In orchard systems, sustained agrochemical inputs drive progressive heavy metal accumulation in soils, posing threats to ecosystem security and potential human health risks. This study integrates ecological risk models, partial correlation analysis, random forest algorithms, and regression analysis methods to systematically investigate the characteristics, spatial heterogeneity patterns, and driving mechanisms of heavy metal pollution and risks under distinct management regimes in apple orchards of the Chinese Weibei Upland, while unraveling their multi‐scale driving mechanisms. The findings indicate that: (1) Geographical background primarily governs the differentiation pattern of ecological risks. The soil heavy metal pollution load of apple orchards in Qianyang was significantly higher than that of Baishui and Luochuan. (2) There was no significant effect of management practices on soil heavy metal content, ecological, and health risks in the area ( p > 0.199). (3) Random forest analysis and partial correlation analysis showed that the distribution of arsenic and lead was dominated by parent material factors, cadmium and mercury showed significant associations with microbial activities, chromium was strongly associated with organic carbon, and copper accumulation was dominated by exogenous inputs. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for developing targeted management strategies for orchards in the Weibei Upland and similar ecologically fragile areas.
{"title":"Heavy Metal‐Driven Land Degradation in Apple Orchards: Geospatial Controls and Sustainable Zoning Management","authors":"Weinan Sun, Xiaoping Zhang, Gangshuan Bai, Wenliang Geng, Haojia Wang, Miaoqian Wang, Yujie Zhang, Kaiyang Yu, Xuanhao Liu, José A. Gómez","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70354","url":null,"abstract":"In orchard systems, sustained agrochemical inputs drive progressive heavy metal accumulation in soils, posing threats to ecosystem security and potential human health risks. This study integrates ecological risk models, partial correlation analysis, random forest algorithms, and regression analysis methods to systematically investigate the characteristics, spatial heterogeneity patterns, and driving mechanisms of heavy metal pollution and risks under distinct management regimes in apple orchards of the Chinese Weibei Upland, while unraveling their multi‐scale driving mechanisms. The findings indicate that: (1) Geographical background primarily governs the differentiation pattern of ecological risks. The soil heavy metal pollution load of apple orchards in Qianyang was significantly higher than that of Baishui and Luochuan. (2) There was no significant effect of management practices on soil heavy metal content, ecological, and health risks in the area ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.199). (3) Random forest analysis and partial correlation analysis showed that the distribution of arsenic and lead was dominated by parent material factors, cadmium and mercury showed significant associations with microbial activities, chromium was strongly associated with organic carbon, and copper accumulation was dominated by exogenous inputs. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for developing targeted management strategies for orchards in the Weibei Upland and similar ecologically fragile areas.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural landscapes are intricate socio‐ecological systems that are undergoing fast transformation as a result of competing demands for land for food, energy, housing, and infrastructure. Meanwhile, emerging co‐designed sites known as “living labs” (LLs) unite many stakeholders to develop, test, and apply sustainable solutions in real‐world contexts. Despite many promises of LLs, the governance and institutional arrangements that enable these laboratories to generate transformational and long‐lasting results have not yet been fully articulated. This study introduces a Hybrid Governance Model (HyGoM) that integrates six complementary governance theories—participatory, adaptive, polycentric, network, reflexive, and transformative governance—into a coherent polycentric governance framework. Conceptualizing the landscape living labs (LLL, henceforth, “3L”), it translates governance theory into a detailed institutional design, specifying how such labs should be configured and spelled out at micro, meso, and macro levels to ensure legitimacy, continuality, and scalability. The model's efficacy can be empirically validated through co‐designed projects and real‐world case studies that demonstrate its application in enhancing climate resilience in agriculture and increased farmer adaptive capacity. Hence, HyGoM contributes to theory by bridging land governance system and transformation science and provides a blueprint for research institutions seeking to institutionalize LLs as credible governance infrastructures for achieving land degradation neutrality and sustainable landscape transformation.
