Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0443-R
Stephen C Boushell, Mengjun Hu
In this study, in planta assays were conducted to assess the effects of fungicide spray tactics, such as the reduction of the labeled fungicide dose and mixture with a multisite fungicide, on fungicide resistance selection and disease control using Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grown in a greenhouse for 2 years. The entire clusters were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea isolates at varying frequencies of fenhexamid resistance, followed by fungicide sprays and disease and fenhexamid resistance investigations at critical phenological stages. Our findings indicate that the lower dose of the at-risk fungicide, fenhexamid, effectively managed fenhexamid resistance and disease as well as the higher, labeled dose. In addition, a mixture with the multisite fungicide captan generally resulted a net-positive effect on both resistance management and disease control.
{"title":"Validation of Fungicide Spray Strategies and Selection for Fenhexamid Resistance in <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> on Greenhouse-Grown Grapevines.","authors":"Stephen C Boushell, Mengjun Hu","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0443-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0443-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, in planta assays were conducted to assess the effects of fungicide spray tactics, such as the reduction of the labeled fungicide dose and mixture with a multisite fungicide, on fungicide resistance selection and disease control using <i>Vitis vinifera</i> 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grown in a greenhouse for 2 years. The entire clusters were inoculated with <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> isolates at varying frequencies of fenhexamid resistance, followed by fungicide sprays and disease and fenhexamid resistance investigations at critical phenological stages. Our findings indicate that the lower dose of the at-risk fungicide, fenhexamid, effectively managed fenhexamid resistance and disease as well as the higher, labeled dose. In addition, a mixture with the multisite fungicide captan generally resulted a net-positive effect on both resistance management and disease control.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0366-ia
Jaime Cubero,Pablo J Zarco-Tejada,Sara Cuesta-Morrondo,Ana Palacio-Bielsa,Juan A Navas-Cortés,Pilar Sabuquillo,Tomás Poblete,Blanca B Landa,Jerson Garita-Cambronero
Detecting plant pathogens and diagnosing diseases are critical components of successful pest management. These key areas have undergone significant advancements driven by breakthroughs in molecular biology and remote sensing technologies within the realm of precision agriculture. Notably, nucleic acid amplification techniques, with recent emphasis on sequencing procedures, particularly next-generation sequencing, have enabled improved DNA or RNA amplification detection protocols that now enable previously unthinkable strategies aimed at dissecting plant microbiota, including the disease-causing components. Simultaneously, the domain of remote sensing has seen the emergence of cutting-edge imaging sensor technologies and the integration of powerful computational tools, such as machine learning. These innovations enable spectral analysis of foliar symptoms and specific pathogen-induced alterations, making imaging spectroscopy and thermal imaging fundamental tools for large-scale disease surveillance and monitoring. These technologies contribute significantly to understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of plant diseases.
检测植物病原体和诊断病害是成功病虫害管理的关键组成部分。在精准农业领域,分子生物学和遥感技术的突破推动了这些关键领域的重大进展。值得注意的是,核酸扩增技术以及最近强调的测序程序,特别是下一代测序,改进了 DNA 或 RNA 扩增检测规程,现在可以采用以前无法想象的策略来剖析植物微生物群,包括致病成分。与此同时,遥感领域也出现了尖端的成像传感器技术,并集成了强大的计算工具,如机器学习。这些创新技术能够对叶面症状和特定病原体引起的变化进行光谱分析,使成像光谱学和热成像成为大规模病害监测和监控的基本工具。这些技术大大有助于了解植物病害的时空动态。
{"title":"New Approaches to Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis.","authors":"Jaime Cubero,Pablo J Zarco-Tejada,Sara Cuesta-Morrondo,Ana Palacio-Bielsa,Juan A Navas-Cortés,Pilar Sabuquillo,Tomás Poblete,Blanca B Landa,Jerson Garita-Cambronero","doi":"10.1094/phyto-10-23-0366-ia","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-23-0366-ia","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting plant pathogens and diagnosing diseases are critical components of successful pest management. These key areas have undergone significant advancements driven by breakthroughs in molecular biology and remote sensing technologies within the realm of precision agriculture. Notably, nucleic acid amplification techniques, with recent emphasis on sequencing procedures, particularly next-generation sequencing, have enabled improved DNA or RNA amplification detection protocols that now enable previously unthinkable strategies aimed at dissecting plant microbiota, including the disease-causing components. Simultaneously, the domain of remote sensing has seen the emergence of cutting-edge imaging sensor technologies and the integration of powerful computational tools, such as machine learning. These innovations enable spectral analysis of foliar symptoms and specific pathogen-induced alterations, making imaging spectroscopy and thermal imaging fundamental tools for large-scale disease surveillance and monitoring. These technologies contribute significantly to understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of plant