程控制（23.5%）。此外，镉主要来源于工农业活动（15.8%）。空间上，三江源地区土壤PTE污染受外部环境因子（高程、MAP、年平均温度、人为干扰）和内部生态系统因子（植被和土壤性质）的复杂相互作用调节。驱动机制表现出明显的垂直分层：表层土壤PTE积累受植被和土壤因子的耦合驱动，而底土变化主要受土壤性质的制约。值得注意的是，人为影响的特征是地表富集，并随着土壤深度的增加而迅速减弱。因此，管理战略应优先考虑南部地区严格的缓解干预措施，而东部和西北部地区则侧重于预防性保护。
{"title":"Spatial Distribution and Key Driving Factors of Soil Potentially Toxic Elements in Sanjiangyuan Alpine Grasslands—A Dual-Factor Perspective of Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers","authors":"Yukun Zhang, Dongdong Chen, Qi Li, Fuquan He, Li Zhang, Liang Zhao","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70476","url":null,"abstract":"As the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Sanjiangyuan region possesses pivotal ecological and strategic value, with its soil quality serving as a cornerstone for regional and global ecological balance. However, under the coupled stressors of climate warming and intensifying anthropogenic activities, the accumulation of soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has accelerated markedly, posing a substantial environmental threat to this fragile ecosystem. To unravel the driving mechanisms governing soil PTE contamination, this study focused on the alpine grasslands of Sanjiangyuan, analyzing the concentrations of five priority PTEs (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg). Employing an integrated framework that couples spatial interpolation, correlation analysis, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), we systematically disentangled how elevation, climatic factors, soil physicochemical properties, and anthropogenic disturbances shape the spatial distribution patterns and variability of soil PTEs. Results indicated that: (1) Soil PTE concentrations exhibited a unimodal distribution along the elevational gradient, peaking at intermediate altitudes, and showed significant positive correlations with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and vegetation cover (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Spatially, concentrations displayed a distinct decreasing gradient from the southern region toward the eastern and northwestern sectors. Notably, the southern region was characterized by the highest contaminant loads (Pb: 16.47 ± 3.82, Cd: 0.10 ± 0.02, Cr: 52.78 ± 7.56, As: 14.45 ± 2.35, Hg: 0.041 ± 0.004 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), whereas the northwestern region presented the lowest values (Pb: 8.41 ± 1.10, Cd: 0.04 ± 0.002, Cr: 30.47 ± 3.48, As: 11.89 ± 1.97, Hg: 0.017 ± 0.001 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). (2) Reflecting its lithogenic origin, Cr exhibited significantly stronger correlations with key edaphic properties—including soil water content (SWC), pH, organic/inorganic carbon (SOC, SIC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil total phosphorus (STP)—compared to other PTEs. Notably, these associations were more robust in the subsurface layer (10–20 cm) than in the surface layer (0–10 cm). (3) Within the 0–20 cm soil profile, concentrations of PTEs exhibited a significant decline with increasing distance from anthropogenic disturbances. Pb showed the highest sensitivity to this spatial gradient, evidenced by a feature importance score of 30.05%. While this distance effect attenuated notably with soil depth, sharp concentration gradients were observed in the surface layer: Pb dropped from 12.45 ± 3.49 to 4.21 ± 0.82 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, Cd from 0.071 ± 0.015 to 0.023 ± 0.001 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, Cr from 53.97 ± 8.79 to 23.43 ± 4.22 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, As from 13.21 ± 2.56 to 9.36 ± 1.64 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, and Hg from 0.039 ± 0.002 to 0.013 ± 0.003 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. (4) The PMF model identified four distinct source factors contributing to soil PTE accumulation. Traffic emissions and fossil fuel combustion (ac","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Songnen Plain (SNP) and the Sanjiang Plain (SJP) are typical core black soil regions in northeastern China, where strong cross-regional heterogeneity poses challenges for accurate soil organic matter (SOM) mapping. To address this issue, we compiled 493 soil samples from SNP and SJP and integrated multi-temporal Landsat-8 bare soil imagery (April–May, 2014–2022) with climatic and topographic covariates. A novel framework, termed remote sensing–environmental covariates–recursive feature elimination–plain-based global regression (RS-EnvRFE-PGR), was developed to enhance cross-regional SOM prediction. Results showed that: (1) the optimal modeling periods for SNP and SJP were April and May, respectively; (2) locally regressed models, constructed using environmental factors and feature selection, significantly outperform traditional global models in both prediction accuracy and stability; (3) key variables selected by RFE, including spectral, climatic, and terrain factors, highlight the dominant contribution of remote sensing data in SOM modeling, with precipitation showing stable performance across all models; (4) SOM in SNP exhibited a northeast–southwest decreasing gradient, while SJP showed a low-center, high-edge pattern. Further comparison with an advanced prior-knowledge-based hybrid mapping framework integrating attention-based convolutional neural networks and convolutional long short-term memory networks (A-CNN-ConvLSTM+PHM) confirmed the superior performance of the proposed RS-EnvRFE-PGR framework. Overall, this framework enhances the accuracy and adaptability of cross-regional SOM mapping and provides methodological support for land quality regulation, carbon stock assessment, and sustainable agricultural management.
