Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii最新文献

The review highlights current ideas about the mechanisms of radiationinduced genome instability formation.Based on the results of a search in the abstract medical and biological database PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholarand a manual search of relevant information sources, data on the use of some cytogenetic and molecular geneticmethods as biomarkers of the effects of lowdose acute and prolonged radiation are analyzed and summarized. Theeffectiveness of the use of natural radioprotectors under various radiation conditions (emergency, professional,radiotherapy, etc.) is considered. The search results confirm the feasibility of studying the radiationinduced effectat the cytogenetic, genomic and epigenomic levels, which will contribute to solving an important problem in radiobiology, radiation genetics and radiation protection to improve methods for assessing, predicting and preventing thenegative effects of radiation on human health.

Objective: To assess the level of psychological stress in children affected by war and living in regions with radioecological burden, as well as to determine possible associations with the SOD2 polymorphism (Val16Ala, rs4880),using quartile stratification as an approach to the interpretation of the PSM25 scale.

Materials and methods: The study involved 42 children aged 10 to 17 years living in regions with different levelsof radiation exposure and affected by military events. The psychoemotional state was assessed using the PSM25psychological stress scale. A quartile approach was used to stratify the level of stress: Q1 (low), Q1-Q3 (intermediate) and Q3 (high). DNA samples were examined to detect the rs4880 polymorphism of the SOD2 gene. Statisticalanalysis was performed using nonparametric criteria and logistic regression models.

Results: The level of psychological stress in the sample ranged from 29 to 182 points, indicating heterogeneity ofindividual reactions. About 26 % of children demonstrated values exceeding the conditional clinical thresholds onthe PSM25 scale. The quartile stratification allowed us to identify three subgroups with different stress severity.Analysis of sociodemographic characteristics revealed a statistically significant association between gender andstress levels: girls had higher scores than boys (p = 0.041), which was also confirmed in the binary logistic model.Although children from areas with elevated radiation backgrounds did not score significantly higher on nonparametric tests, the regression model revealed a trend towards an increased risk of high stress in this group (p = 0.063).Genetic analysis showed a potential protective role of the Ala allele of the SOD2 polymorphism (rs4880). Althoughthe χ2 test did not reveal significant differences in the distribution of genotypes between quartile groups, bothbinary and ordinal logistic regression showed a consistent trend: carriers of Val/Ala and Ala/Ala genotypes had alower probability of high stress levels compared to the Val/Val reference group.

Conclusion: There is a significant variation in the level of psychoemotional stress in children exposed to war, whichindicates the heterogeneity of individual reactions. The quartile stratification of the PSM25 scale provided aneffective adaptation to the lack of standards for the pediatric population and allowed to identify clinically significant subgroups by stress level. Male gender was associated with a lower level of stress, and living in areas withchronic radiation background was associated with a tendency to increased risk, indicating the influence of socioenvironmental factors. The association analysis indicated a possible protective role of the Ala allele of the SOD2gene (rs4880), which is manifested in a reduction in the risk of high stress in children. This hypothesis requires further confirmation in larger samples.

Objective: the aim of the study was to analyze the results of radiationhygienic monitoring of settlements locatedin radioactively contaminated territories (RCT) of Ukraine at the current stage of the Chornobyl accident, as well asthe dynamics of the main factors contributing to population exposure doses, based on our own experimentalresearch conducted in reference settlements during 2012-2024.

Materials and methods: The study covered 23 settlements in RCT of Ukraine: 8 settlements of the Ivankiv andPoliske amalgamated territorial communities (ATC) of Kyiv region, 4 settlements of the Starosilska ATC of Sarny district, Rivne region, and 11 settlements of the Narodychi settlement territorial community (STC) of Zhytomyr region.In the postaccident years, these settlements recorded the highest exposure levels, and once every 3 years a comprehensive radiationhygienic monitoring was performed, which included: field WBClaboratory surveys to assessinternal exposure doses; collection of food samples with subsequent analysis for radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr; measurement of the exposure dose rate (EDR) to study external exposure; and surveys of residents on food consumptionvolumes, both from their own households and purchased in trade networks. Dosimetric, radiochemical, and mathematical methods were applied in the study.

Results: A general further decrease in the levels of internal exposure was recorded in all surveyed settlements ofKyiv, Zhytomyr, and Rivne regions, against the background of unstable seasonal dynamics during the year. Annualeffective doses of population exposure in reference settlements at the current stage of the Chornobyl accident aremainly formed by internal exposure doses, which did not exceed 0.50 mSv·y 1 in 2022 in Kyiv region, 0.67 mSv·y 1 in2023 in Rivne region, and 1.04 mSv·y 1 in 2024 in Zhytomyr region, with the RCT criterion set at 1 mSv·y 1. The mainfactor determining internal exposure dose is incorporated 137Cs, entering the human body primarily through foodproducts such as milk and forest products, especially mushrooms, which traditionally constitute a significant part ofthe diet in the Polissia region.

Conclusions: The existing radiationecological situation in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a resultof the Chornobyl catastrophe requires continued monitoring of the levels of radioactive contamination in food products, especially those collected in forests, as well as monitoring of population exposure doses.

