Although large‐scale land reclamation (LR) has been implemented in open‐pit metal mining areas, long‐term ecological restoration effects remain unsystematically revealed due to insufficient continuous monitoring, hindering the accurate achievement of mining area ecosystem resilience and carbon neutrality goals. This study proposed an Iron Mine Eco‐Quality Index (IM‐EQI) to better reflect the Malan Iron Mine's ecological quality (1990–2024), with multiple methods exploring IM‐EQI's long‐term temporal evolution, spatial pattern changes, and nonlinear driving mechanisms. The results illustrated that: (1) IM‐EQI had high consistency with the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) and the Mine‐Specific Eco‐Environment Index (MSEEI) ( R2 = 0.90, p < 0.01) and better characterized the information richness of the iron mining ecosystem; (2) After 2010 reclamation, most areas' ecological environment quality (EEQ) improved sustainably (61.45% mild/significant improvement) with continuous H–H clustering; (3) XGBoost‐SHAP revealed nonlinear relationships/threshold effects between driving factors and IM‐EQI. Single‐factor importance and inter‐factor interaction analyses consistently showed land use dominated IM‐EQI spatial distribution—mining land exacerbated ecological risks and reduced land sustainability, while land use's synergies with precipitation/temperature amplified open‐pit mining's negative ecological impacts. This study's findings provide quantitative support for targeted metal mine reclamation optimization and long‐term ecological management and offer practical paradigms references for “ecology first, green development” in resource‐based regions.
{"title":"Assessment of Land Reclamation Effectiveness and Driving Mechanisms in Typical Metal Mining Areas in China Using Remote Sensing and Explainable Machine Learning","authors":"Anya Zhong, Zhenqi Hu, Jinhua Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70377","url":null,"abstract":"Although large‐scale land reclamation (LR) has been implemented in open‐pit metal mining areas, long‐term ecological restoration effects remain unsystematically revealed due to insufficient continuous monitoring, hindering the accurate achievement of mining area ecosystem resilience and carbon neutrality goals. This study proposed an Iron Mine Eco‐Quality Index (IM‐EQI) to better reflect the Malan Iron Mine's ecological quality (1990–2024), with multiple methods exploring IM‐EQI's long‐term temporal evolution, spatial pattern changes, and nonlinear driving mechanisms. The results illustrated that: (1) IM‐EQI had high consistency with the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) and the Mine‐Specific Eco‐Environment Index (MSEEI) ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.90, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01) and better characterized the information richness of the iron mining ecosystem; (2) After 2010 reclamation, most areas' ecological environment quality (EEQ) improved sustainably (61.45% mild/significant improvement) with continuous H–H clustering; (3) XGBoost‐SHAP revealed nonlinear relationships/threshold effects between driving factors and IM‐EQI. Single‐factor importance and inter‐factor interaction analyses consistently showed land use dominated IM‐EQI spatial distribution—mining land exacerbated ecological risks and reduced land sustainability, while land use's synergies with precipitation/temperature amplified open‐pit mining's negative ecological impacts. This study's findings provide quantitative support for targeted metal mine reclamation optimization and long‐term ecological management and offer practical paradigms references for “ecology first, green development” in resource‐based regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spatial controls on rainfall‐triggered landslides remain elusive due to monitoring challenges in mountainous regions with frequent cloud cover. Here we fuse three complementary interferometric techniques—Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), Enhanced Small BAseline Subset (E‐SBAS), and storm‐pair Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D‐InSAR)—with Sentinel‐2 imagery and seven machine learning classifiers to analyze the June 2024 landslide outbreak in mountainous Meizhou, Guangdong. Time‐series interferometry captures centimeter‐scale precursor motion, yet radar decorrelation in vegetated areas limits detection, underscoring the need for multisensor integration. After ingesting the full remote‐sensing stack, the gradient boosting decision tree reveals soil types—especially the clay‐rich red soils that mantle lower catchments—as the dominant control: within these zones, the model captures 69% of new failures inside just 18% of the landscape (AUC = 0.85), whereas slope angle and aspect rank second‐order. Support vector machine performs optimally for historical records, while gradient boosting decision tree excels under extreme rainfall, reflecting temporal shifts in factor importance. By coupling near‐real‐time InSAR with soil‐aware learning frameworks, our approach offers a practical route toward adaptive early warning and targeted mitigation across the red‐soil belts of southern China.