{"title":"Seeding Institutions, Harvesting Transformations: A Hybrid Governance Model for Living Labs in Agricultural Landscapes","authors":"Hossein Azadi","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70389","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural landscapes are intricate socio‐ecological systems that are undergoing fast transformation as a result of competing demands for land for food, energy, housing, and infrastructure. Meanwhile, emerging co‐designed sites known as “living labs” (LLs) unite many stakeholders to develop, test, and apply sustainable solutions in real‐world contexts. Despite many promises of LLs, the governance and institutional arrangements that enable these laboratories to generate transformational and long‐lasting results have not yet been fully articulated. This study introduces a Hybrid Governance Model (HyGoM) that integrates six complementary governance theories—participatory, adaptive, polycentric, network, reflexive, and transformative governance—into a coherent polycentric governance framework. Conceptualizing the landscape living labs (LLL, henceforth, “3L”), it translates governance theory into a detailed institutional design, specifying how such labs should be configured and spelled out at micro, meso, and macro levels to ensure legitimacy, continuality, and scalability. The model's efficacy can be empirically validated through co‐designed projects and real‐world case studies that demonstrate its application in enhancing climate resilience in agriculture and increased farmer adaptive capacity. Hence, HyGoM contributes to theory by bridging land governance system and transformation science and provides a blueprint for research institutions seeking to institutionalize LLs as credible governance infrastructures for achieving land degradation neutrality and sustainable landscape transformation.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maricel Móstiga, Dolors Armenteras, Jordi Vayreda, Javier Retana
Fire is increasingly more frequent and severe in many tropical regions, leading to significant forest loss, diminished biodiversity, and reduced Nature's contributions to people (NCPs). In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of fire in Peru and its regions, focusing on: (1) burned area, (2) size, and (3) number of fires, using satellite data spanning two decades (2001–2020). Furthermore, we examined postfire changes in forest and shrubland. Our analysis revealed that 2.1 million hectares were burned in Peru, with over 80% of this area located in the Andean and Low Rainforest regions. Distinct fire seasonality was observed. The years 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019, and 2020 witnessed extensive burns across Peru, while the Coast region experienced peak fires in 2016 and 2017. Notably, the Coast region saw an increasing trend in fire frequency, and both the Coast and Andean regions experienced growth in fire size over time. Factors such as the dry season, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and land‐use activities were found to influence these spatiotemporal patterns. Grasslands were the most burned land cover, followed by savannas and forests, although regional variations exist. Significantly, we found that nearly half or more of burned forests and shrublands underwent a transformation to different land covers within the two decades. While grasslands were the dominant postfire land cover nationally, regional variations were evident. Our findings offer a comprehensive insight into the fire dynamics and postfire cover shifts in Peru, underscoring the need for developing strong and sustainable fire management and land‐use policies.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Fire Patterns and Post‐fire Forest Change in Peru (2000–2021)","authors":"Maricel Móstiga, Dolors Armenteras, Jordi Vayreda, Javier Retana","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70378","url":null,"abstract":"Fire is increasingly more frequent and severe in many tropical regions, leading to significant forest loss, diminished biodiversity, and reduced Nature's contributions to people (NCPs). In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of fire in Peru and its regions, focusing on: (1) burned area, (2) size, and (3) number of fires, using satellite data spanning two decades (2001–2020). Furthermore, we examined postfire changes in forest and shrubland. Our analysis revealed that 2.1 million hectares were burned in Peru, with over 80% of this area located in the Andean and Low Rainforest regions. Distinct fire seasonality was observed. The years 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019, and 2020 witnessed extensive burns across Peru, while the Coast region experienced peak fires in 2016 and 2017. Notably, the Coast region saw an increasing trend in fire frequency, and both the Coast and Andean regions experienced growth in fire size over time. Factors such as the dry season, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and land‐use activities were found to influence these spatiotemporal patterns. Grasslands were the most burned land cover, followed by savannas and forests, although regional variations exist. Significantly, we found that nearly half or more of burned forests and shrublands underwent a transformation to different land covers within the two decades. While grasslands were the dominant postfire land cover nationally, regional variations were evident. Our findings offer a comprehensive insight into the fire dynamics and postfire cover shifts in Peru, underscoring the need for developing strong and sustainable fire management and land‐use policies.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roya Vazirian, AliAkbar Karimian, Mehdi Ghorbani, SeyedAlireza Afshani, Astrida Miceikienė, Ahsen Işık Özgüven, Petr Sklenicka, Hossein Azadi