Objective: Assessment of thyroid doses among participants of the Chornobyl Tissue Bank (CTB) enrolled in the study of the genomic landscape of thyroid follicular carcinomas and follicular adenomas, using updated methodologies and data on residential history and dietary patterns collected during the study through personal dosimetry interviews.

Materials and methods: This study presents an assessment of thyroid doses in 140 participants of the Chornobyl Tissue Bank (CTB) with pathologically confirmed diagnoses of follicular adenoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma.Thyroid doses from 131I intake were estimated using the substantially revised 'Thyroid Dosimetry System 2020 for Ukraine' (TDU20). In addition, the data on residential and dietary history have been obtained through personal interviews with 85 individuals for whom dosimetryrelated data were limited. Radiation doses to the thyroid were also estimated for the following minor exposure pathways: (a) intake of short lived radionuclides (132Te+132I and 133I) via inhalation and ingestion; (b) external irradiation from radionuclides deposited on the ground; and (c) ingestion of 134Cs and 137Cs with contaminated foodstuffs.

Results: The arithmetic mean of thyroid doses estimated in this study from all exposure pathways combined was 445 mGy, while the median dose was 71 mGy. Among study participants, a broad range of thyroid doses was observed, from 0.23 mGy to 14 Gy. The major exposure pathway was 131I intake, which accounted for a median contribution of 92 % to the thyroid dose. Among individuals who were interviewed in the study, thyroid doses from 131I intake that were calculated using TDU20 and individual questionnaire data were lower than doses that did not include the interview data: 105 mGy vs. 150 mGy for the arithmetic mean and 46 mGy vs. 98 mGy for the median, respectively.Uncertainties in dose estimates from 131I intake were characterized using the geometric standard deviation of 1,000 individual stochastic dose realizations. As a result, the geometric standard deviation ranged from 1.3 to 6.1, with an overall arithmetic mean of 3.1 and a median of 3.3 across all study participants.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the use of individual questionnaire data in dose assessment for participants who completed personal dosimetric interviews had an impact on the estimated thyroid doses. In conducting specialized studies aimed at identifying potential associations between thyroid dose and key demographic, clinical, pathological, and moleculargenetic indicators, it is valuable to carry out personal dosimetric interviews to obtain detailed residential and dietary histories of study participants. Incorporating such information allows for more realistic individual dose estimates.

The review presents literature data on the incidence and mechanisms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) inadults and children, taking into account the role of genetic changes, chromosomal aberrations, and epigenetic disorders that occur pre and postnatally as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation in a wide range of doses. The possibility of developing a set of preventive measures for the occurrence of radiationassociated ALL is discussed basedon the determination of individual variability of patients and the role of the disease's modifying risk factors.

Objective: to analyze the frequency of IGLV321 light chain expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and correlate it with clinical outcome taking into account anamnestic exposure to the ionizing radiation (IR).

Methods: The study was performed in a group of 244 unselected CLL patients. The main group (n = 106) included84 cleanup workers of the Chornobyl NPP accident, 16 inhabitants of radionuclide contaminated areas and 6 evacuees. The group of comparison consisted of 138 IR nonexposed patients. The diagnosis of CLL was based on clinical history, lymphocyte morphology, and immunophenotypic criteria. The immunoglobulin light chain (IGLV)rearrangements were analyzed by Sanger sequencing using BIOMED2 protocol in 132 patients, and in 112 patientsthe IGLV321 chain presence was tested with real time PCR method. The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV)gene mutational status, TP53 and SF3B1 mutations were studied by PCR followed by direct sequencing. Data wereanalyzed with the SPSS software package, version 20.0.

Results: Twenty four (9.8 %) IGLV321 positive cases were identified. Its frequency did not differ in the main group(6.5 %) and in the group of comparison (12.5 %), p = 0.087. In the main group, IGLV321 gene expression was determined exclusively among cleanup workers. IGLV321 positive patients and patients with expression of other IGLVgenes were comparable by gender, age, stage at diagnosis, but IGLV321+ cases more frequently had mutated (M) IGHVgenes (66.7 % vs 29.5 %; p = 0.0001) and coexpressed IGHV321 gene (37.5 % vs 3.2 %; p = 0.0001). A significantpredominance of SF3B1 gene mutations among IGHV321 positive cases (47.4 % vs 21.2 %; p = 0.017) was revealed,while the frequency of TP53 (p = 0.596) and NOTCH1 (p = 0.286) gene mutations did not differ depending on theexpression of IGLV genes. Among patients with M IGHV genes periods of progressionfree (87 mo. vs 156 mo. inIGLV321 cases; p = 0.009) and overall survival (106 mo. vs 167 mo., respectively; p = 0.021) were shorter inIGLV321 positive cases. It has been showed that Binet stage, age > 65 years, and GLV321 gene expression were powerful adverse prognostic factors for overall survival in CLL patients with M IGHV genes. Significant factors for predicting progressionfree survival were: Binet stage, IGLV321 gene expression and initial leukocytosis > 70 x 109/L. Thesedata were common to patients of both observed groups regardless of radiation anamnesis.