diseases.","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The commercialized genetically modified (GM) papaya cultivars have protected papaya from the devastating disease caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). However, papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV), which causes similar infection symptoms but is serologically distinct from PRSV, was found as a competitive threat to the papaya industry. Our study surveyed the occurrence of PRSV and PLDMV as well as the transgenic markers of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S) and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) gene in feral papaya plants, which were found frequently growing outside of cultivated papaya fields on Hainan Island. In total, 123 feral papayas, comprising 62 (50.4%) GM plants and 61 (49.6%) non-GM ones, were sampled. Among them, 23 (18.7%) were positive for PRSV, 49 (39.8%) were positive for PLDMV, including 5 plants co-infected by PRSV and PLDMV, and 56 (45.5%) plants were free of either virus. In traditional papaya growing regions, we detected fewer PRSV-infected plants (2 in 33, 6%) than in other regions (21 in 90, 23%). But overall, whether transgenic or not made no significance in PRSV incidence (P=0.230), with 9 PRSV-infected plants among 62 GM papayas and 14 among 61 non-GM papayas. Phylogenetic and genetic differentiation analysis showed a clear correlation between PRSV and PLDMV populations and their geographical origins. Negative selection was estimated for the selected gene regions of both viruses. Notably, PLDMV has deviated from neutral evolution and experienced population expansion, exhibiting increased genetic diversity and is becoming the predominant threat to papaya in Hainan.
{"title":"Genetic Variability and Evolutionary Dynamics of Papaya Ringspot Virus and Papaya Leaf Distortion Mosaic Virus Infecting Feral Papaya in Hainan Island.","authors":"Mu-Zhi Yang, Zhi-Gang Hao, Zhen-Tao Ren, Rui Tang, Qing-Hua Wu, Li-Ying Zhou, Yu-Juan Hu, Jing-Yuan Guo, Yi Chen, Yun-Ling Guo, Biao Liu, Lai-Pan Liu, Kun Xue, Rui-Zong Jia","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-01-24-0022-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-24-0022-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The commercialized genetically modified (GM) papaya cultivars have protected papaya from the devastating disease caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). However, papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV), which causes similar infection symptoms but is serologically distinct from PRSV, was found as a competitive threat to the papaya industry. Our study surveyed the occurrence of PRSV and PLDMV as well as the transgenic markers of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S) and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) gene in feral papaya plants, which were found frequently growing outside of cultivated papaya fields on Hainan Island. In total, 123 feral papayas, comprising 62 (50.4%) GM plants and 61 (49.6%) non-GM ones, were sampled. Among them, 23 (18.7%) were positive for PRSV, 49 (39.8%) were positive for PLDMV, including 5 plants co-infected by PRSV and PLDMV, and 56 (45.5%) plants were free of either virus. In traditional papaya growing regions, we detected fewer PRSV-infected plants (2 in 33, 6%) than in other regions (21 in 90, 23%). But overall, whether transgenic or not made no significance in PRSV incidence (<i>P</i>=0.230), with 9 PRSV-infected plants among 62 GM papayas and 14 among 61 non-GM papayas. Phylogenetic and genetic differentiation analysis showed a clear correlation between PRSV and PLDMV populations and their geographical origins. Negative selection was estimated for the selected gene regions of both viruses. Notably, PLDMV has deviated from neutral evolution and experienced population expansion, exhibiting increased genetic diversity and is becoming the predominant threat to papaya in Hainan.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-08DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0432-R
Kathleen Kanaley, David B Combs, Angela Paul, Yu Jiang, Terry Bates, Kaitlin M Gold
Grapevine downy mildew (GDM), caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, can cause 100% yield loss and vine death under conducive conditions. High resolution multispectral satellite platforms offer the opportunity to track rapidly spreading diseases like GDM over large, heterogeneous fields. Here, we investigate the capacity of PlanetScope (3 m) and SkySat (50 cm) imagery for season-long GDM detection and surveillance. A team of trained scouts rated GDM severity and incidence at a research vineyard in Geneva, NY, USA from June to August of 2020, 2021, and 2022. Satellite imagery acquired within 72 hours of scouting was processed to extract single-band reflectance and vegetation indices (VIs). Random forest models trained on spectral bands and VIs from both image datasets could classify areas of high and low GDM incidence and severity with maximum accuracies of 0.85 (SkySat) and 0.92 (PlanetScope). However, we did not observe significant differences between VIs of high and low damage classes until late July-early August. We identified cloud cover, image co-registration, and low spectral resolution as key challenges to operationalizing satellite-based GDM surveillance. This work establishes the capacity of spaceborne multispectral sensors to detect late-stage GDM and outlines steps towards incorporating satellite remote sensing in grapevine disease surveillance systems.