{"title":"RS-EnvRFE-PGR: A Novel Framework for High-Precision Soil Organic Matter Mapping in Heterogeneous Black Soil Regions","authors":"Hongju Zhao, Fang Wang, Chong Luo, Deqiang Zang, Wenqi Zhang, Huanjun Liu","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70471","url":null,"abstract":"The Songnen Plain (SNP) and the Sanjiang Plain (SJP) are typical core black soil regions in northeastern China, where strong cross-regional heterogeneity poses challenges for accurate soil organic matter (SOM) mapping. To address this issue, we compiled 493 soil samples from SNP and SJP and integrated multi-temporal Landsat-8 bare soil imagery (April–May, 2014–2022) with climatic and topographic covariates. A novel framework, termed remote sensing–environmental covariates–recursive feature elimination–plain-based global regression (RS-EnvRFE-PGR), was developed to enhance cross-regional SOM prediction. Results showed that: (1) the optimal modeling periods for SNP and SJP were April and May, respectively; (2) locally regressed models, constructed using environmental factors and feature selection, significantly outperform traditional global models in both prediction accuracy and stability; (3) key variables selected by RFE, including spectral, climatic, and terrain factors, highlight the dominant contribution of remote sensing data in SOM modeling, with precipitation showing stable performance across all models; (4) SOM in SNP exhibited a northeast–southwest decreasing gradient, while SJP showed a low-center, high-edge pattern. Further comparison with an advanced prior-knowledge-based hybrid mapping framework integrating attention-based convolutional neural networks and convolutional long short-term memory networks (A-CNN-ConvLSTM+PHM) confirmed the superior performance of the proposed RS-EnvRFE-PGR framework. Overall, this framework enhances the accuracy and adaptability of cross-regional SOM mapping and provides methodological support for land quality regulation, carbon stock assessment, and sustainable agricultural management.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim for sustainable development is to guarantee the provision of resources to the existing generation without compromising the needs of future generations. Agroforestry, the integrated management of trees and crops on the same land unit, is considered the important source of economic prosperity. The agricultural sector is a key contributor to global warming. Due to the heavy use of traditional production techniques, the agriculture sector is linked with environmental sustainability. However, the agriculture sector significantly contributes to economic growth by increasing production and generating employment. Since economic growth is a fundamental component of sustainable development, the agriculture sector's contribution to economic growth is essential for achieving broader sustainability goals. In addition to the agriculture sector, forests are generally considered a source of income generation and environmental sustainability. Forests play an important role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. This study investigates the role of agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, on sustainable development in the case of G7 countries. Moreover, we include globalization, green innovation, financial development, and environmental related taxes as additional determinants of sustainable development. Employing the quantile regression approach, the study found that agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, globalization, green innovation, financial development, and environmental related taxes are important factors affecting sustainable development in G7 countries. The results show that agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, globalization, green innovation, financial development, and environmental related taxes are important variables affecting sustainable development, particularly from the medium to long run. For robustness check, this study uses Driscoll‐Kraay and panel corrected standard errors approaches, which correct heteroscedasticity in the model. The results obtained are aligned with the estimates obtained from the QR approach.