{"title":"Integrated InSAR and Machine Learning Reveal Soil Type as Primary Control on Rainfall‐Triggered Landslide Susceptibility in Meizhou, China","authors":"Haoran Yu, Pinglang Kou, Qiang Xu, Zhengwu Yuan, Xu Dong, Wenli Liang, Dalei Peng, Minggao Tang, Lichuan Chen, Chuanhao Pu, Zhao Jin","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70360","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial controls on rainfall‐triggered landslides remain elusive due to monitoring challenges in mountainous regions with frequent cloud cover. Here we fuse three complementary interferometric techniques—Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), Enhanced Small BAseline Subset (E‐SBAS), and storm‐pair Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D‐InSAR)—with Sentinel‐2 imagery and seven machine learning classifiers to analyze the June 2024 landslide outbreak in mountainous Meizhou, Guangdong. Time‐series interferometry captures centimeter‐scale precursor motion, yet radar decorrelation in vegetated areas limits detection, underscoring the need for multisensor integration. After ingesting the full remote‐sensing stack, the gradient boosting decision tree reveals soil types—especially the clay‐rich red soils that mantle lower catchments—as the dominant control: within these zones, the model captures 69% of new failures inside just 18% of the landscape (AUC = 0.85), whereas slope angle and aspect rank second‐order. Support vector machine performs optimally for historical records, while gradient boosting decision tree excels under extreme rainfall, reflecting temporal shifts in factor importance. By coupling near‐real‐time InSAR with soil‐aware learning frameworks, our approach offers a practical route toward adaptive early warning and targeted mitigation across the red‐soil belts of southern China.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"332 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingting Peng, Yang Yang, Hui Zhang, Yingna Liu, Cheng'ao Li
Soil erosion is a crucial process leading to lateral redistributions of surface soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN). However, its role in the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and their stoichiometry remains unclear. The objective was to evaluate the impact of soil erosion on both the horizontal and vertical distributions of SOC, TN, and the C/N ratio along a cultivated hillslope. On a typical slope farmland in the black soil region of northeast China, the mean annual soil erosion rate (ER) and the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and the C/N ratio were investigated at different slope positions. Both SOC and TN decreased exponentially with depth at each position, except the foots experiencing limited SOC decomposition due to elevated soil moisture and prone to being covered with sediment eroded upslope. The surface SOC and TN at the foots, as a consequence, could be similar to or even lower than those underneath and at the other positions. Given such complexity, no significant correlation was manifested between ER and either surface content ( p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the depletion rates of both SOC and TN significantly positively interacted with ER ( p < 0.05), as soil erosion tended to enhance the contrasts of soil nutrients thus biomass between the surface and subsurface soils. The C / N ratios of the plough layer were relatively consistent among the slope positions, and no statistical interaction was detected between the mean ratio and ER ( p > 0.05). As soil depth increased, however, the C/N ratio changed remarkably at most positions, on account of the presence of the plow pan and/or the deposition of sediments over the original soils.