{"title":"Assessing the Capacity of High-resolution Commercial Satellite Imagery for Grapevine Downy Mildew Detection and Surveillance in New York state.","authors":"Kathleen Kanaley, David B Combs, Angela Paul, Yu Jiang, Terry Bates, Kaitlin M Gold","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0432-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0432-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grapevine downy mildew (GDM), caused by the oomycete <i>Plasmopara viticola</i>, can cause 100% yield loss and vine death under conducive conditions. High resolution multispectral satellite platforms offer the opportunity to track rapidly spreading diseases like GDM over large, heterogeneous fields. Here, we investigate the capacity of PlanetScope (3 m) and SkySat (50 cm) imagery for season-long GDM detection and surveillance. A team of trained scouts rated GDM severity and incidence at a research vineyard in Geneva, NY, USA from June to August of 2020, 2021, and 2022. Satellite imagery acquired within 72 hours of scouting was processed to extract single-band reflectance and vegetation indices (VIs). Random forest models trained on spectral bands and VIs from both image datasets could classify areas of high and low GDM incidence and severity with maximum accuracies of 0.85 (SkySat) and 0.92 (PlanetScope). However, we did not observe significant differences between VIs of high and low damage classes until late July-early August. We identified cloud cover, image co-registration, and low spectral resolution as key challenges to operationalizing satellite-based GDM surveillance. This work establishes the capacity of spaceborne multispectral sensors to detect late-stage GDM and outlines steps towards incorporating satellite remote sensing in grapevine disease surveillance systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-04-24-0140-R
Shilu Dahal, Sophie Alvarez, Samantha J Balboa, Leslie M Hicks, Clemencia M Rojas
Rice production worldwide is threatened by the disease Bacterial Panicle Blight (BPB) caused by Burkholderia glumae. Despite the threat, resources to control this disease such as completely resistant cultivars or effective chemical methods are still lacking. However, the need to control this disease has paved the way to explore biologically based approaches harnessing the antimicrobial activities of environmental bacteria. Previously, the bacterium Pseudomonas protegens PBL3 was identified as a potential biological control agent against B. glumae due to its antimicrobial activity against B. glumae. Such antimicrobial activity in vitro and in planta was associated with the P. protegens PBL3 bacteria-free secreted fraction (secretome), although the specific molecules responsible for this activity have remained elusive. In this work, we advance the characterization of the P. protegens PBL3 secretome, by evaluating the antimicrobial activity in vitro of selected secondary metabolites predicted by the P. protegens PBL3 genomic sequence against B. glumae. In addition, using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS), of the P. protegens PBL3 secretome, enabled us to successfully detect and quantify Pyoluteorin, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and Pyochelin. Among those, Pyoluteorin and 2,4-DAPG reduced the growth of B. glumae in vitro along with reducing the symptoms of BPB and bacterial growth in planta, suggesting that these compounds could be effective as biopesticides to mitigate BPB.