Rural landscapes are increasingly challenged by climate change, ecosystem degradation, and socio‐economic transitions, creating an urgent need for strategic foresight and scenario planning to guide sustainable development. This study integrates these approaches to identify key factors shaping the future of socio‐ecological systems and to develop targeted interventions by recognizing underlying trends, challenges, and potential drivers. The methodology combines the Delphi technique and structured brainstorming to identify critical socio‐ecological variables, followed by structural interaction analysis to assess their interrelationships. Influence and dependence analysis in both direct and indirect modes was applied to classify variables and evaluate their immediate and long‐term impacts within the system. Visualization tools, including influence and dependence maps, heatmap, and scatter plots matrix, revealed patterns and connections. The influence and dependence maps categorized variables into influential, dependent, independent, and dichotomous groups; heatmaps identified clusters of related factors and scatter plots matrix highlighted correlations within the broader context. Based on these findings, multiple future scenarios were formulated, outlining strategic pathways to enhance resilience by addressing interconnections among social, environmental, and governance factors. This foresight framework offers policymakers actionable strategies to mitigate environmental risks, optimize resource allocation, and strengthen community engagement. The findings offer key evidence for long‐term sustainability and resilience in rural areas, helping stakeholders manage socio‐ecological challenges amid climate uncertainty.
{"title":"Strategic Foresight for Sustainable Rural Landscapes: Balancing Environment and Society","authors":"Roya Vazirian, AliAkbar Karimian, Mehdi Ghorbani, SeyedAlireza Afshani, Astrida Miceikienė, Ahsen Işık Özgüven, Petr Sklenicka, Hossein Azadi","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70341","url":null,"abstract":"Rural landscapes are increasingly challenged by climate change, ecosystem degradation, and socio‐economic transitions, creating an urgent need for strategic foresight and scenario planning to guide sustainable development. This study integrates these approaches to identify key factors shaping the future of socio‐ecological systems and to develop targeted interventions by recognizing underlying trends, challenges, and potential drivers. The methodology combines the Delphi technique and structured brainstorming to identify critical socio‐ecological variables, followed by structural interaction analysis to assess their interrelationships. Influence and dependence analysis in both direct and indirect modes was applied to classify variables and evaluate their immediate and long‐term impacts within the system. Visualization tools, including influence and dependence maps, heatmap, and scatter plots matrix, revealed patterns and connections. The influence and dependence maps categorized variables into influential, dependent, independent, and dichotomous groups; heatmaps identified clusters of related factors and scatter plots matrix highlighted correlations within the broader context. Based on these findings, multiple future scenarios were formulated, outlining strategic pathways to enhance resilience by addressing interconnections among social, environmental, and governance factors. This foresight framework offers policymakers actionable strategies to mitigate environmental risks, optimize resource allocation, and strengthen community engagement. The findings offer key evidence for long‐term sustainability and resilience in rural areas, helping stakeholders manage socio‐ecological challenges amid climate uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concepts of adapting to changing climate, urban sustainability, and environmental governance have become increasingly significant in policy and ecological research due to the serious challenges climate change presents to urban areas. However, the criteria for promoting climate‐resilient environmental governance and urban sustainability in relation to the Food—Water—Energy (FWE) nexus, are still unclear. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of available research to explore the complex relationships among FWE systems, with a particular focus on adaptation to climate change, strengthening urban sustainability, and fortifying environmental governance. For this purpose, the study conducted a thorough search of academic databases from 2000 to 2022 as part of a systematic literature review. The conclusive search yielded a total of 100 original articles sourced from diverse global regions (i.e., Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas). The terms used in this review were combined with “environmental management,” “adaptation and mitigation,” and “environmental sustainability.” The findings highlighted that, despite the emphasis on governance mechanisms and participatory approaches, wide implementation gaps remain a significant concern in climate adaptation. While some cities demonstrate promising governance innovations, many others face serious obstacles rooted in poor coordination, political decision‐making, and lack of sustained financial or political commitment. Therefore, effective environmental governance is crucial in solving the challenges posed by changing climate as well as promoting the sustainability of city districts, which needs serious attention from policymakers and planners.