{"title":"The Role of Soil Erosion in Regulating Soil C , N , and C/N Ratio Along a Cultivated Black Soil Slope","authors":"Tingting Peng, Yang Yang, Hui Zhang, Yingna Liu, Cheng'ao Li","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70379","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a crucial process leading to lateral redistributions of surface soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN). However, its role in the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and their stoichiometry remains unclear. The objective was to evaluate the impact of soil erosion on both the horizontal and vertical distributions of SOC, TN, and the <jats:italic>C/N</jats:italic> ratio along a cultivated hillslope. On a typical slope farmland in the black soil region of northeast China, the mean annual soil erosion rate (ER) and the profile distributions of SOC, TN, and the <jats:italic>C/N</jats:italic> ratio were investigated at different slope positions. Both SOC and TN decreased exponentially with depth at each position, except the foots experiencing limited SOC decomposition due to elevated soil moisture and prone to being covered with sediment eroded upslope. The surface SOC and TN at the foots, as a consequence, could be similar to or even lower than those underneath and at the other positions. Given such complexity, no significant correlation was manifested between ER and either surface content ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.05). Nevertheless, the depletion rates of both SOC and TN significantly positively interacted with ER ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05), as soil erosion tended to enhance the contrasts of soil nutrients thus biomass between the surface and subsurface soils. The <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> ratios of the plough layer were relatively consistent among the slope positions, and no statistical interaction was detected between the mean ratio and ER ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.05). As soil depth increased, however, the <jats:italic>C/N</jats:italic> ratio changed remarkably at most positions, on account of the presence of the plow pan and/or the deposition of sediments over the original soils.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globally, mangrove forests offer a wide range of ecosystem services that are vulnerable due to land degradation and climate change. Mangrove protection and their restoration strategies have been getting more attention for restoring these significant ecosystem services. Land management practices play a crucial role in balancing ecosystem services with agricultural needs. The present study investigates the trade‐offs and synergies among key ecosystem services in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve, northeast Hainan province, China. This study analyzes the different indices (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], normalized difference water index [NDWI]), Random Forest algorithm for mangrove cover area and land use land cover (LULC) classification from 2017 to 2024. The study period found maximum NDVI mean values that is, 0.162 and 0.157, in the years 2021 and 2022. In contrast, NDWI showed a declining trend that is, 14.39%, showing rising pressure on aquatic ecosystems. The results of mangrove cover area increased by 43.1% during the study period from 2017 to 2024. The LULC classification highlights that the water surface decreased, while both the tree‐covered area and built‐up area increased in the studied region. In conclusion, overall findings reveal a clear trade‐off: expansion of mangrove cover enhances regulating and supporting ecosystem services, while the loss of water bodies leads to challenges to provisioning services. These trends highlight the need for targeted, evidence‐based interventions, including optimizing irrigation scheduling to reduce moisture stress and strengthening mangrove conservation zones to sustain coastal protection. This situation emphasizes the necessity for integrated land and water management to maintain a balanced ecosystem service for long‐term sustainability.
{"title":"Mitigating Soil and Land Degradation: Socio‐Ecological Perspectives on Ecosystem Service Trade‐Offs","authors":"Zhenqiang Feng","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70372","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, mangrove forests offer a wide range of ecosystem services that are vulnerable due to land degradation and climate change. Mangrove protection and their restoration strategies have been getting more attention for restoring these significant ecosystem services. Land management practices play a crucial role in balancing ecosystem services with agricultural needs. The present study investigates the trade‐offs and synergies among key ecosystem services in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve, northeast Hainan province, China. This study analyzes the different indices (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], normalized difference water index [NDWI]), Random Forest algorithm for mangrove cover area and land use land cover (LULC) classification from 2017 to 2024. The study period found maximum NDVI mean values that is, 0.162 and 0.157, in the years 2021 and 2022. In contrast, NDWI showed a declining trend that is, 14.39%, showing rising pressure on aquatic ecosystems. The results of mangrove cover area increased by 43.1% during the study period from 2017 to 2024. The LULC classification highlights that the water surface decreased, while both the tree‐covered area and built‐up area increased in the studied region. In conclusion, overall findings reveal a clear trade‐off: expansion of mangrove cover enhances regulating and supporting ecosystem services, while the loss of water bodies leads to challenges to provisioning services. These trends highlight the need for targeted, evidence‐based interventions, including optimizing irrigation scheduling to reduce moisture stress and strengthening mangrove conservation zones to sustain coastal protection. This situation emphasizes the necessity for integrated land and water management to maintain a balanced ecosystem service for long‐term sustainability.