{"title":"Defining the secondary metabolites in the <i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> PBL3 secretome with antagonistic activity against <i>Burkholderia glumae</i>.","authors":"Shilu Dahal, Sophie Alvarez, Samantha J Balboa, Leslie M Hicks, Clemencia M Rojas","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-04-24-0140-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-24-0140-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice production worldwide is threatened by the disease Bacterial Panicle Blight (BPB) caused by <i>Burkholderia glumae</i>. Despite the threat, resources to control this disease such as completely resistant cultivars or effective chemical methods are still lacking. However, the need to control this disease has paved the way to explore biologically based approaches harnessing the antimicrobial activities of environmental bacteria. Previously, the bacterium <i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> PBL3 was identified as a potential biological control agent against <i>B. glumae</i> due to its antimicrobial activity against <i>B. glumae</i>. Such antimicrobial activity in vitro and in planta was associated with the <i>P. protegens</i> PBL3 bacteria-free secreted fraction (secretome), although the specific molecules responsible for this activity have remained elusive. In this work, we advance the characterization of the <i>P. protegens</i> PBL3 secretome, by evaluating the antimicrobial activity in vitro of selected secondary metabolites predicted by the <i>P. protegens</i> PBL3 genomic sequence against <i>B. glumae</i>. In addition, using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS), of the <i>P. protegens</i> PBL3 secretome, enabled us to successfully detect and quantify Pyoluteorin, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and Pyochelin. Among those, Pyoluteorin and 2,4-DAPG reduced the growth of <i>B. glumae</i> in vitro along with reducing the symptoms of BPB and bacterial growth in planta, suggesting that these compounds could be effective as biopesticides to mitigate BPB.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-04-24-0138-R
Rebekah A Frampton, Louise S Shuey, Charles C David, Georgia M Pringle, Falk Kalamorz, Geoff S Pegg, David Chagné, Grant R Smith
Austropuccinia psidii is the causal pathogen of myrtle rust disease of Myrtaceae. To gain understanding of the initial infection process, gene expression in germinating A. psidii urediniospores and in Leptospermum scoparium-inoculated leaves were investigated via analyses of RNA sequencing samples taken 24 and 48 h postinoculation (hpi). Principal component analyses of transformed transcript count data revealed differential gene expression between the uninoculated L. scoparium control plants that correlated with the three plant leaf resistance phenotypes (immunity, hypersensitive response, and susceptibility). Gene expression in the immune resistant plants did not significantly change in response to fungal inoculation, whereas susceptible plants showed differential expression of genes in response to fungal challenge. A putative disease resistance gene, jg24539.t1, was identified in the L. scoparium hypersensitive response phenotype family. Expression of this gene may be associated with the phenotype and could be important for further understanding the plant hypersensitive response to A. psidii challenge. Differential expression of pathogen genes was found between samples taken 24 and 48 hpi, but there were no significant differences in pathogen gene expression that were associated with the three different plant leaf resistance phenotypes. There was a significant decrease in the abundance of fungal transcripts encoding three putative effectors and a putative carbohydrate-active enzyme between 24 and 48 hpi, suggesting that the encoded proteins are important during the initial phase of infection. These transcripts, or their translated proteins, may be potential targets to impede the early phases of fungal infection by this wide-host-range obligate biotrophic basidiomycete.
{"title":"Analysis of Plant and Fungal Transcripts from Resistant and Susceptible Phenotypes of <i>Leptospermum scoparium</i> Challenged by <i>Austropuccinia psidii</i>.","authors":"Rebekah A Frampton, Louise S Shuey, Charles C David, Georgia M Pringle, Falk Kalamorz, Geoff S Pegg, David Chagné, Grant R Smith","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-04-24-0138-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-04-24-0138-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> is the causal pathogen of myrtle rust disease of Myrtaceae. To gain understanding of the initial infection process, gene expression in germinating <i>A. psidii</i> urediniospores and in <i>Leptospermum scoparium</i>-inoculated leaves were investigated via analyses of RNA sequencing samples taken 24 and 48 h postinoculation (hpi). Principal component analyses of transformed transcript count data revealed differential gene expression between the uninoculated <i>L. scoparium</i> control plants that correlated with the three plant leaf resistance phenotypes (immunity, hypersensitive response, and susceptibility). Gene expression in the immune resistant plants did not significantly change in response to fungal inoculation, whereas susceptible plants showed differential expression of genes in response to fungal challenge. A putative disease resistance gene, jg24539.t1, was identified in the <i>L. scoparium</i> hypersensitive response phenotype family. Expression of this gene may be associated with the phenotype and could be important for further understanding the plant hypersensitive response to <i>A. psidii</i> challenge. Differential expression of pathogen genes was found between samples taken 24 and 48 hpi, but there were no significant differences in pathogen gene expression that were associated with the three different plant leaf resistance phenotypes. There was a significant decrease in the abundance of fungal transcripts encoding three putative effectors and a putative carbohydrate-active enzyme between 24 and 48 hpi, suggesting that the encoded proteins are important during the initial phase of infection. These transcripts, or their translated proteins, may be potential targets to impede the early phases of fungal infection by this wide-host-range obligate biotrophic basidiomycete.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-12-23-0498-R
