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Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)最新文献

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Rapporteur Talk: Outreach and Education 报告员演讲:外联和教育
Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0051
M. Burton
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引用次数: 1
Cosmographic model of the astroparticle skies 天体粒子天空的宇宙学模型
Pub Date : 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.1012
J. Biteau, S. Marafico, Y. Kerfis, O. Deligny
Modeling the extragalactic astroparticle skies involves reconstructing the 3D distribution of the most extreme sources in the Universe. Full-sky tomographic surveys at near-infrared wavelengths have already enabled the astroparticle community to bind the density of sources of astrophysical neutrinos and ultra-high cosmic rays (UHECRs), constrain the distribution of binary black-hole mergers and identify some of the components of the extragalactic gamma-ray background. This contribution summarizes the efforts of cleaning and complementing the catalogs developed by the gravitational-wave and near-infrared communities, in order to obtain a cosmographic view on stellarmass ("∗) and star formation rate (SFR).Unprecedented cosmography is offered by a sample of about 400,000 galaxies within 350 Mpc, with a 50-50 ratio of spectroscopic and photometric distances, "∗, SFR and corrections for incompleteness with increasing distance and decreasing Galactic latitude. The inferred 3D distribution of "∗ and SFR is consistent with Cosmic Flows. The "∗ and SFR densities converge towards values compatible with deep-field observations beyond 100 Mpc, suggesting a close-to-isotropic distribution of more distant sources. In addition to highlighting relevant applications for the four astroparticle communities, this contribution explores the distribution of -fields at Mpc scales deduced from the 3D distribution of matter, which is believed to be crucial in shaping the ultra-high-energy sky. These efforts provide a new basis for modeling UHECR anisotropies, which bodes well for the identification of their long-sought sources.
对河外天体粒子天空的建模包括重建宇宙中最极端源的三维分布。近红外波段的全天层析成像调查已经使天体粒子界能够绑定天体物理中微子和超高宇宙射线(uhecr)源的密度,约束二元黑洞合并的分布,并确定河外伽玛射线背景的一些成分。这篇文章总结了清理和补充引力波和近红外社区所开发的星表的努力,以获得恒星质量(“∗”)和恒星形成率(SFR)的宇宙学观点。前所未有的宇宙学是由350 Mpc内约40万个星系的样本提供的,光谱和光度距离,“*”,SFR和随距离增加和星系纬度减少而不完整的校正比例为50-50。推断出的“*”和“SFR”的三维分布与“宇宙流”一致。*和SFR密度趋同于与100 Mpc以上的深场观测相一致的值,表明较远源的分布接近各向同性。除了强调四种天体粒子群落的相关应用外,这篇论文还探索了从物质的三维分布推断出的Mpc尺度上的-场分布,这被认为是塑造超高能量天空的关键。这些努力为模拟UHECR各向异性提供了新的基础,这对确定其长期寻找的来源来说是一个好兆头。
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引用次数: 2
Rapporteur: Neutrinos and Muons 报告员:中微子和μ子
Pub Date : 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0048
A. Nelles
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引用次数: 1
Update on the Combined Analysis of Muon Measurements from Nine Air Shower Experiments 九次风淋室实验的μ子测量值综合分析的最新进展
Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0349
D. Soldin
Over the last two decades, various experiments have measured muon densities in extensive air showers over several orders of magnitude in primary energy. While some experiments observed differences in the muon densities between simulated and experimentally measured air showers, others reported no discrepancies. We will present an update of the meta-analysis of muon measurements from nine air shower experiments, covering shower energies between a few PeV and tens of EeV and muon threshold energies from a few 100MeV to about 10GeV. In order to compare measurements from different experiments, their energy scale was cross-calibrated and the experimental data has been compared using a universal reference scale based on air shower simulations. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon excess with respect to simulations for all hadronic interaction models, which is increasing with shower energy. For EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04 the significance of the slope of the increase is analyzed in detail under different assumptions of the individual experimental uncertainties.