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial ecosystems has been a significant environmental issue attributable to their recalcitrance and ecotoxicological effects. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge on the contamination of the soil environment by MPs, including sources, transportation processes, adsorption onto soil components, and effects on ecological and human health. It is derived from various human activities and penetrates agricultural soils, urban soils, and natural environments. MPs notably change soil physico‐chemical properties by modifying pH and porosity (~88 mg/kg). It suppresses enzymatic activity (LDPE MPs at 0.50% [w/w] β‐glucosidase [~31%], urease [~14%] as well as dehydrogenase [~41%]) through adsorption and altering the soil microenvironment and disturbs biological indices of soil (~1000 mg/kg), thereby impacting nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and crop yield (PS at 50 mg L −1 in faba beans). MPs also interact, adsorb (through electrostatic binding), and co‐transport heavy metals and pollutants, which increases the toxicity risk in the soil–plant system. In plants, uptake and translocation of MPs (through apoplastic, symplastic, and crack‐entry pathways) are dependent on particle size, charge, and plant species. It has been documented in the edible parts, raising concerns about food safety. MPs' vertical and horizontal transfer is facilitated by soil organisms such as earthworms and insects, affecting ecological processes. Research on MNPs has risen from 2009 to 2025, emphasizing their detection in human tissues and their links to endocrine malfunction, reproductive issues, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. This study highlights the immediate necessity for multidisciplinary research, sustainable plastic alternatives, and efficient mitigation strategies to protect health and ecosystems.
{"title":"A Systematic Review on Emission, Accumulation, Mechanism, and Toxicity Perspective of Micro‐Nanoplastics in the Soil–Plant Nexus","authors":"Priyadarshani Rajput, Pradeep Kumar, Swarnendra Banerjee, Vishnu D. Rajput, Chao Qin, Hemant Kumar, Manjeet Kumar Sah Gond, Shivangee Dubey, Ritu Rani, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Minkina, Yanzheng Gao","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70381","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial ecosystems has been a significant environmental issue attributable to their recalcitrance and ecotoxicological effects. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge on the contamination of the soil environment by MPs, including sources, transportation processes, adsorption onto soil components, and effects on ecological and human health. It is derived from various human activities and penetrates agricultural soils, urban soils, and natural environments. MPs notably change soil physico‐chemical properties by modifying pH and porosity (~88 mg/kg). It suppresses enzymatic activity (LDPE MPs at 0.50% [w/w] β‐glucosidase [~31%], urease [~14%] as well as dehydrogenase [~41%]) through adsorption and altering the soil microenvironment and disturbs biological indices of soil (~1000 mg/kg), thereby impacting nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and crop yield (PS at 50 mg L <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in faba beans). MPs also interact, adsorb (through electrostatic binding), and co‐transport heavy metals and pollutants, which increases the toxicity risk in the soil–plant system. In plants, uptake and translocation of MPs (through apoplastic, symplastic, and crack‐entry pathways) are dependent on particle size, charge, and plant species. It has been documented in the edible parts, raising concerns about food safety. MPs' vertical and horizontal transfer is facilitated by soil organisms such as earthworms and insects, affecting ecological processes. Research on MNPs has risen from 2009 to 2025, emphasizing their detection in human tissues and their links to endocrine malfunction, reproductive issues, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. This study highlights the immediate necessity for multidisciplinary research, sustainable plastic alternatives, and efficient mitigation strategies to protect health and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Zhao, Bingbing Li, Zhouxinnan Xu, Zhiheng Song, Songyi Huang, Min Wang
Accelerated urbanization underscores the importance of black carbon (BC) in urban soils, a key component of soil organic carbon with implications for ecosystem function and human health. This meta‐analysis systematically integrated data from 54 studies comprising 4548 sampling sites across 40 Chinese cities, supplemented by targeted field sampling, to examine the distribution, sources, and influencing factors of soil BC in urban environments. After rigorous screening, standardization, and outlier removal, correlation analysis, and multivariate statistics were applied. Results showed an average urban topsoil BC content of 6.70 ± 5.34 g/kg, with marked spatial heterogeneity: higher concentrations were observed in eastern compared to western regions, and in northern relative to southern cities. Fossil fuel combustion—primarily vehicular emissions and industrial coal burning—was identified as the dominant source of BC, while biomass burning served as a secondary contributor, with additional local inputs from urban expansion and straw burning. Among natural factors, higher precipitation in southern regions enhanced BC migration, leading to reduced concentrations. Anthropogenic factors, however, exerted a stronger influence: cities with higher urbanization levels and greater energy consumption exhibited significantly elevated BC inputs. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of BC distribution patterns and source apportionment in China's urban soils, offering scientific support for urban environmental management and soil quality improvement amid ongoing urbanization, thereby contributing to sustainable urban development.