Liangliang Zhu, Lin Tang, Xiangrong Tian, Yayuan Bai, Lili Huang
Valsa pyri, the causal agent of pear canker disease, typically induces cankers on the bark of infected trees and even leads to tree mortality. Secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi play a crucial role in the pathogenic process. In this study, secondary metabolic regulator VpLaeA was identified in V. pyri. VpLaeA was found to strongly affect the pathogenicity, fruiting body formation, and toxicity of secondary metabolites of V. pyri. Additionally, VpLaeA was found to be required for the response of V. pyri to some abiotic stresses. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that many of differentially expressed genes were involved in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Among them, about one third of secondary metabolite biosynthesis core genes were regulated by VpLaeA at different periods. Seven differentially expressed secondary metabolite biosynthesis core genes (VpPKS9, VpPKS10, VpPKS33, VpNRPS6, VpNRPS7, VpNRPS16, and VpNRPS17) were selected for knockout. Two modular polyketide synthase genes (VpPKS10 and VpPKS33) that were closely related to the virulence of V. pyri from the above seven genes were identified. Notably, VpPKS10 and VpPKS33 also affected the production of fruiting body of V. pyri but did not participate in the resistance of V. pyri to abiotic stresses. Overall, this study demonstrates the multifaceted biological functions of VpLaeA in V. pyri and identifies two toxicity-associated polyketide synthase genes in Valsa species fungi for the first time.
{"title":"Two Polyketide Synthase Genes, <i>VpPKS10</i> and <i>VpPKS33</i>, Regulated by VpLaeA Are Essential to the Virulence of <i>Valsa pyri</i>.","authors":"Liangliang Zhu, Lin Tang, Xiangrong Tian, Yayuan Bai, Lili Huang","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-12-23-0498-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-12-23-0498-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Valsa pyri</i>, the causal agent of pear canker disease, typically induces cankers on the bark of infected trees and even leads to tree mortality. Secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi play a crucial role in the pathogenic process. In this study, secondary metabolic regulator VpLaeA was identified in <i>V. pyri</i>. <i>VpLaeA</i> was found to strongly affect the pathogenicity, fruiting body formation, and toxicity of secondary metabolites of <i>V. pyri</i>. Additionally, <i>VpLaeA</i> was found to be required for the response of <i>V. pyri</i> to some abiotic stresses. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that many of differentially expressed genes were involved in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Among them, about one third of secondary metabolite biosynthesis core genes were regulated by <i>VpLaeA</i> at different periods. Seven differentially expressed secondary metabolite biosynthesis core genes (<i>VpPKS9</i>, <i>VpPKS10</i>, <i>VpPKS33</i>, <i>VpNRPS6</i>, <i>VpNRPS7</i>, <i>VpNRPS16</i>, and <i>VpNRPS17</i>) were selected for knockout. Two modular polyketide synthase genes (<i>VpPKS10</i> and <i>VpPKS33</i>) that were closely related to the virulence of <i>V. pyri</i> from the above seven genes were identified. Notably, <i>VpPKS10</i> and <i>VpPKS33</i> also affected the production of fruiting body of <i>V. pyri</i> but did not participate in the resistance of <i>V. pyri</i> to abiotic stresses. Overall, this study demonstrates the multifaceted biological functions of <i>VpLaeA</i> in <i>V. pyri</i> and identifies two toxicity-associated polyketide synthase genes in <i>Valsa</i> species fungi for the first time.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-02-24-0056-KC
Yassine Bouhouch, Qassim Esmaeel, Nicolas Richet, Essaïd Aït Barka, Aurélie Backes, Luiz Angelo Steffenel, Majida Hafidi, Cédric Jacquard, Lisa Sanchez
Net blotch disease caused by Drechslera teres is a major fungal disease that affects barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants and can result in significant crop losses. In this study, we developed a deep learning model to quantify net blotch disease symptoms on different days postinfection on seedling leaves using Cascade R-CNN (region-based convolutional neural network) and U-Net (a convolutional neural network) architectures. We used a dataset of barley leaf images with annotations of net blotch disease to train and evaluate the model. The model achieved an accuracy of 95% for Cascade R-CNN in net blotch disease detection and a Jaccard index score of 0.99, indicating high accuracy in disease quantification and location. The combination of Cascade R-CNN and U-Net architectures improved the detection of small and irregularly shaped lesions in the images at 4 days postinfection, leading to better disease quantification. To validate the model developed, we compared the results obtained by automated measurement with a classical method (necrosis diameter measurement) and a pathogen detection by real-time PCR. The proposed deep learning model could be used in automated systems for disease quantification and to screen the efficacy of potential biocontrol agents to protect against disease.
