Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii最新文献

Objective: to evaluate the time pattern peculiarities of stillbirth and infant mortality rates in the radiocontaminated territories of Ukraine in the post-accident period on the basis of the national State Statistics Service data.

Object of the study: stillbirth and infant mortality rates of population of the most intensively radiocontaminated territories of Ukraine (Lughinskyi, Narodytskyi, Ovrutskyi and Olevskyi districts of Zhytomyrska oblast, Vyshgorodskyi, Ivankivskyi and Poliskyi districts of Kyivska oblast, Rokytnivskyi and Sarnenskyi districts of Rivnenska oblast, and Kozeletskyi and Rypkinskyi districts of Chernihivska oblast).Research materials and methods. Information resources of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 1986-2020 regarding the infant mortality and stillbirth rates were used in the study. Demographic, mathematical-statistical, graphical, and software-technological research methods were applies.

Results and conclusions: Parameters of infant mortality and stillbirth rates for the 1986-2020 period were studied retrospectively. Significant variations in values were revealed both between the territories and years of survey.

Objective: summarizing the results of many years of research by the authors on the influence of gene polymorphisms encoding xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes (GSTТ1, GSTM1, GSTР1), antioxidant protection (С^262Т of the catalase gene), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (4a/4b VNTR polymorphism of the eNOS gene), and some environmental factors on the occurrence of broncho-obstructive disorders and the development of bronchial asthma in children, residents of radioactively contaminated areas.

Materials and methods: The examined school-aged children were residents of radioactively RCA who had no clinical signs of respiratory pathology. Deletion polymorphism of catalase gene (CAT C^262T), polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase gene (GSTТ1, GSTM1, GSTР1) and the polymorphism in the 4th intron (4a/4b) of the eNOS gene were studied in the molecular genetics laboratory of the State Institution «Reference Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Public Health Ministry of Ukraine». Molecular genetic studies were performed by polymerase chain reaction. The study of the ventilation lung capacity was carried out by the method of computer spirometry based on the data of the «flow-volume» loop analysis. A pharmacological inhalation test with a bronchodilator drug which affects the β2-adrenergic receptors of the lungs was used to detect early changes in the ventilatory lung capacity - bronchial hyperreactivity.

Results and conclusions: One of the leading mechanisms, due to which the implementation of hereditary predisposition to bronchial asthma in children living in radioactively contaminated areas is the polymorphism of certain genes of glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase. With such polymorphic variants of the GST genes, isoforms of enzymes with reduced activity are produced, which limits their ability to effectively neutralize free radicals, which are formed in excess when free radical oxidation processes are activated due to the constant intake of radionuclides with a long half-life into the body of children. Unfavorable factors that increase the risk of developing broncho-obstructive disorders and the likelihood of their implementation in the form of bronchial asthma in children, residents of radioactively contaminated areas, have been identified. It has been established that among them the leading role is played by hereditary predisposition to this disease. On the part of the child, such negative factors were unfavorable conditions of intrauterine development, the presence of signs of exudative-catarrhal diathesis, manifestations of allergies and frequent respiratory diseases from the first months of life.

The relevance of the work is due to the significant increase in depression with cognitive disorders (CD) worldwide, and in Ukraine in particular, in victims of emergencies situations (ES), and the importance, but insufficient development of clinical and psychopathological aspects of medical and psychological-psychiatric care for this contingent of people. Despite the modern achievements of psychiatry in the study of depression in ES, an important problem is CD, which worsen the quality of life of patients, increase the risk of relapse, progressive course, and suicidal behavior. In order to improve the level of psychological and psychiatric care for depressed patients with CD in post-stress disorders by radiation accidents, the COVID-19 pandemic, and wars, the study of domestic and foreign literature on these disorders, which have both common features and certain differences, was conducted.Conclusions. The study confirms the significant prevalence of depression with CD in victims of radiation accidents, the COVID-19 pandemic, and wars, the insufficient development of clinical and psychopathological aspects and theneed for further study of this problem, as well as the creation of state measures of psychological and psychiatric care for these patients.

Objective: to study the clinical and neurophysiological features in the Chornobyl clean-up workers with a verified chronic cerebrovascular disease/cerebral small vessels disease (SVD) exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR), employees of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (SSE ChNPP), who were exposed to the stress factor of a full-scale war as a result of being held captive by the Russian military at their workplaces, and individuals of the non-irradiated comparison group.Design, object and methods. A cross-sectional clinical study with parallel external control groups. We studied and carried out an expert statistical analysis of the clinical and neurophysiological characteristics of 62 male subjects, from which three examination groups were formed: 1) a randomized sample from the Clinical Epidemiological Register (CER) of the State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine» (NRCRM) of 22 Chornobyl clean-up workers ('Chornobyl liquidators') in 1986-1990,examined during 2020-2021, aged 50-68 years at the time of examination (M ± SD: (58.1 ± 5.2) years) with a documented external radiation dose of 0.03-2.30 Sv; 2) 24 SSE ChNPP employees exposed to the stress factor impact of a full-scale war as a result of being held captive by the Russian military at their workplaces. The average age of the examined was (54.5 ± 5.8) years (range 46-71 years). 3) Comparison group - 16 non-exposed men with verified chronic cerebrovascular disease/cerebral small vessels disease (SVD). The average age of the examined was (57.8 ± 5.6) years (range 50-70 years).