在过去的二十年里,各种各样的实验已经测量了广泛的空气阵雨中的μ子密度,其主要能量超过了几个数量级。虽然一些实验观察到模拟和实验测量的空气阵雨之间的μ子密度存在差异,但其他实验报告没有差异。我们将更新9个空气阵雨实验的μ子测量数据的meta分析,涵盖了几PeV到几十EeV之间的阵雨能量和几个100MeV到大约10GeV之间的μ子阈值能量。为了比较不同实验的测量结果,交叉校准了它们的能量尺度,并使用基于风淋模拟的通用参考尺度对实验数据进行了比较。在10 PeV以上,我们发现所有强子相互作用模型的模拟都存在μ子过剩,并且随着阵雨能量的增加而增加。用于EPOS-LHC和qgsjt - ii。在不同的实验不确定度假设下,详细分析了增加斜率的意义。
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引用次数: 20
Identifying muon rings in VERITAS data using convolutional neural networks trained on images classified with Muon Hunters 2 使用卷积神经网络对muon Hunters 2分类的图像进行训练,识别VERITAS数据中的μ子环
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0766
Kevin Flanagan, John Quinn, D. Wright, H. Dickinson, P. Wilcox, Michael Laraia, S. Serjeant
Muons from extensive air showers appear as rings in images taken with imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, such as VERITAS. These muon-ring images are used for the calibration of the VERITAS telescopes, however the calibration accuracy can be improved with a more efficient muon-identification algorithm. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used in many state-ofthe-art image-recognition systems and are ideal for muon image identification, once trained on a suitable dataset with labels for muon images. However, by training a CNN on a dataset labelled by existing algorithms, the performance of the CNN would be limited by the suboptimal muonidentification efficiency of the original algorithms. Muon Hunters 2 is a citizen science project that asks users to label grids of VERITAS telescope images, stating which images contain muon rings. Each image is labelled 10 times by independent volunteers, and the votes are aggregated and used to assign a ‘muon’ or ‘non-muon’ label to the corresponding image. An analysis was performed using an expert-labelled dataset in order to determine the optimal vote percentage cut-offs for assigning labels to each image for CNN training. This was optimised so as to identify as many muon images as possible while avoiding false positives. The performance of this model greatly improves on existing muon identification algorithms, identifying approximately 30 times the number of muon images identified by the current algorithm implemented in VEGAS (VERITAS Gamma-ray Analysis Suite), and roughly 2.5 times the number identified by the Hough transform method, along with significantly outperforming a CNN trained on VEGAS-labelled data.
在像VERITAS这样的大气切伦科夫成像望远镜拍摄的图像中,来自大面积空气阵雨的μ子以环状的形式出现。这些μ子环图像用于VERITAS望远镜的校准,但可以通过更有效的μ子识别算法来提高校准精度。卷积神经网络(cnn)被用于许多最先进的图像识别系统,一旦在合适的带有μ子图像标签的数据集上进行训练,它是μ子图像识别的理想选择。然而,通过在现有算法标记的数据集上训练CNN, CNN的性能将受到原始算法的次优μ子识别效率的限制。μ子猎人2是一个公民科学项目,要求用户标记VERITAS望远镜图像的网格,说明哪些图像包含μ子环。每张图像由独立志愿者标记10次,然后将投票汇总并用于为相应的图像分配“μ子”或“非μ子”标签。使用专家标记数据集进行分析,以确定为CNN训练的每张图像分配标签的最佳投票百分比截止值。这被优化,以便识别尽可能多的μ子图像,同时避免误报。该模型的性能大大提高了现有的μ子识别算法,识别出的μ子图像数量约为VEGAS (VERITAS Gamma-ray Analysis Suite)中当前算法识别的μ子图像数量的30倍,约为Hough变换方法识别数量的2.5倍,同时显著优于在VEGAS标记数据上训练的CNN。
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引用次数: 1
Cosmic rays and the structure of the universe studied in Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory with citizen science 宇宙射线极端分布观测站与公民科学研究宇宙射线和宇宙结构
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.1370
R. Kaminski, Robert Kamińnski, Janusz Firla, S. Stuglik, D. A. Castillo, N. Budnev, O. Bar, Ł. Bibrzycki, Alok C. Gupta, B. Hnatyk, P. Homola, M. Karbowiak, M. Kasztelan, P. Kovács, B. Łozowski, M. Medvedev, A. Mozgova, M. Niedźwiecki, M. Piekarczyk, Matías Rosas, K. Rzecki, K. Smelcerz, K. Smolek, J. Stasielak, O. Sushchov, M. Svanidze, A. Tursunov, Yuri Verbetsky, T. Wibig, J. Zamora-Saá
The CREDO project aims to observe sets of simultaneous global air showers, i.e. covering the entire hemisphere of the Earth. To do this, it is necessary to deploy detectors of various sizes as densely as possible across the globe. These observations are intended to help answer some basic questions of astrophysics, such as the occurrence and nature of dark matter, the sources of high-energy particles, and the structure of space-time. The method of work of the CREDO project is citizen science, i.e. participation in the project activities not only of scientists but also students, adults, organized groups of enthusiasts and individuals interested in the topic. This community also includes people with disabilities, e.g. visually impaired or blind. The synergy of these two tasks of CREDO - science and education of the society, results in an increasing and wider territorial participation of outsiders in the activities of the project and a very rapid scientific development of the project. The following text (provisional version) presents two aspects of the CREDO project - scientific and educational, and the state of art of the project for June 2021.
