Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1177/13506501231215140
M. Abdollah, H. Amiruddin, Shahira Liza Kamis, Nurin Wahidah Mohd Zulkifli
{"title":"Guest Editorial Preface (MYTRIBOS 2022 – Part 2)","authors":"M. Abdollah, H. Amiruddin, Shahira Liza Kamis, Nurin Wahidah Mohd Zulkifli","doi":"10.1177/13506501231215140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231215140","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139273020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1177/13506501231212532
Xianchen Yang, Xinmei Li, Songchen Wang
A novel electrical contact wear simulation method was proposed to characterize the electrical contact wear of fittings in ultra-high-voltage transmission lines by combining line fittings with the Archard wear model and oxidation loss theory. In this method, a three-dimensional (3D) rough body was generated by using the Weierstrass–Mandelbrot fractal function to simulate the contact surface. An electrical contact wear subroutine was developed, and the wear state was updated using arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian adaptive grid technology. Finally, finite element software was used to perform thermal stress wear coupled analysis. The results show that the wear volume, wear depth and friction temperature obtained by the rough electric contact model were 2.71 times, 4.21 times and 2.18 times of the common ideal plane model, respectively. In the rough model, the wear depth of the nodes initially accelerated, subsequently slowed down, and again accelerated with time. The friction high temperature region was distributed in a point pattern, and the temperature difference between the contact region and the non-contact region became obvious.
{"title":"Simulation of electrical contact wear on the rough surfaces of ultra-high-voltage transmission line fittings","authors":"Xianchen Yang, Xinmei Li, Songchen Wang","doi":"10.1177/13506501231212532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231212532","url":null,"abstract":"A novel electrical contact wear simulation method was proposed to characterize the electrical contact wear of fittings in ultra-high-voltage transmission lines by combining line fittings with the Archard wear model and oxidation loss theory. In this method, a three-dimensional (3D) rough body was generated by using the Weierstrass–Mandelbrot fractal function to simulate the contact surface. An electrical contact wear subroutine was developed, and the wear state was updated using arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian adaptive grid technology. Finally, finite element software was used to perform thermal stress wear coupled analysis. The results show that the wear volume, wear depth and friction temperature obtained by the rough electric contact model were 2.71 times, 4.21 times and 2.18 times of the common ideal plane model, respectively. In the rough model, the wear depth of the nodes initially accelerated, subsequently slowed down, and again accelerated with time. The friction high temperature region was distributed in a point pattern, and the temperature difference between the contact region and the non-contact region became obvious.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136282195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1177/13506501231213774
Krishnkant Sahu, Satish C. Sharma, Adesh Kumar Tomar
The present article deals with the effects of deformable bearing shells on the performance of lobed slot-entry hybrid journal bearing systems. The influence of the deformation coefficient [Formula: see text] has been studied using the thin liner elasticity model, which measures the flexibility of the bearing liner. Recently, smart fluid, that is, electrorheological (ER) fluid has been used in various tribological systems to obtain better performance. Therefore, the influence of ER lubricant on the bearing performance characteristics has also been studied in this work. Bingham model constitutive relation has been used to analyze the non-Newtonian behavior of ER fluid. The performance of fluid film bearings is greatly influenced by the noncircularity of the bearings. Therefore, the behavior of deformable bearing shells in a slot-entry journal bearing for lobed conditions has also been studied in the present study. The results reveal that considering deformation in the bearing shell reduces the value of frictional torque, whereas the value of stiffness coefficients and stability threshold speed increases. However, ER lubricant enhances the value of film thickness, stiffness/damping coefficients, and stability threshold speed margin.