{"title":"Agroforestry and Sustainable Development: A Novel Perspective of Environmental Resilience via Agroforestry and Globalization","authors":"Dan Yu, Feilan Wang, Xin Liu, Xi Huang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70443","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim for sustainable development is to guarantee the provision of resources to the existing generation without compromising the needs of future generations. Agroforestry, the integrated management of trees and crops on the same land unit, is considered the important source of economic prosperity. The agricultural sector is a key contributor to global warming. Due to the heavy use of traditional production techniques, the agriculture sector is linked with environmental sustainability. However, the agriculture sector significantly contributes to economic growth by increasing production and generating employment. Since economic growth is a fundamental component of sustainable development, the agriculture sector's contribution to economic growth is essential for achieving broader sustainability goals. In addition to the agriculture sector, forests are generally considered a source of income generation and environmental sustainability. Forests play an important role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. This study investigates the role of agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, on sustainable development in the case of G7 countries. Moreover, we include globalization, green innovation, financial development, and environmental related taxes as additional determinants of sustainable development. Employing the quantile regression approach, the study found that agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, globalization, green innovation, financial development, and environmental related taxes are important factors affecting sustainable development in G7 countries. The results show that agriculture, forestry, and fishing value added, globalization, green innovation, financial development, and environmental related taxes are important variables affecting sustainable development, particularly from the medium to long run. For robustness check, this study uses Driscoll‐Kraay and panel corrected standard errors approaches, which correct heteroscedasticity in the model. The results obtained are aligned with the estimates obtained from the QR approach.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arjun Singh, Pooja Maurya, Sanjay Arora, Yash Pal Singh
Agroforestry systems comprising silvipasture and silviculture were established on sodic soils and maintained for 30 years with the objective for soil restoration. Agroforestry systems improved soil physicochemical properties, which have been reported earlier. However, potential microbial mechanisms responsible for long-term soil health recovery remained poorly understood. With this gap, metagenomics studies were conducted on restored sodic soils as well as barren sodic soils to compare their microbial community structure, interactions, and functional potential. Alpha diversity indices viz: Shannon and richness showed on par changes between restored and barren sodic soils; however, microbial evenness was significantly higher under restored conditions, indicating community reorganization. In contrast, beta diversity indicated community differences between restored sodic soil and barren sodic soils. Under restored sodic soils, enrichment of important soil beneficial bacterial taxa can also be seen. The bacterial co-occurrence networks indicated a shift from weak, competitive, and poorly modular microbial networks in barren sodic soils to high modular and cooperative networks under agroforestry systems. Dominance of important ecological pathways for carbon sequestration and nitrogen fixation was found in restored soils, whereas sodic soils exhibited more of methanogenesis and nitrogen loss pathways. Implementation of long-term agroforestry systems not only restored sodic soils via physicochemical amelioration but also by restructuring microbial communities and enhancing key ecological functions for soil health.
{"title":"Understanding Long-Term Influence of Agroforestry Systems on Soil Microbiome Dynamics and Their Ecological Importance in Restored Sodic Soils of Indo-Gangetic Plains","authors":"Arjun Singh, Pooja Maurya, Sanjay Arora, Yash Pal Singh","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70454","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry systems comprising silvipasture and silviculture were established on sodic soils and maintained for 30 years with the objective for soil restoration. Agroforestry systems improved soil physicochemical properties, which have been reported earlier. However, potential microbial mechanisms responsible for long-term soil health recovery remained poorly understood. With this gap, metagenomics studies were conducted on restored sodic soils as well as barren sodic soils to compare their microbial community structure, interactions, and functional potential. Alpha diversity indices viz: Shannon and richness showed on par changes between restored and barren sodic soils; however, microbial evenness was significantly higher under restored conditions, indicating community reorganization. In contrast, beta diversity indicated community differences between restored sodic soil and barren sodic soils. Under restored sodic soils, enrichment of important soil beneficial bacterial taxa can also be seen. The bacterial co-occurrence networks indicated a shift from weak, competitive, and poorly modular microbial networks in barren sodic soils to high modular and cooperative networks under agroforestry systems. Dominance of important ecological pathways for carbon sequestration and nitrogen fixation was found in restored soils, whereas sodic soils exhibited more of methanogenesis and nitrogen loss pathways. Implementation of long-term agroforestry systems not only restored sodic soils via physicochemical amelioration but also by restructuring microbial communities and enhancing key ecological functions for soil health.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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