Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins最新文献

The poultry industry is under tremendous pressure to improve avian health and performance while reducing antibiotic dispensation due to concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and food safety. In this scenario, postbiotics and parabiotics have emerged as viable alternatives to traditional feed additives. Postbiotics are bioactive substances generated subsequent to probiotic fermentation, encompassing microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, peptides, and cell wall fragments, which provide various health advantages. Contrarily, parabiotics denote non-viable microbial cells or their constituents, which provide comparable immunomodulatory and gastrointestinal advantages without requiring live organisms. Both interventions play crucial roles in modulating gut microbiota, enhancing immune function, promoting nutrient absorption, and improving overall growth performance in poultry. The mechanisms through which these compounds exert their beneficial effects include modulation of gut microbiota, enhancement of immune response, and improvement of nutrient absorption. Recent studies demonstrated that postbiotics and parabiotics can curb down prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders and enhance feed conversion ratios (FCR) and overall performance in chicken. Through improving intestinal integrity and reducing harmful microbes, postbiotics improve nutrient absorption and growth rates, meanwhile alleviating the effects of strains like heat and health problems. Furthermore, the safety, stability, and ease of application of postbiotics and parabiotics in commercial feed formulations further assist and cultivate their extensive application. Current review emphasizes on the advantageous features and potential of postbiotics and parabiotics in mitigating prevalent poultry health and production-related constraints such as disease prevention, enhancement of FCR, weight gain, and egg production. This study examines prospective research avenues and potential obstacles in incorporating these biotic chemicals into conventional poultry management.

The human gut microbiome is critical in promoting human health in many aspects, like facilitating nutrient absorption, digestion, immune system regulation, and protecting against pathogens. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases. In this context, a combination of prebiotics and probiotics as synbiotics is emerging as a popular approach for managing immune and gastrointestinal health. Synbiotics have exhibited considerable potency in restoring eubiosis via modulating the gut microbiome. The dietary supplementation of synbiotics has shown promising results in treating infectious diseases like hepatitis, gastroenteritis, dental caries, and sepsis. Synbiotics antagonise pathogens by maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis, competing with pathogenic microorganisms for adhesion and nutrition, producing antimicrobial compounds, and stimulating immunomodulatory cells in vivo. The present article has been conceptualised to understand the potential of synbiotics as an alternative or adjunct to antibiotics in managing infectious diseases. Furthermore, it elaborates on the different formulations of synbiotics available for clinical use and their mode of action. Challenges associated and recent approaches to improve the efficacy of these therapeutics have also been addressed.

This review aimed to assess the efficacy of probiotics on clinical parameters in smoking patients with periodontal diseases. An electronic search was carried out, without date or language restrictions, in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases for identification of clinical trials whose population consisted of smokers with gingivitis or periodontitis, undergoing probiotic therapy associated to non-surgical periodontal therapy, and that carried out evaluation of periodontal clinical parameters. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Assessment Checklist. Among the 162 studies identified, four were eligible for qualitative synthesis. Eight probiotic species were identified, predominantly Lactobacilli, with L. reuteri being the most prevalent. These probiotics were administered in tablet or lozenge form. Probiotics, in combination with non-surgical periodontal therapy, demonstrated reductions in gingival index, probing pocket depth, and bleeding on probing. Furthermore, probiotics exhibited efficacy comparable to antibiotics in grade C periodontitis treatment. Risk of bias was deemed low across all studies. Within the limitations of this review, it can be concluded that probiotic therapy appears to confer benefits to non-surgical periodontal therapy in smoking patients.