{"title":"Effect of bearing shell deformation and ER fluid behavior on two-lobed slot-entry hybrid journal bearing","authors":"Krishnkant Sahu, Satish C. Sharma, Adesh Kumar Tomar","doi":"10.1177/13506501231213774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231213774","url":null,"abstract":"The present article deals with the effects of deformable bearing shells on the performance of lobed slot-entry hybrid journal bearing systems. The influence of the deformation coefficient [Formula: see text] has been studied using the thin liner elasticity model, which measures the flexibility of the bearing liner. Recently, smart fluid, that is, electrorheological (ER) fluid has been used in various tribological systems to obtain better performance. Therefore, the influence of ER lubricant on the bearing performance characteristics has also been studied in this work. Bingham model constitutive relation has been used to analyze the non-Newtonian behavior of ER fluid. The performance of fluid film bearings is greatly influenced by the noncircularity of the bearings. Therefore, the behavior of deformable bearing shells in a slot-entry journal bearing for lobed conditions has also been studied in the present study. The results reveal that considering deformation in the bearing shell reduces the value of frictional torque, whereas the value of stiffness coefficients and stability threshold speed increases. However, ER lubricant enhances the value of film thickness, stiffness/damping coefficients, and stability threshold speed margin.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136351292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1177/13506501231211625
Dhinakaran Veeman, P M Bupathi Ram, Manickam Ravichandran, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar
Composite materials have an ever-increasing demand for their application in numerous applications such as aerospace, automobile, petroleum, etc. These materials vary according to their chemical composition, properties, manufacturing techniques, etc. Natural fiber-reinforced composites are the composites where natural fibers such as plant, animal, and mineral fibers are used as reinforcement material. Reinforcement of these fibers yields composite material with extensive properties such as high strength, durability, reliability, etc. These properties lead them to commercial applications in several areas. Therefore, this paper describes various characteristics of the matrix, reinforcement, and resin used for natural fiber composite materials. Also, multiple parameters that affect the growth of these composites are investigated. The tribological behavior of natural fiber composites is focused mainly on friction, wear, and lubrication. Furthermore, the material's mechanical performance and metallurgical behavior are also given significant importance. These materials’ application in various fields is explored separately, and multiple conclusions are drawn.
{"title":"Tribological, mechanical, and metallurgical performance of natural fiber-reinforced composites: A comprehensive review","authors":"Dhinakaran Veeman, P M Bupathi Ram, Manickam Ravichandran, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar","doi":"10.1177/13506501231211625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231211625","url":null,"abstract":"Composite materials have an ever-increasing demand for their application in numerous applications such as aerospace, automobile, petroleum, etc. These materials vary according to their chemical composition, properties, manufacturing techniques, etc. Natural fiber-reinforced composites are the composites where natural fibers such as plant, animal, and mineral fibers are used as reinforcement material. Reinforcement of these fibers yields composite material with extensive properties such as high strength, durability, reliability, etc. These properties lead them to commercial applications in several areas. Therefore, this paper describes various characteristics of the matrix, reinforcement, and resin used for natural fiber composite materials. Also, multiple parameters that affect the growth of these composites are investigated. The tribological behavior of natural fiber composites is focused mainly on friction, wear, and lubrication. Furthermore, the material's mechanical performance and metallurgical behavior are also given significant importance. These materials’ application in various fields is explored separately, and multiple conclusions are drawn.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Results of an experimental study on the levitation of a light object created by the squeeze-film mechanism under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions are presented and discussed. Two working substances were used, that is vacuum pump oil and ionic liquid. It was determined that vacuum pump oil produced a much higher levitation altitude of the floating light object compared to the ionic liquid. Also, it was established that levitation can be achieved under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions. The levitation height of the light object was slightly higher under vacuum conditions.
{"title":"Development of non-contact floating mechanism utilizing squeeze film levitation under vacuum environment","authors":"Ryota Ogawa, Taiki Ito, Shouhei Kawada, Masaaki Miyatake, Cristinel Mares, Tadeusz Stolarski, Shigeka Yoshimoto","doi":"10.1177/13506501231211624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231211624","url":null,"abstract":"Results of an experimental study on the levitation of a light object created by the squeeze-film mechanism under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions are presented and discussed. Two working substances were used, that is vacuum pump oil and ionic liquid. It was determined that vacuum pump oil produced a much higher levitation altitude of the floating light object compared to the ionic liquid. Also, it was established that levitation can be achieved under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions. The levitation height of the light object was slightly higher under vacuum conditions.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a critical review on the measuring methods and parameters affecting nano-tribology in the context of nano-scale wear. Nano-scale wear phenomena play a crucial role in various industries, including micro/nano-systems, electronics, and biotechnology. The review begins by discussing the significance of nano-scale wear and its impact on device performance, lifespan, durability, energy efficiency, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. It then delves into the measuring methods employed to assess nano-scale wear, including scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM). The capabilities of AFM and FFM in studying the roughness of surface, adhesion, friction, scratch, abrasion, and nano-scale material transfer are highlighted. Additionally, the review explores the parameters affecting nano-wear, such as lubrication strategies, stress levels, sliding velocity, and atomic-scale reactions. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of advanced microscopy techniques in understanding tribological mechanisms at different scales, bridging the gap between macro and nano-tribology studies.