{"title":"Environmental Governance, Urban Sustainability, and Adaptation Strategies: The Nexus of Food—Water—Energy","authors":"Imaneh Goli, Hiva Khalili Marandi, Farhad Lashgarara, Zita Kriaučiūnienė, Ahsen Işık Özgüven, Rando Värnik, Christine Fürst, Petr Sklenicka, Hossein Azadi","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70344","url":null,"abstract":"The concepts of adapting to changing climate, urban sustainability, and environmental governance have become increasingly significant in policy and ecological research due to the serious challenges climate change presents to urban areas. However, the criteria for promoting climate‐resilient environmental governance and urban sustainability in relation to the Food—Water—Energy (FWE) nexus, are still unclear. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of available research to explore the complex relationships among FWE systems, with a particular focus on adaptation to climate change, strengthening urban sustainability, and fortifying environmental governance. For this purpose, the study conducted a thorough search of academic databases from 2000 to 2022 as part of a systematic literature review. The conclusive search yielded a total of 100 original articles sourced from diverse global regions (i.e., Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas). The terms used in this review were combined with “environmental management,” “adaptation and mitigation,” and “environmental sustainability.” The findings highlighted that, despite the emphasis on governance mechanisms and participatory approaches, wide implementation gaps remain a significant concern in climate adaptation. While some cities demonstrate promising governance innovations, many others face serious obstacles rooted in poor coordination, political decision‐making, and lack of sustained financial or political commitment. Therefore, effective environmental governance is crucial in solving the challenges posed by changing climate as well as promoting the sustainability of city districts, which needs serious attention from policymakers and planners.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As land use transitions intensify in the urban–rural interface, conflicts in these transitional zones remain insufficiently understood because traditional urban–rural dichotomies often obscure their spatial complexity, posing growing challenges for land degradation management. This study follows a three‐step framework: interface delineation, conflict assessment, and morphology‐based governance. Using Hunan Province, China, as a case study, this study extracted the urban–rural interface in 2020 based on four classification indicators: night‐time light intensity (NTL), population density (PD), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and administrative divisions (ADM). Land use conflict (LUC) intensity was quantified using a composite index integrating landscape complexity, vulnerability, and stability, while Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) was applied to characterize spatial morphology of built‐up land. The results reveal that land use conflict is strongly associated with a highly fragmented morphology. The average LUC in 2020 was 0.611, with 73.84% and 10.18% of the interface area classified as considerable and severe conflict, respectively. Built‐up morphology dominated by edge, islet, and branch types, while core zones accounted for less than 40%. Significant differences emerged across interface types: NTL‐ and PD‐based interfaces exhibited the highest conflict intensities and greatest spatial fragmentation, while the NDVI‐based interface showed weaker spatial connectivity, and the ADM‐based interface had the lowest levels of conflict. Using the PLUS model under ecological security (ES) and economic development (ED) pathways, scenario simulations for 2035 revealed limited conflict mitigation under single‐objective governance, with average LUC decreasing by only 0.034 under ES and by 0.010 under ED. Furthermore, significant variations in conflict mitigation were observed across three different functional zones under the two scenarios. In particular, a conflict–morphology dissonance emerged within the agricultural production zones, where the ED scenario reduced fragmentation but intensified severe conflicts. These findings underscore the complexity of land management in the urban–rural interface. Drawing upon the “conflict‐coordination theoretical” model of regional land use transitions, the study highlights the need for designing adaptive, type‐specific governance strategies to reconcile land use conflicts and promote urban–rural integration.