Obesity is a global health crisis associated with various metabolic and psychological dysfunctions, which requires a comprehensive therapeutic approach. This study aimed to assess the combined effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus E24-168 and exercise on obesity-related dysfunctions and anxiety in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Swiss Albino male mice were divided into five groups: control, HFD, HFD with exercise (HFD + Ex), HFD with Pediococcus pentosaceus E24-168 (HFD + PP), and HFD with both exercise and Pediococcus pentosaceus E24-168 (HFD + Ex + PP). After 35 days of treatment, behavioral tests were conducted on mice from each group, followed by biochemical and histological analyses. Results indicated that the HFD group experienced significant increases in body weight, blood glucose levels, anxiety-related behaviors, and tissue damage. The exercise-only group (HFD + Ex) and the probiotic-only group (HFD + PP) each showed moderate improvements in these areas. However, the combined intervention group (HFD + Ex + PP) exhibited the most pronounced benefits, including significant weight loss, improved biochemical markers, normalized glucose and lipid profiles, decreased liver enzyme activity, reduced anxiety behaviors, and enhanced histological outcomes. These findings suggest that the combination of Pediococcus pentosaceus E24-168 and exercise may be a highly effective therapeutic strategy for addressing metabolic and psychological dysfunctions associated with obesity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics supplementation on goats fed a high-concentrate diet in terms of growth performance, rumen fermentation, microbiome and metabolite, and barrier function. Twelve 5-month-old goats (22.74 ± 0.31 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group (CON) was given a basal diet, whereas the experimental group (PRB) was provided with a diet supplemented with 2 g/kg of a probiotics for 60 days. The results indicated that the final weight (FW) and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased in the PRB group compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Rumen fluid in the PRB group showed significantly elevated levels of butyrate, ammonia nitrogen, propionate, acetate, and total volatile fatty acids, with a significantly reduced acetate/propionate (p < 0.05). Additionally, the PRB group demonstrated significant increases in rumen papilla width and density of gastric papillae (p < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-4, Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 in the rumen epithelium was significantly upregulated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA relative expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was significantly elevated, whereas the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). 16S rDNA sequencing revealed enrichment of beneficial microbes, such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Monoglobus, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, and Roseburia, which promoted fiber degradation and volatile fatty acid production. Elevated metabolites, including 2-lysophosphatidylcholin, PC(18:0/0:0), tryptophol, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindole glucuronide, and mevalonic acid, contribute to epithelial repair, barrier function, and fermentation. Additionally, 4-nitrocatechol was associated with improved rumen papillae structure and anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, probiotics supplementation enhanced rumen fermentation, microbial composition, and barrier function while alleviating inflammation, ultimately improving growth performance and rumen health in goats on a high-concentrate diet.

Obesity has emerged as a major global health concern, contributing to the development of many chronic illnesses and metabolic conditions. Recent studies underscore the critical role that gut bacteria play in controlling the body's metabolism, with Bifidobacterium species gaining prominence for their diverse effects on the management of obesity. This review considers the knowledge currently accessible about the processes that how Bifidobacterium affects obesity, extending beyond the conventional understanding of probiotics. We explore the probiotic characteristics of Bifidobacterium, which encompass the enhancement of gut homeostasis, the strengthening of intestinal barrier integrity, the mitigation of inflammation as a key factor in obesity pathogenesis, and various other widely recognized beneficial effects. In addition, we discuss the role of Bifidobacterium in metabolic functions and its effects on weight management and associated mechanisms. This review also addresses Bifidobacterium and the multiple elements that lead to obesity, including the interaction with dietary and nutritional elements, the effects of exercise and lifestyle choices, and the consideration of impacts from both the environment and genetics. The evidence and mechanisms presented highlight the beneficial role of Bifidobacterium in managing obesity; however, there remain significant gaps in our comprehensive understanding of its impact on obesity, which we have aimed to address in this review.