{"title":"Urbanization Promotes Topsoil Black Carbon Accumulation: A Meta‐Analysis","authors":"Yu Zhao, Bingbing Li, Zhouxinnan Xu, Zhiheng Song, Songyi Huang, Min Wang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70332","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerated urbanization underscores the importance of black carbon (BC) in urban soils, a key component of soil organic carbon with implications for ecosystem function and human health. This meta‐analysis systematically integrated data from 54 studies comprising 4548 sampling sites across 40 Chinese cities, supplemented by targeted field sampling, to examine the distribution, sources, and influencing factors of soil BC in urban environments. After rigorous screening, standardization, and outlier removal, correlation analysis, and multivariate statistics were applied. Results showed an average urban topsoil BC content of 6.70 ± 5.34 g/kg, with marked spatial heterogeneity: higher concentrations were observed in eastern compared to western regions, and in northern relative to southern cities. Fossil fuel combustion—primarily vehicular emissions and industrial coal burning—was identified as the dominant source of BC, while biomass burning served as a secondary contributor, with additional local inputs from urban expansion and straw burning. Among natural factors, higher precipitation in southern regions enhanced BC migration, leading to reduced concentrations. Anthropogenic factors, however, exerted a stronger influence: cities with higher urbanization levels and greater energy consumption exhibited significantly elevated BC inputs. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of BC distribution patterns and source apportionment in China's urban soils, offering scientific support for urban environmental management and soil quality improvement amid ongoing urbanization, thereby contributing to sustainable urban development.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guanlin Li, Ali Raza Khan, Babar Iqbal, Junmin Li, Wardah Azhar, Abdul Salam, Syed Hassan Raza Zaidi, Tingting Zhao, Daolin Du
The extensive utilisation and inadequate disposal of polystyrene microplastics (PS‐MPs) pose significant threats to soil–plant ecosystems. The present review assembles evidence concerning their behaviour and impacts within soil–plant systems. In soils, PS‐MPs alter the composition of microbial communities, elevate respiration stress, and regulate the activity of extracellular enzymes. In term of soil fauna, PS‐MPs show oxidative, genotoxic, and immunological reactions which can slow down decomposition and nutrient cycling. Plants take up PS‐MPs via root and foliar pathways, translocate them through vascular tissues, and accumulate them in metabolically active sites, with consequent inhibition of photosynthesis, hormonal imbalance, and transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming. Interactions with coexisting stressors are context‐dependent: co‐exposure to heavy metals, antibiotics, or phthalates frequently enhances reactive oxygen species formation and nutrient imbalance, whereas adsorption‐driven immobilisation by PS‐MPs can reduce pollutant bioavailability and partially mitigate toxicity. Size dependence is a consistent theme, with nano‐scale fractions showing higher mobility and intracellular access, and micro‐scale fractions exerting stronger physical and adsorptive effects in the rhizosphere. We highlight priorities for field‐realistic, long‐term studies that integrate particle ageing, multi‐stressor experiments, and harmonised exposure metrics, together with nature‐based mitigation strategies. Linking PS‐MPs indicators to soil‐health assessment and land‐degradation frameworks will support risk evaluation and sustainable management of agroecosystems.