CREDO项目旨在同时观测全球空气阵雨,即覆盖整个地球半球。要做到这一点,有必要在全球范围内尽可能密集地部署各种大小的探测器。这些观测旨在帮助回答天体物理学的一些基本问题,如暗物质的发生和性质、高能粒子的来源以及时空结构。CREDO项目的工作方式是公民科学,即不仅科学家参与项目活动,学生、成年人、有组织的爱好者团体和对该主题感兴趣的个人也参与项目活动。这个群体也包括残疾人,例如视障人士或盲人。CREDO的科学和社会教育这两项任务的协同作用,导致了项目活动中越来越多和更广泛的外部参与,项目的科学发展非常迅速。以下文本(暂定版本)介绍了CREDO项目的两个方面-科学和教育,以及2021年6月项目的技术状况。
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引用次数: 1
Shedding light on low-mass subhalo survival with numerical simulations 通过数值模拟揭示低质量亚光晕的生存
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0561
A. Aguirre-Santaella, M. Sánchez-Conde, R. Angulo, G. Ogiya, J. Stücker
In this work, we carry out a suite of specially-designed numerical simulations to shed further light on dark matter (DM) subhalo survival at mass scales relevant for gamma-ray DM searches, a topic subject to intense debate nowadays. Specifically, we have employed an improved version of DASH, a GPU N-body code, to study the evolution of low-mass subhalos inside a Milky Way-like halo with unprecedented accuracy. We have simulated subhalos with varying mass, concentration, and orbital properties, and considered the effect of the gravitational potential of the Milky-Way galaxy itself. In addition to shedding light on the survival of low-mass galactic subhalos, our results will provide detailed predictions that
在这项工作中,我们进行了一套专门设计的数值模拟,以进一步阐明与伽马射线DM搜索相关的暗物质(DM)亚晕生存的质量尺度,这是一个目前受到激烈争论的话题。具体来说,我们采用了改进版本的DASH,一个GPU n体代码,以前所未有的精度研究银河系状晕内低质量亚晕的演变。我们模拟了具有不同质量、浓度和轨道特性的亚晕,并考虑了银河系本身引力势的影响。除了揭示低质量星系亚晕的存在之外,我们的结果还将提供详细的预测
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引用次数: 2
Matched Runs Method to Study Extended Regions of Gamma-ray Emission 匹配运行法研究伽玛射线发射扩展区域
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0729
B. Hona
Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, such as the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), are uniquely suited to resolve the detailed morphology of extended regions of gamma-ray emission. However, standard VERITAS data analysis techniques have insufficient sensitivity to gamma-ray sources spanning the VERITAS field of view (3.5°), due to difficulties with background estimation. For analysis of such spatially extended sources with 0.5° to greater than 2° radius, we developed the Matched Runs Method. This method derives background estimations for observations of extended sources using matched separate observations of known point sources taken under similar observing conditions. Our technique has been validated by application to archival VERITAS data. Here we present a summary of the Matched Runs Method and multiple validation studies on different gamma-ray sources using VERITAS data.