Results: Neurophysiological studies confirm the presence of the pronounced dysfunction of the cortico-limbic system of the left dominant hemisphere of the brain with special involvement of the hippocampus in the Chornobyl clean-up workers. In the SSE ChNPP group, for the first time, the disorders of cerebral neurodynamics were detected in the form of functional hypofrontality and hyperfunction of the cortico-limbic system with lateralization to the right hemisphere.

Conclusions: Today there exists a long-term thorough methodological and evidence base for a possible neurophysiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the combined cerebral effects of IR and psycho-emotional stress associated with the conditions of military conflicts. Neurophysiological technologies can be used in the objective professional and qualification selection of employees in a number of professions that require quick and responsible decision-making. Employees of SSE ChNPP need further medical and psychological support due to an increased risk of developing mental health disorders.

Objective: identification of clinical and metabolic characteristics of osteogenesis and factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in children living in radioactively contaminated territories (RCT) after the ChNPP accident for the use of therapeutic and preventive measures aiming to reduce the incidence of disorders.

Materials and methods: Children aged 4 to 18 years old (n = 539) were involved in the study within 4 age groups, namely under 7 years old, 7-10 years old, 10-14 years old, older than 14 years old. Studied parameters in children with a reduced BMD (85-65 relative units and under 65 relative units) were estimated vs. the normative BMD (100-85 relative units) cases. Diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis in children was established according to the BMD T-index. Family history of the relatives of children was studied. Body weight at birth, fractures of the long bones, complaints of osalgia, jaw anomalies, dental caries, presence of obesity, and hypermobility syndrome (HMS) were assessed. Peripheral blood biochemical tests were performed featuring the serum total protein, alkaline phosphatase (APh), calcium, vitamin D, creatinine, serum iron (SI), ferritin, cortisol, pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) assay. BMD was measured and radiation doses in children were reconstructed.

Results: BMD depended on the age of children. A direct correlation was established between the cholelithiasis and urolithiasis incidence (р < 0.01), cancer and endocrine diseases (р < 0.05) in the relatives of children that had BMD under 65 relative units. Dental caries developed more often (р < 0.05), while obesity was less frequent (р < 0.05) in the subjects with BMD < 65 relative units. A direct correlation was established between the level of serum creatinine and BMD (р < 0.01), and there was an inverse correlation between the serum APh level and BMD (р < 0.001).Every third child had a vitamin D deficiency. Fractures of long bones and increased content of SI and TSH were characteristic for the children having got osteopenia (BMD within 85-65 relative units), while besides a predisposition to bone fractures the higher levels of SI, APh, cortisol both with calcium deficiency were found in children with osteoporosis (BMD < 65 relative units) compared to the general group with a similar BMD. An increased incidence of HMS was characteristic too. Radiation doses in children with osteopenia were higher than in those with osteoporosis: (1.17 ± 0.09) mSv and (0.92 ± 0.06) mSv respectively (р < 0.05). No correlation was found between the radiation doses and clinical signs, blood biochemistry or BMD.

Conclusions: Study of the functional mechanisms of bone structures in children, depending on their metabolism, had made it possible to reveal the factors that affect bone formation in children living in RCT after the ChNPP accident, and to form the pop

Objective: to determine the presence of changes in peripheral blood parameters, characterizing its redox state, and the level of apoptosis of lymphocyte in radiologists/x-ray technologies who, due to their official duties, are exposed to small doses of ionizing radiation.

Object and methods: The work was performed on blood samples of 45 professionals radiologists/x-ray technologies and 52 conventionally healthy individuals (control group). The content of malondialdehyde and sulfhydryl groups of proteins and peptides (-SH) in blood plasma was determined; catalase enzyme activity and the ratio of pro-antioxidant processes in hemolysates, the level of superoxide anion-radical (О2-) generation, the total production offree radical compounds (reactive forms of oxygen and nitrogen) and the level of apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).

Results: The content of malondialdehyde in the blood of professionals was increased by 1.49 times and the contentof -SH was decreased by 1.67 times compared to conventionally healthy individuals. An increase in the level of О2-production by 1.56 times was observed for PBL. The obtained results indicate a shift in the ratio between antioxidant and pro-oxidant processes towards the latter, which is confirmed by a 1.49-fold increase of this index. The levelfor PBL apoptosis was reduced by 1.35 times. For professionals, against the background of increased generation of О2-, a reliable direct correlation was observed between the indicator of apoptosis and the total production of free radical compounds, and between the latter and the level of apoptosis of lymphocytes, which was not noted for the conventionally healthy individuals group.