{"title":"A Critical Review of Polystyrene Microplastics in Soil–Plant Systems: Absorption, Phytotoxicity and Future Perspectives","authors":"Guanlin Li, Ali Raza Khan, Babar Iqbal, Junmin Li, Wardah Azhar, Abdul Salam, Syed Hassan Raza Zaidi, Tingting Zhao, Daolin Du","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70353","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive utilisation and inadequate disposal of polystyrene microplastics (PS‐MPs) pose significant threats to soil–plant ecosystems. The present review assembles evidence concerning their behaviour and impacts within soil–plant systems. In soils, PS‐MPs alter the composition of microbial communities, elevate respiration stress, and regulate the activity of extracellular enzymes. In term of soil fauna, PS‐MPs show oxidative, genotoxic, and immunological reactions which can slow down decomposition and nutrient cycling. Plants take up PS‐MPs via root and foliar pathways, translocate them through vascular tissues, and accumulate them in metabolically active sites, with consequent inhibition of photosynthesis, hormonal imbalance, and transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming. Interactions with coexisting stressors are context‐dependent: co‐exposure to heavy metals, antibiotics, or phthalates frequently enhances reactive oxygen species formation and nutrient imbalance, whereas adsorption‐driven immobilisation by PS‐MPs can reduce pollutant bioavailability and partially mitigate toxicity. Size dependence is a consistent theme, with nano‐scale fractions showing higher mobility and intracellular access, and micro‐scale fractions exerting stronger physical and adsorptive effects in the rhizosphere. We highlight priorities for field‐realistic, long‐term studies that integrate particle ageing, multi‐stressor experiments, and harmonised exposure metrics, together with nature‐based mitigation strategies. Linking PS‐MPs indicators to soil‐health assessment and land‐degradation frameworks will support risk evaluation and sustainable management of agroecosystems.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Hasnain, Zainul Abideen, Faraz Ali, Ali El‐Keblawy, Mona F. A. Dawood, Rehab O. Elnour, Mohamed Hashem
Higher food demand is posing a serious challenge due to land degradation, urban expansion, and climate change. Salinity alone affects about a billion hectares of land globally, rendering vast areas unsuitable for conventional crops. In this context, halophytes adapted to saline marginal lands offer a novel and sustainable solution for seed oil production. This review critically evaluates the potential of halophytes as oilseed crops and highlights the mechanisms to enhance seed yield and restoration of saline land for sustainable saline agriculture. Notably, halophytes such as Salicornia europaea (28.3% oil), Tamarix ramosissima (28.6%), and Atriplex nummularia (29.8%) exhibit oil levels comparable to traditional oilseeds. In terms of protein, Salicornia bigelovii (35%) and Prosopis glandulosa (39.9%) rival conventional legumes. Energy values reach up to 376.3 MJ/kg ( Eragrostis pilosa ), while fiber levels range from 4% to 21%, indicating their holistic nutritional potential. Evidence from prior research suggested that biotechnological strategies (breeding, genetic engineering, and hormonal treatments) can improve halophyte oil yield and stress tolerance. This review also explores biotechnological strategies (breeding, genetic engineering, and hormonal treatments) to enhance oil yield and stress tolerance. Oil‐rich halophyte seeds can be used as a source of edible oil for achieving food security, promoting sustainable agriculture, and supporting rural livelihoods.