{"title":"Nano-scale wear: A critical review on its measuring methods and parameters affecting nano-tribology","authors":"Behzad Sadeghi, Pasquale Cavaliere, Ali Shabani, Catalin Iulian Pruncu, Luciano Lamberti","doi":"10.1177/13506501231207525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231207525","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a critical review on the measuring methods and parameters affecting nano-tribology in the context of nano-scale wear. Nano-scale wear phenomena play a crucial role in various industries, including micro/nano-systems, electronics, and biotechnology. The review begins by discussing the significance of nano-scale wear and its impact on device performance, lifespan, durability, energy efficiency, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. It then delves into the measuring methods employed to assess nano-scale wear, including scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM). The capabilities of AFM and FFM in studying the roughness of surface, adhesion, friction, scratch, abrasion, and nano-scale material transfer are highlighted. Additionally, the review explores the parameters affecting nano-wear, such as lubrication strategies, stress levels, sliding velocity, and atomic-scale reactions. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of advanced microscopy techniques in understanding tribological mechanisms at different scales, bridging the gap between macro and nano-tribology studies.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135540456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1177/13506501231210595
Ao Zhong, Weimin Tang, Ligang Yao, Ling Pan, Jun Zhang
A proper running-in process is necessary for double circular-arc spiral bevel gears to achieve desirable meshing performance. However, this type of gear transmission lacks a suitable running-in wear model, which brings great difficulties to the design of appropriate running-in strategies. To address this problem, the present study establishes an efficient numerical wear model to reveal the wear behavior of double circular-arc spiral bevel gear pairs, based on which a step-wise load running-in strategy is proposed. The established Archard's wear model considers the meshing characteristics of double circular-arc spiral bevel gears and sets a small threshold value, which can reflect the wear behavior of this gear in the running-in stage. To improve the computation efficiency, a two-step parameter updating strategy is proposed to enhance the iteration of p and s. The wear simulation reveals the quantitative relationship contact pressure and running-in cycle during the running-in process. Based on the reveal relationship, a step-wise load running-in strategy is proposed to sharpen the running-in period. The developed wear model and the proposed running-in strategy can be extended to other types of gears with circular-arc profiles.
{"title":"A running-in strategy based on an efficient wear simulation model for double circular-arc spiral bevel gears","authors":"Ao Zhong, Weimin Tang, Ligang Yao, Ling Pan, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1177/13506501231210595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231210595","url":null,"abstract":"A proper running-in process is necessary for double circular-arc spiral bevel gears to achieve desirable meshing performance. However, this type of gear transmission lacks a suitable running-in wear model, which brings great difficulties to the design of appropriate running-in strategies. To address this problem, the present study establishes an efficient numerical wear model to reveal the wear behavior of double circular-arc spiral bevel gear pairs, based on which a step-wise load running-in strategy is proposed. The established Archard's wear model considers the meshing characteristics of double circular-arc spiral bevel gears and sets a small threshold value, which can reflect the wear behavior of this gear in the running-in stage. To improve the computation efficiency, a two-step parameter updating strategy is proposed to enhance the iteration of p and s. The wear simulation reveals the quantitative relationship contact pressure and running-in cycle during the running-in process. Based on the reveal relationship, a step-wise load running-in strategy is proposed to sharpen the running-in period. The developed wear model and the proposed running-in strategy can be extended to other types of gears with circular-arc profiles.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, an extended Reynolds equation incorporating the shape errors and the inertia effects of compressible fluid was formulated. The pressure-solving equation for the gas film was constructed using a second-order finite difference method. By combining the measurement data from the cylindricity of multiple shafts obtained from a cylindricity measuring instrument, the variation of the aerostatic bearing load capacity with the rotation of the shaft was calculated, both with and without considering the inertia effect. An experimental rig was also constructed to measure the error motion data of the corresponding shaft. The results of numerical analysis and experimental validation demonstrated that shafts with larger cylindricity error values exhibit greater deviations in the calculated bearing load capacity, which correspondingly leads to larger radial error motion values measured in the experiment. When the roundness error value of the shaft is small or the shaft speed is low, the influence of inertial effects on the calculation results of the load capacity deviation is minimal and can generally be disregarded.