Conclusion: A change in the ratio between pro- and antioxidant processes in the blood was found for professionals who are in contact with sources of ionizing radiation, which indicates the possibility of the development of oxidative stress, and the consequence of a reduced level of apoptosis of lymphocytes may be the danger of accumulating genetic damage in these cells.

Cardiovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death among breast cancer (BC) patients. Prediction of cardiovascular toxicity (CT) is an important part of the successful treatment and survival of patients.

Objective: to develop a risk score model for cardiovascular toxicity (CT) predicting, based on cardiovascular risk factors (RFs), RFs associated with cancer therapy, and troponin levels.

Material and methods: The study included 76 BC patients with a prospective analysis of their clinical and treatment data, RFs, echocardiographic indicators before the start of treatment and after 6 months, and an increase in troponin level. Among all RFs, the most significant RFs of CT were: radiation therapy, treatment with anthracyclines, and cardiovascular diseases. Based on the obtained results, a combined CT risk score was developed and proposed.According to the sum of points, patients were divided into groups: group 1 - with a low risk of CT development, the sum of points < 5; group 2 - moderate risk, 6-7 points; group 3 - high risk, > 8 points.

Results: In a pilot prospective study, an analysis of the RFs of CT was provided, compared to echocardiography data and the degree of troponin increase in dynamic observation; the risk score model for the CT prediction was developed for BC patients stratification. According to the developed score, BC patients with a total of > 8 points are considered to have a high risk of CT complications.

Conclusions: The use of the proposed risk model score with calculation of the RFs of CT along with high-sensitivity troponin increase during cancer treatment allows predicting the risk of CT developing at the early stages - before the onset of clinical manifestations. Accordingly, these BC patients have a high risk of CT, and the use of personalized cardiac monitoring together with cardioprotective therapy can prevent cardiovascular complications.

Research activities and scientific advance achieved in 2022 at the State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine» (NRCRM) concerning medical problems of the Chornobyl disaster, radiation medicine, radiobiology, radiation hygiene and epidemiology in collaboration with the WHO network of medical preparedness and assistance in radiation accidents are outlined in the annual report. The report presents the results of fundamental and applied research works of the study of radiation effects and health effects of the Chornobyl accident. The report also shows the results of scientificorganizational and health care work, staff training. The Scientific Council meeting of NAMS approved the NRCRM Annual Report.

The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between functional status of bronchopulmonary system and obstructive sleep apnea in clean-up workers of Chornobyl NPP accident in a remote post-accident period.

Materials and methods: We included 58 COPD male patients clean-up workers of Chornobyl NPP accident: 21 with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), 37 - without. A complex of functional tests and OSA screening was provided.

Results: In clean-up workers of Chornobyl NPP accident with COPD and obstructive sleep apnea in a remote post-accident period apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) negatively correlated with FVC, % of predicted (r = -0.36, p < 0.05), the intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV), % of predicted (r = -0.40, p < 0.05); AHI positively correlated with diffusion lung capacity (DLCO), % of predicted values (r = 0.57, p < 0.05), with the intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV), % of predicted (r = 0.53, p < 0.05), body mass index (r = 0.49, p < 0.05) and age (r = 0.62, p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Obstructive sleep apnea was diagnosed in 36.3 % of patients with COPD clean up workers of Chornobyl NPP accident. Screening for OSA in patients with COPD, clean-up workers of Chornobyl NPP accident is a very important clinical task for prognosis and treatment.

Objective: identify the nature of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation in different periods of plasma cell myeloma (PCM) natural history with evaluation of its role as a prognostic criterion for the disease course in the Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP) accident survivors.

Materials and methods: Levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines both with their relationship were studied in the stage I-II and stage III PCM patients (n = 74) in different periods of the disease natural history i.e. remission/stabilization and progression. Study groups included the ChNPP accident survivors (n = 35) and non-irradiated subjects (n = 39). Immunoenzymatic method was applied using the Vector-Best CJSC commercial kits.

Results: There was a unidirectional increase in the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 in irradiated persons, and an elevation of IL-6 and TNF-α concentration but with a decreased level of IL-10 in non-irradiated subjects compared to control at the time of PCM diagnosis. Period of the disease remission/stabilization in PCM stage I-II patients featured a decrease in IL-6 concentration regardless of the exposure to ionizing radiation, while TNF-α content remained at the level of the control group. There was a significant increase in IL-6 concentration in both study groups during the disease relapse, while TNF-α level remained unchanged compared to stabilization phase of the disease. According to the obtained data a certain contribution of radiation exposure to the PCM pathogenesis as a possible predictor of the exacerbated disease course cannon be excluded.

Conclusion: Determining the serum level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 respectively) provides advancement in assessment of the PCM course and predict the effectiveness of administration of therapy protocols.