{"title":"Investigating the Potential of Halophytic Seeds for Producing Edible Oil on Saline Lands: An Agroecological Approach for Advancing Bio‐Saline Agriculture","authors":"Maria Hasnain, Zainul Abideen, Faraz Ali, Ali El‐Keblawy, Mona F. A. Dawood, Rehab O. Elnour, Mohamed Hashem","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70358","url":null,"abstract":"Higher food demand is posing a serious challenge due to land degradation, urban expansion, and climate change. Salinity alone affects about a billion hectares of land globally, rendering vast areas unsuitable for conventional crops. In this context, halophytes adapted to saline marginal lands offer a novel and sustainable solution for seed oil production. This review critically evaluates the potential of halophytes as oilseed crops and highlights the mechanisms to enhance seed yield and restoration of saline land for sustainable saline agriculture. Notably, halophytes such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Salicornia europaea</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (28.3% oil), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Tamarix ramosissima</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (28.6%), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Atriplex nummularia</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (29.8%) exhibit oil levels comparable to traditional oilseeds. In terms of protein, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Salicornia bigelovii</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (35%) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Prosopis glandulosa</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (39.9%) rival conventional legumes. Energy values reach up to 376.3 MJ/kg ( <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Eragrostis pilosa</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> ), while fiber levels range from 4% to 21%, indicating their holistic nutritional potential. Evidence from prior research suggested that biotechnological strategies (breeding, genetic engineering, and hormonal treatments) can improve halophyte oil yield and stress tolerance. This review also explores biotechnological strategies (breeding, genetic engineering, and hormonal treatments) to enhance oil yield and stress tolerance. Oil‐rich halophyte seeds can be used as a source of edible oil for achieving food security, promoting sustainable agriculture, and supporting rural livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fangfang Liang, Su Chen, Meng Lü, Wenhui Zhou, Zitong Ye
The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in soil and their coexistence with cadmium (Cd) represent an emerging environmental hazard. Biochar (BC) has been widely recognized as an effective soil amendment for Cd remediation; however, it remains unclear whether the presence of MPs influences the efficacy of BC in promoting plant growth in Cd‐contaminated soils. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and non‐biodegradable polyamide‐6 (PA6) microplastics on wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) seedlings grown in Cd‐contaminated soil (3 mg·kg −1 ) amended with wheat‐straw biochar. Both unaged and dry‐wet cycle‐aged MPs (PLAD and PA6D) were introduced at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% (w/w). Compared to BC alone, the combined MPs‐BC treatments reduced seedling fresh weight by 6%–45%. The addition of MPs generally increased root length, whereas unaged MPs suppressed plant height. Cd accumulation in both shoots and roots peaked under the 1% BC‐PA6 treatment, while MPs overall impeded Cd translocation from roots to shoots. PLA reduced the remediation efficiency of BC, as reflected by elevated peroxidase (POD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation. In contrast, PA6 decreased POD activity but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities; MDA content rose following ageing, although unaged PA6 maintained low MDA levels. These findings elucidate how MPs interact with biochar in Cd‐contaminated soil and affect wheat seedling growth and antioxidative responses, thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing soil remediation strategies under complex pollution conditions.
{"title":"Effect of Microplastics on the Growth of Wheat Seedlings in Biochar Remediation of Cd‐Contaminated Soil","authors":"Fangfang Liang, Su Chen, Meng Lü, Wenhui Zhou, Zitong Ye","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70371","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in soil and their coexistence with cadmium (Cd) represent an emerging environmental hazard. Biochar (BC) has been widely recognized as an effective soil amendment for Cd remediation; however, it remains unclear whether the presence of MPs influences the efficacy of BC in promoting plant growth in Cd‐contaminated soils. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and non‐biodegradable polyamide‐6 (PA6) microplastics on wheat ( <jats:italic>Triticum aestivum</jats:italic> ) seedlings grown in Cd‐contaminated soil (3 mg·kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) amended with wheat‐straw biochar. Both unaged and dry‐wet cycle‐aged MPs (PLAD and PA6D) were introduced at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% (w/w). Compared to BC alone, the combined MPs‐BC treatments reduced seedling fresh weight by 6%–45%. The addition of MPs generally increased root length, whereas unaged MPs suppressed plant height. Cd accumulation in both shoots and roots peaked under the 1% BC‐PA6 treatment, while MPs overall impeded Cd translocation from roots to shoots. PLA reduced the remediation efficiency of BC, as reflected by elevated peroxidase (POD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation. In contrast, PA6 decreased POD activity but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities; MDA content rose following ageing, although unaged PA6 maintained low MDA levels. These findings elucidate how MPs interact with biochar in Cd‐contaminated soil and affect wheat seedling growth and antioxidative responses, thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing soil remediation strategies under complex pollution conditions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"239 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guochun Li, Li Ma, Qian Zhang, Yanni Li, Wu Menglong, Wenquan Niu, Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization accelerates agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and leads to soil degradation, yet the potential of reduced N inputs to balance crop yield, GHG emissions, and soil multifunctionality—and the underlying mechanisms—remains unclear. Through a 2‐year field experiment, we found that a 25% reduction in N fertilizer (R25) reshaped the soil microbial co‐occurrence network, resulting in a topology with higher connectivity (avgK) and shorter path distances (GD) compared to conventional fertilization (CF, 200 kg ha −1 ). This restructuring increased the abundance of functional microbes associated with aromatic compound degradation, aerobic ammonia oxidation, and nitrification, thereby maintaining soil carbon and nitrogen cycling capacity and sustaining crop productivity. Mechanistically, the enhanced microbial network facilitated more efficient nutrient transformation and transfer, leading to a 30.66%–32.94% increase in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and a 13.87%–35.72% reduction in greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI). In contrast, a 50% N reduction (R50) restricted nutrient availability and decreased yield by 10.08%–11.10%. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that N‐induced changes in soil multifunctionality were primarily driven by microbial network topology. Our findings identify an optimal N reduction range of 22.50%–34.00% (132–155 kg ha −1 ) for sustaining maize yield and soil multifunctionality while reducing GHGI, highlighting the regulation of microbial network as a key strategy for sustainable maize production.