{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Barley Disease Quantification for Sustainable Crop Production.","authors":"Yassine Bouhouch, Qassim Esmaeel, Nicolas Richet, Essaïd Aït Barka, Aurélie Backes, Luiz Angelo Steffenel, Majida Hafidi, Cédric Jacquard, Lisa Sanchez","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-02-24-0056-KC","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-02-24-0056-KC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Net blotch disease caused by <i>Drechslera teres</i> is a major fungal disease that affects barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) plants and can result in significant crop losses. In this study, we developed a deep learning model to quantify net blotch disease symptoms on different days postinfection on seedling leaves using Cascade R-CNN (region-based convolutional neural network) and U-Net (a convolutional neural network) architectures. We used a dataset of barley leaf images with annotations of net blotch disease to train and evaluate the model. The model achieved an accuracy of 95% for Cascade R-CNN in net blotch disease detection and a Jaccard index score of 0.99, indicating high accuracy in disease quantification and location. The combination of Cascade R-CNN and U-Net architectures improved the detection of small and irregularly shaped lesions in the images at 4 days postinfection, leading to better disease quantification. To validate the model developed, we compared the results obtained by automated measurement with a classical method (necrosis diameter measurement) and a pathogen detection by real-time PCR. The proposed deep learning model could be used in automated systems for disease quantification and to screen the efficacy of potential biocontrol agents to protect against disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-05-24-0171-SC
Nabil Killiny, Shelley E Jones
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the putative causal agent of citrus greening disease, is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, in a propagative, circulative, and persistent manner. Unfortunately, 'Ca. L. asiaticus' is not yet available in pure culture to carry out Koch's postulates and to confirm its etiology. When a pure culture is available, an assay to test its infectivity in both the insect vector and the plant host will be crucial. Herein, we described a transmission assay based on the use of phloem sap extracted from infected citrus plants and topical feeding to D. citri nymphs. Phloem sap was collected by centrifugation, diluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 20% (wt/vol) sucrose and 0.1% ascorbic acid (wt/vol) as an antioxidant, and delivered to third through fifth instar nymphs by placing droplets on the mouthparts. Nymphs unfolded the stylets and acquired the phloem sap containing the bacterial pathogen. Nymphs were then placed onto Citrus macrophylla seedlings (10 nymphs per seedling) for an inoculation period of 2 weeks. A transmission rate of up to 80% was recorded at 6 months postinoculation. The method could be a powerful tool to test the transmissibility of the bacterial pathogen after various treatments to reduce the viability of the bacteria or to block its transmission. In addition, it might be a potent assay to achieve Koch's postulates if a pure culture of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' becomes available.