{"title":"Land Use Conflict in the Urban–Rural Interface: Spatial Delineation, Conflict Assessment and Governance Implications","authors":"Ying Xu, Yajia Liang, Kunqiu Chen, Yongsheng Wang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70398","url":null,"abstract":"As land use transitions intensify in the urban–rural interface, conflicts in these transitional zones remain insufficiently understood because traditional urban–rural dichotomies often obscure their spatial complexity, posing growing challenges for land degradation management. This study follows a three‐step framework: interface delineation, conflict assessment, and morphology‐based governance. Using Hunan Province, China, as a case study, this study extracted the urban–rural interface in 2020 based on four classification indicators: night‐time light intensity (NTL), population density (PD), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and administrative divisions (ADM). Land use conflict (LUC) intensity was quantified using a composite index integrating landscape complexity, vulnerability, and stability, while Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) was applied to characterize spatial morphology of built‐up land. The results reveal that land use conflict is strongly associated with a highly fragmented morphology. The average LUC in 2020 was 0.611, with 73.84% and 10.18% of the interface area classified as considerable and severe conflict, respectively. Built‐up morphology dominated by edge, islet, and branch types, while core zones accounted for less than 40%. Significant differences emerged across interface types: NTL‐ and PD‐based interfaces exhibited the highest conflict intensities and greatest spatial fragmentation, while the NDVI‐based interface showed weaker spatial connectivity, and the ADM‐based interface had the lowest levels of conflict. Using the PLUS model under ecological security (ES) and economic development (ED) pathways, scenario simulations for 2035 revealed limited conflict mitigation under single‐objective governance, with average LUC decreasing by only 0.034 under ES and by 0.010 under ED. Furthermore, significant variations in conflict mitigation were observed across three different functional zones under the two scenarios. In particular, a conflict–morphology dissonance emerged within the agricultural production zones, where the ED scenario reduced fragmentation but intensified severe conflicts. These findings underscore the complexity of land management in the urban–rural interface. Drawing upon the “conflict‐coordination theoretical” model of regional land use transitions, the study highlights the need for designing adaptive, type‐specific governance strategies to reconcile land use conflicts and promote urban–rural integration.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cultivated land ecological compensation clarifies and monetizes responsibilities for land protection and ecological conservation. However, few studies have developed compensation models focused on cultivated land ecology. This paper developed a compensation model considering both the supply–demand balance of cultivated land and spatial ecosystem service flows. Based on this model, this paper analyzed the cultivated land ecological supply and demand in Chinese provinces, divided provinces into payment and compensated areas, and calculated compensation amounts and distributions. Further, this paper examined the rationality of regional divisions and assessed the impacts of compensation amounts. Both the incentive effects in compensated areas and the payment capacities of payment areas were empirically verified. Provinces were categorized into nine zones according to the spatiotemporal variations in supply–demand characteristics and compensation amounts. Results revealed a decrease in payment areas, from 22 provinces in 2000 to 11 in 2022, alongside an increasing trend in the total compensation amount. The average national compensation amount over 23 years was 1.983 trillion RMB, reaching 2.449 trillion RMB in 2022. Provinces such as Jiangsu and Shandong, located in the eastern payment zone, are significant contributors to payments. Conversely, compensated areas have increased, with southeastern compensated zones such as Guangdong becoming major compensation recipients. These findings facilitate the optimization of zonal management strategies for cultivated land eco‐compensation, ensuring that further policy designs are more evidence‐based.