过量施氮加速了农业温室气体（GHG）排放并导致土壤退化，但减少氮肥投入平衡作物产量、温室气体排放和土壤多功能的潜力及其潜在机制尚不清楚。通过一项为期2年的田间试验，我们发现，与常规施肥（CF, 200 kg ha - 1）相比，减少25%的氮肥（R25）重塑了土壤微生物共生网络，导致拓扑结构具有更高的连通性（avgK）和更短的路径距离（GD）。这种重组增加了与芳香族化合物降解、好氧氨氧化和硝化作用相关的功能微生物的丰度，从而维持了土壤碳氮循环能力和维持作物生产力。机制上，微生物网络的增强促进了养分的高效转化和转移，氮素利用效率（NUE）提高30.66% ~ 32.94%，温室气体强度（GHGI）降低13.87% ~ 35.72%。相比之下，50%的氮素减量（R50）限制了养分利用率，产量下降10.08% ~ 11.10%。偏最小二乘路径模型显示，氮诱导的土壤多功能性变化主要由微生物网络拓扑驱动。我们的研究结果确定了维持玉米产量和土壤多功能性同时降低GHGI的最佳减氮范围为22.50%-34.00% (132-155 kg ha - 1)，强调了微生物网络的调节是玉米可持续生产的关键策略。
{"title":"Balancing Maize Yield, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Soil Functions Through Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Microbial Network Regulation","authors":"Guochun Li, Li Ma, Qian Zhang, Yanni Li, Wu Menglong, Wenquan Niu, Kadambot H. M. Siddique","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70369","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization accelerates agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and leads to soil degradation, yet the potential of reduced N inputs to balance crop yield, GHG emissions, and soil multifunctionality—and the underlying mechanisms—remains unclear. Through a 2‐year field experiment, we found that a 25% reduction in N fertilizer (R25) reshaped the soil microbial co‐occurrence network, resulting in a topology with higher connectivity (avgK) and shorter path distances (GD) compared to conventional fertilization (CF, 200 kg ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ). This restructuring increased the abundance of functional microbes associated with aromatic compound degradation, aerobic ammonia oxidation, and nitrification, thereby maintaining soil carbon and nitrogen cycling capacity and sustaining crop productivity. Mechanistically, the enhanced microbial network facilitated more efficient nutrient transformation and transfer, leading to a 30.66%–32.94% increase in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and a 13.87%–35.72% reduction in greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI). In contrast, a 50% N reduction (R50) restricted nutrient availability and decreased yield by 10.08%–11.10%. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that N‐induced changes in soil multifunctionality were primarily driven by microbial network topology. Our findings identify an optimal N reduction range of 22.50%–34.00% (132–155 kg ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) for sustaining maize yield and soil multifunctionality while reducing GHGI, highlighting the regulation of microbial network as a key strategy for sustainable maize production.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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