柑橘绿化病的假定病原体'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'是由亚洲柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri)以繁殖、循环和持久的方式传播的。不幸的是,'Ca.L.asiaticus "还没有纯培养物,因此无法进行科赫推论并确认其病因。当有了纯培养物后,检测其在昆虫媒介和植物宿主中的感染性将至关重要。在此,我们介绍了一种基于从受感染的柑橘植物中提取韧皮部汁液并局部喂食柑橘蓟马若虫的传播检测方法。通过离心收集韧皮部汁液,用含有 20% (w/v)蔗糖和 0.1% 抗坏血酸(w/v)作为抗氧化剂的 pH 7.4 的 0.1 M 磷酸盐缓冲液稀释,然后将液滴滴在第三至第五龄若虫的口器上。若虫展开花柱,获取含有细菌病原体的韧皮部汁液。然后将若虫置于大叶柑橘树苗上(每株树苗十个若虫),接种期为两周。接种后六个月的传播率高达 80%。该方法是一种强大的工具,可用于测试细菌病原体在经过各种处理以降低其存活率或阻止其传播后的传播能力。此外,如果'Ca. L. asiaticus'的纯培养物变成'Ca.L.asiaticus "的纯培养物时,这可能是实现科赫假设的有效检测方法。
{"title":"A Transmission Assay of '<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus' Using Citrus Phloem Sap and Topical Feeding to Its Insect Vector, <i>Diaphorina citri</i>.","authors":"Nabil Killiny, Shelley E Jones","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-05-24-0171-SC","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-05-24-0171-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>'<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus', the putative causal agent of citrus greening disease, is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, <i>Diaphorina citri</i>, in a propagative, circulative, and persistent manner. Unfortunately, '<i>Ca</i>. L. asiaticus' is not yet available in pure culture to carry out Koch's postulates and to confirm its etiology. When a pure culture is available, an assay to test its infectivity in both the insect vector and the plant host will be crucial. Herein, we described a transmission assay based on the use of phloem sap extracted from infected citrus plants and topical feeding to <i>D. citri</i> nymphs. Phloem sap was collected by centrifugation, diluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 20% (wt/vol) sucrose and 0.1% ascorbic acid (wt/vol) as an antioxidant, and delivered to third through fifth instar nymphs by placing droplets on the mouthparts. Nymphs unfolded the stylets and acquired the phloem sap containing the bacterial pathogen. Nymphs were then placed onto <i>Citrus macrophylla</i> seedlings (10 nymphs per seedling) for an inoculation period of 2 weeks. A transmission rate of up to 80% was recorded at 6 months postinoculation. The method could be a powerful tool to test the transmissibility of the bacterial pathogen after various treatments to reduce the viability of the bacteria or to block its transmission. In addition, it might be a potent assay to achieve Koch's postulates if a pure culture of '<i>Ca.</i> L. asiaticus' becomes available.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0105-PER
Peter Balint-Kurti, Jerald Pataky
The southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 caused estimated losses of about 16% for the U.S. corn crop, equivalent to about $8 billion in current terms. The epidemic was caused by the prevalence of Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T), used to produce most of the hybrid corn seed planted that year, combined with the emergence of a novel race of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus that was exquisitely virulent on cms-T corn. Remarkably, the epidemic lasted just a single year. This episode has often been portrayed in the literature and textbooks over the last 50 years as a catastrophic mistake perpetrated by corn breeders and seed companies of the time who did not understand or account for the dangers of crop genetic uniformity. In this perspective article, we aim to present an alternative interpretation of these events. First, we contend that, rather than being caused by a grievous error on the part of the corn breeding and seed industry, this epidemic was a particularly unfortunate, unusual, and unlucky consequence of a technological advancement intended to improve the efficiency of corn seed production for America's farmers. Second, we tell the story of the resolution of the epidemic as an example of timely, meticulously applied research in the public sector for the public good.
{"title":"Reconsidering the Lessons Learned from the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic.","authors":"Peter Balint-Kurti, Jerald Pataky","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0105-PER","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-03-24-0105-PER","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 caused estimated losses of about 16% for the U.S. corn crop, equivalent to about $8 billion in current terms. The epidemic was caused by the prevalence of Texas male sterile cytoplasm (<i>cms</i>-T), used to produce most of the hybrid corn seed planted that year, combined with the emergence of a novel race of the fungus <i>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</i> that was exquisitely virulent on <i>cms</i>-T corn. Remarkably, the epidemic lasted just a single year. This episode has often been portrayed in the literature and textbooks over the last 50 years as a catastrophic mistake perpetrated by corn breeders and seed companies of the time who did not understand or account for the dangers of crop genetic uniformity. In this perspective article, we aim to present an alternative interpretation of these events. First, we contend that, rather than being caused by a grievous error on the part of the corn breeding and seed industry, this epidemic was a particularly unfortunate, unusual, and unlucky consequence of a technological advancement intended to improve the efficiency of corn seed production for America's farmers. Second, we tell the story of the resolution of the epidemic as an example of timely, meticulously applied research in the public sector for the public good.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}