{"title":"Exploring Provincial Cultivated Land Ecological Compensation in Mainland China Through the Lens of Ecosystem Service Flows","authors":"Ben Pei, Shulin Chen, Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70387","url":null,"abstract":"Cultivated land ecological compensation clarifies and monetizes responsibilities for land protection and ecological conservation. However, few studies have developed compensation models focused on cultivated land ecology. This paper developed a compensation model considering both the supply–demand balance of cultivated land and spatial ecosystem service flows. Based on this model, this paper analyzed the cultivated land ecological supply and demand in Chinese provinces, divided provinces into payment and compensated areas, and calculated compensation amounts and distributions. Further, this paper examined the rationality of regional divisions and assessed the impacts of compensation amounts. Both the incentive effects in compensated areas and the payment capacities of payment areas were empirically verified. Provinces were categorized into nine zones according to the spatiotemporal variations in supply–demand characteristics and compensation amounts. Results revealed a decrease in payment areas, from 22 provinces in 2000 to 11 in 2022, alongside an increasing trend in the total compensation amount. The average national compensation amount over 23 years was 1.983 trillion RMB, reaching 2.449 trillion RMB in 2022. Provinces such as Jiangsu and Shandong, located in the eastern payment zone, are significant contributors to payments. Conversely, compensated areas have increased, with southeastern compensated zones such as Guangdong becoming major compensation recipients. These findings facilitate the optimization of zonal management strategies for cultivated land eco‐compensation, ensuring that further policy designs are more evidence‐based.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juciane Vieira de Assis Freire, Darliane Cristina Soares de Souza, Larissa Fernandes da Silva, Poliana Pinheiro da Silva, Thiago Henrique Freire de Oliveira, Eulene Francisco da Silva, Bruno Caio Chaves Fernandes, Adriano Erique de Oliveira Lima, Bárbara Samartini Queiroz Alves, Daniel Valadão Silva, José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos, Frederico Ribeiro do Carmo, Rafael Leandro Fernandes Melo
In recent years, biochar has been studied for its range of applications. Recognized by the IPCC as a key Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) strategy, it also stands out as an important tool for reclaiming degraded lands, including vast global areas affected by salinity, such as those in China, India, and Australia. This study explores the application of biochar in these salt‐affected soils through a bibliometric analysis and literature review. The research used the Web of Science database, from which 42,928 articles were initially identified. After careful keyword selection, the number was refined to 326 relevant publications. The analysis mapped the contributions of countries, institutions, and authors. Keyword analysis identified five thematic clusters, confirming that research is predominantly focused on soil application. The results show that China leads scientific production on this topic. However, a significant knowledge gap persists regarding the main research fronts in this field. The most relevant journals, such as Science of the Total Environment and Agronomy‐Basel , are the primary platforms for these studies. The overview highlights biochar's main applications in remediating saline soils, while addressing advances and challenges. The study also suggests future research directions, such as improving production technologies, adapting biochar to different soil types, and assessing long‐term environmental impacts.
近年来，人们对生物炭的广泛应用进行了研究。政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）认为这是一项关键的二氧化碳去除（CDR）战略，它也是恢复退化土地的重要工具，包括中国、印度和澳大利亚等受盐度影响的全球广大地区。本研究通过文献计量学分析和文献综述，探讨了生物炭在盐渍化土壤中的应用。这项研究使用了Web of Science数据库，从该数据库中最初确定了42928篇文章。经过仔细的关键词选择，相关出版物的数量被精炼为326篇。该分析绘制了国家、机构和作者的贡献图。关键词分析确定了5个专题集群，证实研究主要集中在土壤应用上。结果表明，中国在这方面的科学生产处于领先地位。然而，在这一领域的主要研究前沿，一个显著的知识差距仍然存在。最相关的期刊，如《全环境科学》和《巴塞尔农学》，是这些研究的主要平台。概述了生物炭在修复盐碱地中的主要应用，同时解决了进展和挑战。该研究还提出了未来的研究方向，如改进生产技术，使生物炭适应不同的土壤类型，以及评估长期的环境影响。