To ascertain safety, the assessment of bacterial strains to be used as probiotics needs rigorous and well-designed in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, the safety of a GABA-producing Levilactobacillus brevis LAB6 MTCC 25662 was assessed using in (silico, vitro and vivo) approaches. Firstly, the genomic analysis suggested that LAB6 is non-pathogenic to humans, as it does not harbour the genes for virulence, pathogenesis-related and horizontally transferable antimicrobial resistance. LAB6 neither produces biogenic amines nor degrades mucin, has no haemolytic activity and does not exert cytotoxicity on HEK-293 cells. In vivo safety of LAB6 was assessed in acute, subacute and sub-chronic oral feeding experiments following revised OECD guidelines 425, 407 and 408, respectively. Histopathological, blood biochemical, haematological parameters, gut permeability and oxidative stress levels were assessed. In vivo studies indicated that LAB6 did not negatively impact haematological markers or cause deleterious histological alterations in the vital organs. The anti-inflammatory potential of LAB6 in alleviating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in murine macrophages was assessed in the presence of GABA_A and GABA_B receptor antagonists. LAB6, owing to its GABA-producing ability, prevented LPS-induced inflammation by reducing TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels by 62.3%, 27.2% and 74.8%, respectively. Antagonism of the GABA_A receptor with bicuculline methiodide (BMI) partially blunted the protective effects of LAB6, while GABA_B antagonism has no significant impact in curtailing its protective effects. Overall results indicated that oral consumption of anti-inflammatory and GABA-producing LAB6 is safe to test in human studies further.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), a widespread inflammatory condition impacting the abdomen with persistent organ dysfunction (> 48 h) and a high mortality rate, poses challenges due to its unclear pathogenesis and the absence of effective treatment options. Chitooligosaccharide (COS), a naturally occurring alkaline oligosaccharide, demonstrates robust anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regulating intestinal microbiota properties. However, the specific protective impact of COS on SAP remains to be fully elucidated. Maintaining intestinal microecological balance provides an effective method for modulating systemic infection in SAP. This study examined the effects of COS on the intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal microbiota with SAP, and the possible mechanisms by which COS produces anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. The SAP model was established by injecting sodium taurocholate into the pancreaticobiliary ducts of Sprague-Dawley rats. Serum pancreatitis biomarkers, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers in intestinal tissue, and plasma intestinal permeability factors were measured to evaluate inflammation and intestinal injury. Western blot analysis was used to detect E-cadherin and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal tissue to assess intestinal integrity. The intestinal microbiota composition in feces was characterised through 16S rRNA sequencing. COS treatment (2.5-5 mg/mL) significantly decreased serum pancreatitis biomarkers and inflammatory factors, improved pancreatic and intestinal pathology, reduced inflammatory factors in intestinal tissues and intestinal permeability factors in plasma, increased antioxidant factors, and upregulated the protein expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in intestinal tissues compared to those in the normal saline treatment group. COS affected the diversity and richness of the intestinal microbiota. Oral gavage of 2.5-5 mg/mL COS improved the intestinal microflora balance and recovered intestinal barrier injury in SAP rats. Additionally, an in vitro cell model of intestinal inflammation was prepared by incubating NCM460 cells with 200 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 h. Inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, and expression of p-P65-P65 were measured to explore possible mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of COS. COS ameliorated SAP severity in our rat model by restoring intestinal barrier function and microbiota balance, suggesting potential as a therapeutic agent for SAP, pending further clinical evaluation.

The novel duck reovirus (NDRV) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry, with limited effective treatment options and no effective vaccine available. As the dominant genus of Bacillus in the duck intestine, its antiviral effects, particularly in a heat-inactivated form, have been previously reported. In our study, we used the NDRV-infected duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells and a Cherry Valley duck model to evaluate the antiviral properties of heat-inactivated Bacillus. Four strains of probiotics were isolated from healthy duck feces, namely Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Bac28, Bacillus tequilensis (B. tequilensis) Bac41, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Bac45, and Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) Bac55, all exhibiting probiotic properties. In an in vitro assay, the cytotoxic effectsi of heat-inactivated isolates on DEF cytotoxicity were assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Furthermore, the anti-NDRV activities of heat-inactivated solutions of these four strains were evaluated through RT-qPCR. Additionally, the mRNA relative expression levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as ZO-1 and occluding, were examined using RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that the heat-inactivated solution exhibited no cytotoxicity and displayed inhibitory effects against NDRV in DEF cell cultures. Treatment with the heat-inactivated solution significantly down-regulated inflammatory cytokine levels and up-regulated mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier factors. In the in vivo tests, the heat-inactivated Bacillus mixture effectively alleviated clinical symptoms and intestinal damage of ducks infected by NDRV. These findings suggest that the four probiotic strains could provide some levels of protective effects against NDRV infections.