Conclusions: Our data confirmed unfavourable prognostic value of IGLV321 for prediction of progressionfree survival and overall survival in CLL patients with M IGHV genes, regardless of radiation anamnesis.

Objective: to examine the combined effect of doxorubicinloaded superparamagnetic nanoparticles and nonionising electromagnetic irradiation on Walker256 carcinosarcoma using magnetochemical technology.

Materials and methods: Noninbred female rats were divided into the control (untreated tumourbearing) andexperimental group receiving superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (3 mg/kg, SigmaAldrich, USA) loaded withdoxorubicin (1.5 mg/kg, Pfizer, Italy) and exposed to a static magnetic (30 mT) and electromagnetic field (42 MHz)for 15 minutes (5 sessions from day 2 after tumour inoculation). Tumour structural changes were evaluated usingmagnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T field strength and 63.9 MHz frequency (Intera, Philips, Netherlands), followedby texture heterogeneity analysis with LifeX software (France). Free iron, ceruloplasmin, superoxide radical andnitric oxide were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterise the tumour and bloodredox state.

Results: Combined treatment reduced tumour volume by 44-64 % on days 13-18 compared with the control (p < 0.05).Texture parameters (intensity, entropy, dissimilarity, autocorrelation, cluster tendency) in tumour regions of interest on T2 weighted images were 17-53 % lower than in the control (p < 0.05). After treatment, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed lower superoxide radical (4.5fold) and nitric oxide (1.2fold) levels intumour samples, in addition to increased free iron, ceruloplasmin (by 11 %) and reduced superoxide (by 54 %), nitricoxide (by 26 %) in blood samples of tumourbearing animals, compared with the control (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Doxorubicinloaded superparamagnetic nanoparticles combined with electromagnetic irradiationinhibit Walker256 carcinosarcoma growth, reduce intratumour heterogeneity and initiate changes in the tumourand blood redox state.

Objective: to investigate the psychophysiological characteristics of cognitive disorders in the long term after exposure to ionizing radiation in the elderly participants in the liquidation of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident (Chornobyl cleanup workers).

Materials and methods: Prospective clinical study with external and internal control. A randomized sample of elderly participants (attained age over 60 years) in the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at theChernobyl NPP (ChNPP) in 1986-1987 (Chornobyl cleanup workers) was examined from the Clinical andEpidemiological Registry (CER) of the National Research Center for Radiation Medicine (NRCRM) (main group, n = 52)with verified chronic cerebrovascular pathology. Comparison group (n = 13) - unexposed outpatients and inpatients/examinees of the Department of Radiation Psychoneurology of the Institute for Clinical Radiology (ICR) ofthe NRCRM. Internal control - cleanup workers, exposed at doses < 0.05 Sv (n = 12). Psychophysiological methods(auditory event related potentials (ERPs) P300 with topographic mapping), descriptive and variational statistics,parametric and nonparametric criteria, regressioncorrelation analysis were used.

Results: According to P300, diffuse impairment of information and cognitive processes of the brain lateralized tothe left temporal region with a tendency to spread to the right frontal central region was detected in the maingroup. A significant dosedependent decrease in the amplitude of the cognitive component P300 in the left frontaltemporal region (r= - 0.65; p= 0.02) was found in the elderly cleanup workers exposed at doses exceeding 0.5 Sv.For the first time, a dosedependent increase in the P300 was detected was detected in the main group of cleanupworkers in the right temporal and posterior temporal regions: T4 (r= 0.31; p= 0.01), T6 (r= 0.28; p= 0.03).

Conclusions: The auditory ERPs P300 technique is informative for detecting and monitoring neurocognitive disorders in the elderly victims of the Chornobyl disaster. The use of modern, inexpensive, accessible, and noninvasivepsychophysiological methods for diagnosing neurocognitive disorders is advisable both in scientific research and inroutine clinical practice. Objective psychophysiological markers of post radiation neurocognitive deficits in the elderly have been identified for the first time. Initially, dosedependent changes in the temporal characteristics of theP300 component in the right (subdominant) hemisphere in the elderly Chornobyl accident survivors have been identified. These trends require further observation and study.

This review article is devoted to neuropsychiatric and psychogenetic aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in the context of traumatic scenarios of the Chornobyl disaster and the RussianUkrainian war.Unprecedented challenges associated with manmade, sociopolitical, and military emergencies contribute to the significant spread of mental disorders among the military and civilian populations of Ukraine. Combined with significant difficulties in treatment and the limited effectiveness of existing treatment strategies, there is a serious clinical gap in the diagnosis and management of PTSD. Therefore, research into the genetic and epigenetic markers of this disorder, the creation and implementation of PTSD prevention models, followed by the development of individualized therapeutic and rehabilitation strategies aimed at reducing the duration of treatment, improving its effectiveness, and facilitating patient adaptation in society, remains an extremely relevant problem in clinical neuroscience. Particular attention is paid to the endocannabinoid system as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in PTSD, promising research directions, and the possibilities for the therapeutic use of cannabinoids in clinical practice.