{"title":"A Bibliometric‐Based Review of Biochar for Salt‐Affected Soil Restoration: Mapping Research Trends and Future Directions","authors":"Juciane Vieira de Assis Freire, Darliane Cristina Soares de Souza, Larissa Fernandes da Silva, Poliana Pinheiro da Silva, Thiago Henrique Freire de Oliveira, Eulene Francisco da Silva, Bruno Caio Chaves Fernandes, Adriano Erique de Oliveira Lima, Bárbara Samartini Queiroz Alves, Daniel Valadão Silva, José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos, Frederico Ribeiro do Carmo, Rafael Leandro Fernandes Melo","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70404","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, biochar has been studied for its range of applications. Recognized by the IPCC as a key Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) strategy, it also stands out as an important tool for reclaiming degraded lands, including vast global areas affected by salinity, such as those in China, India, and Australia. This study explores the application of biochar in these salt‐affected soils through a bibliometric analysis and literature review. The research used the Web of Science database, from which 42,928 articles were initially identified. After careful keyword selection, the number was refined to 326 relevant publications. The analysis mapped the contributions of countries, institutions, and authors. Keyword analysis identified five thematic clusters, confirming that research is predominantly focused on soil application. The results show that China leads scientific production on this topic. However, a significant knowledge gap persists regarding the main research fronts in this field. The most relevant journals, such as <jats:italic>Science of the Total Environment</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Agronomy‐Basel</jats:italic> , are the primary platforms for these studies. The overview highlights biochar's main applications in remediating saline soils, while addressing advances and challenges. The study also suggests future research directions, such as improving production technologies, adapting biochar to different soil types, and assessing long‐term environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The complex terrain and significant spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem services (ESs) in Shaanxi Province (SXP) make it crucial to analyze their multi‐scale trade‐offs/synergies and driving mechanisms for regional ecological management. This study integrates machine learning (SRF, SVM, etc.) with scenario simulation (PLUS‐ InVEST) to evaluate the spatiotemporal differentiation and interaction effects of water production (WY), carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ), soil conservation (SC), and nitrogen and phosphorus storage (NS/PS) under urban priority development (CPD), ecological priority (EPD), and inertial development (ID) scenarios from 2000 to 2040. The multi factor driving mechanism was revealed through geographic detectors, structural equation models (SEM), and ecosystem service bundles (ESB). The results show that: (1) In the future scenario, the urban expansion in Guanzhong (CS) is significant, with an overall increase in WY (EPD scenario+19.58 mm), a decrease in CS in CS (−1.5 t/ha), a decrease in SC in northern Shaanxi (NPS), and an increase in southern Shaanxi (SPS); (2) In 2020, WY‐CS and WY‐HQ showed a significant trade‐off in NPS/CS, while WY‐NS/PS showed synergy in NPS/SPS. By 2040, the explanatory power of human activities on ESs has increased ( q value increased by 72.4%); (3) The driving factors are ranked as climate > vegetation > terrain > humanities (pre > gpp > ndvi > slp). SEM shows that the direct effect of terrain factors on SC decreased from 0.812 (2000) to 0.296 (2020); (4) ESB identification indicates that CS needs to optimize land use to restore ecology, SPS should increase forest coverage, and NPS needs to strengthen degraded land restoration. This study provides data support and decision‐making basis for multi‐scale ecological collaborative governance.