成像大气切伦科夫望远镜,如非常高能辐射成像望远镜阵列系统(VERITAS),是唯一适合解决伽马射线发射扩展区域的详细形态。然而,标准的VERITAS数据分析技术对跨越VERITAS视场(3.5°)的伽马射线源的灵敏度不足,这是由于背景估计的困难。为了分析这种半径为0.5°至大于2°的空间扩展源,我们开发了匹配运行方法。该方法利用在相似观测条件下对已知点源进行的匹配分离观测,得到扩展源观测值的背景估计。我们的技术已经通过VERITAS档案数据的应用得到了验证。在这里,我们总结了匹配运行方法,并使用VERITAS数据对不同的伽马射线源进行了多次验证研究。
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引用次数: 1
Students work like astroparticle physicists with Cosmic@Web 学生们像天体粒子物理学家一样通过Cosmic@Web工作
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.1398
Philipp Lindenau, C. Schwerdt, M. Walter
Cosmic@Web is an online learning resource developed at DESY in Zeuthen, Germany as part of the outreach activities in the framework of Netzwerk Teilchenwelt . Via Cosmic@Web , high school and university students can access data from astroparticle physics experiments and experience the workflow of scientific research in this field by pursuing their own or suggested research questions. Data from various experiments located in different areas of the world can be used to study cosmic weather effects and muon properties. The analysis can be performed without any coding experience. The graphical interface allows to visualize data in several plot types and offers possibilities of data fitting as well as data reduction and corrections. So far, Cosmic@Web has been used by German high school students during internships at research institutes like DESY , for a research component as part of their high school degree as well as within projects in software development and coding. Connections to other established contents of high school physics curricula will be pointed out and the design of a Cosmic@Web workshop for high school students and teachers will be presented. Furthermore, the acceptance of the tool by students and teachers as well as their feedback during and after its introduction in the workshops will be discussed.
Cosmic@Web是DESY在德国Zeuthen开发的在线学习资源,是Netzwerk Teilchenwelt框架下推广活动的一部分。通过Cosmic@Web,高中生和大学生可以访问天体粒子物理实验数据,并通过追求自己或建议的研究问题体验该领域的科学研究工作流程。来自世界不同地区的各种实验数据可用于研究宇宙天气效应和介子特性。无需任何编码经验即可执行分析。图形界面允许在几种绘图类型中可视化数据,并提供数据拟合以及数据减少和更正的可能性。到目前为止,Cosmic@Web已经被德国高中生在DESY等研究机构实习期间使用,作为他们高中学位的研究部分,以及软件开发和编码项目的一部分。将指出与其他已建立的高中物理课程内容的联系,并将提出为高中学生和教师设计Cosmic@Web讲习班。此外,学生和教师对该工具的接受程度以及他们在研讨会期间和之后的反馈将被讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Main results of the TUS experiment on board the Lomonosov satellite 美国在罗蒙诺索夫号卫星上进行的试验的主要结果
Pub Date : 2021-08-16 DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0316
P. Klimov, S. Sharakin, M. Zotov, M. Bertaina, F. Fenu
The TUS detector was the first space-based mission aimed for ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) measurements. The detector was designed to register the fluorescent signal of extensive air showers (EAS) developing in the night atmosphere of Earth in the UV range of 300-400 nm. TUS was launched on board the Lomonosov satellite in April, 2016 and operated till December, 2017. Almost 90 thousand events were recorded during the mission, among them lightning discharges, meteors, transient luminous events, polar lights and anthropogenic signals. Some puzzling bright UV flashes in a clear sky far from possible artificial sources were also registered. Besides this, a number of EAS candidates were found in the TUS database. The majority of candidates analysed so far were recorded above populated areas near airports or similar objects, and the energy of the signals corresponds to at least 1 ZeV if they were generated by an UHECR, which does not allow one to consider these events as UHECRs. We briefly present the main results of the TUS experiment and discuss its importance for the development of the future orbital missions.
TUS探测器是第一个以超高能宇宙射线(UHECR)测量为目标的天基任务。该探测器设计用于记录地球夜间大气中形成的广泛性空气雨淋(EAS)在300-400 nm紫外范围内的荧光信号。美国卫星于2016年4月在罗蒙诺索夫卫星上发射,一直运行到2017年12月。在任务期间记录了近9万个事件,其中包括闪电放电、流星、瞬态发光事件、极地光和人为信号。在远离可能的人造光源的晴朗天空中,一些令人费解的明亮紫外线闪光也被记录下来。除此之外,在TUS数据库中还发现了一些EAS候选者。到目前为止,分析的大多数候选信号都是在靠近机场或类似物体的人口密集地区记录的,如果它们是由超高能辐射产生的,那么信号的能量至少对应于1 ZeV,这就不允许人们将这些事件视为超高能辐射。我们简要介绍了TUS实验的主要结果,并讨论了其对未来轨道任务发展的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)
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