{"title":"Integrating Machine Learning and Scenario Simulation to Decouple Multi‐Scale Ecosystem Service Trade‐Offs/Synergy in Shaanxi Province","authors":"Peidong Han, Guang Yang, Xu Chen, Yangyang Liu, Ercha Hu, Zhongming Wen, Haijing Shi","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70385","url":null,"abstract":"The complex terrain and significant spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem services (ESs) in Shaanxi Province (SXP) make it crucial to analyze their multi‐scale trade‐offs/synergies and driving mechanisms for regional ecological management. This study integrates machine learning (SRF, SVM, etc.) with scenario simulation (PLUS‐ InVEST) to evaluate the spatiotemporal differentiation and interaction effects of water production (WY), carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ), soil conservation (SC), and nitrogen and phosphorus storage (NS/PS) under urban priority development (CPD), ecological priority (EPD), and inertial development (ID) scenarios from 2000 to 2040. The multi factor driving mechanism was revealed through geographic detectors, structural equation models (SEM), and ecosystem service bundles (ESB). The results show that: (1) In the future scenario, the urban expansion in Guanzhong (CS) is significant, with an overall increase in WY (EPD scenario+19.58 mm), a decrease in CS in CS (−1.5 t/ha), a decrease in SC in northern Shaanxi (NPS), and an increase in southern Shaanxi (SPS); (2) In 2020, WY‐CS and WY‐HQ showed a significant trade‐off in NPS/CS, while WY‐NS/PS showed synergy in NPS/SPS. By 2040, the explanatory power of human activities on ESs has increased ( <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> value increased by 72.4%); (3) The driving factors are ranked as climate > vegetation > terrain > humanities (pre > gpp > ndvi > slp). SEM shows that the direct effect of terrain factors on SC decreased from 0.812 (2000) to 0.296 (2020); (4) ESB identification indicates that CS needs to optimize land use to restore ecology, SPS should increase forest coverage, and NPS needs to strengthen degraded land restoration. This study provides data support and decision‐making basis for multi‐scale ecological collaborative governance.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strengthening ecological resilience is essential for promoting sustainable urban development, especially in regions experiencing rapid urban expansion and ecological degradation. However, most existing land use optimization models inadequately incorporate ecological resilience metrics and fail to reconcile ecological and economic trade‐offs within a unified spatial framework. To bridge this gap, this study developed a novel multi‐step land use optimization method that coordinated structural and spatial dimensions to increase urban ecological resilience. The results revealed clear trade‐offs between ecological benefits and economic gains. Under the ES (ecological priority) scenario, the MRP increased by 8.7%, and the total ecosystem service value rose by 11.3% compared with the baseline, demonstrating the effectiveness of ecological land expansion and connectivity enhancement. The ECO (Economic priority) scenario yielded the highest economic benefit, with total economic output increasing by 9.4%, but resulted in a 6.5% reduction in mean resilience due to ecological land contraction. The COM (Coordinated development) scenario achieved a balanced outcome, with ecological resilience and economic benefits increasing by 4.3% and 5.2%, respectively, indicating synergistic potential under moderate development intensity. These findings highlight that integrating resilience‐based spatial optimization provides a feasible pathway to harmonize ecological protection and economic growth. The proposed framework offers a scalable and adaptable tool for resilience‐oriented land use planning, ecosystem restoration, and policy formulation in dynamically evolving urban regions.
{"title":"Ecological Resilience‐Oriented Land Use Planning: A Novel Framework Integrating Urban Sustainability and Multi‐Objective Trade‐Offs","authors":"Yongyang Wang, Qunpo Jia, Pan Zhang, Yulei Xie","doi":"10.1002/ldr.70376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.70376","url":null,"abstract":"Strengthening ecological resilience is essential for promoting sustainable urban development, especially in regions experiencing rapid urban expansion and ecological degradation. However, most existing land use optimization models inadequately incorporate ecological resilience metrics and fail to reconcile ecological and economic trade‐offs within a unified spatial framework. To bridge this gap, this study developed a novel multi‐step land use optimization method that coordinated structural and spatial dimensions to increase urban ecological resilience. The results revealed clear trade‐offs between ecological benefits and economic gains. Under the ES (ecological priority) scenario, the MRP increased by 8.7%, and the total ecosystem service value rose by 11.3% compared with the baseline, demonstrating the effectiveness of ecological land expansion and connectivity enhancement. The ECO (Economic priority) scenario yielded the highest economic benefit, with total economic output increasing by 9.4%, but resulted in a 6.5% reduction in mean resilience due to ecological land contraction. The COM (Coordinated development) scenario achieved a balanced outcome, with ecological resilience and economic benefits increasing by 4.3% and 5.2%, respectively, indicating synergistic potential under moderate development intensity. These findings highlight that integrating resilience‐based spatial optimization provides a feasible pathway to harmonize ecological protection and economic growth. The proposed framework offers a scalable and adaptable tool for resilience‐oriented land use planning, ecosystem restoration, and policy formulation in dynamically evolving urban regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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