{"title":"Influence of shape errors and inertia effects on the error motion of the aerostatic spindle","authors":"Guoqing Zhang, Jianming Zheng, Hechun Yu, Ting Chen, Shijie Shan, Chao Peng","doi":"10.1177/13506501231211393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231211393","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an extended Reynolds equation incorporating the shape errors and the inertia effects of compressible fluid was formulated. The pressure-solving equation for the gas film was constructed using a second-order finite difference method. By combining the measurement data from the cylindricity of multiple shafts obtained from a cylindricity measuring instrument, the variation of the aerostatic bearing load capacity with the rotation of the shaft was calculated, both with and without considering the inertia effect. An experimental rig was also constructed to measure the error motion data of the corresponding shaft. The results of numerical analysis and experimental validation demonstrated that shafts with larger cylindricity error values exhibit greater deviations in the calculated bearing load capacity, which correspondingly leads to larger radial error motion values measured in the experiment. When the roundness error value of the shaft is small or the shaft speed is low, the influence of inertial effects on the calculation results of the load capacity deviation is minimal and can generally be disregarded.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a newly developed technology for manufacturing parts from three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) models by depositing a material layer on layer. Multi-jet fusion (MJF) is one of the AM technologies that can be used for manufacturing functional parts like gear, linear, bearing, etc., by polymers. In various applications, technical processes, design of tribological systems, optimum lubrication, and reduction of wear and friction are significant performance criteria to provide energy and material conservation. The development of green tribological applications offers essential solutions to problems of ecosystem pollution and energy from a global point of view to increase sustainability. In this article, the green tribological behavior of Polyamide 12 (PA12) parts, manufactured by MJF with different build orientations was evaluated by ball-on-disc tribological tests under different normal loads and lubricated environments. Mechanical profilometer and digital microscope were used to evaluate surface quality and morphology. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the samples’ wear characteristics. The maximum surface roughness was measured for the part having a build orientation of 45°. The maximum coefficient of friction value was determined as 0.355 for the sample with 45° orientation under 5 N load and dry environment. The maximum wear rate value was determined as 2.3249 × 10 −4 mm 3 /Nmm for the sample with 0° orientation under 10 N load and dry state. The differences between build orientations should be considered when evaluating tribological properties. This article provides a new perspective to researchers and practitioners toward green tribology of polymer AM parts.
增材制造(AM)是一种新发展起来的技术，通过一层一层地沉积材料，从三维(3D)计算机辅助设计(CAD)模型制造零件。多射流融合(MJF)是一种增材制造技术，可用于制造功能部件，如齿轮，线性，轴承等，由聚合物。在各种应用中，技术流程、摩擦学系统的设计、最佳润滑、减少磨损和摩擦是提供能源和材料节约的重要性能标准。绿色摩擦学应用的发展从全球的角度为生态系统污染和能源问题提供了必要的解决方案，以提高可持续性。在不同的正常载荷和润滑环境下，通过球盘摩擦试验，对MJF公司生产的具有不同构造取向的聚酰胺12 (PA12)零件的绿色摩擦学性能进行了评价。采用机械轮廓仪和数码显微镜对表面质量和形貌进行评价。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对试样的磨损特性进行了分析。最大表面粗糙度测量的部分具有45°的构建方向。在5 N载荷和干燥环境下，45°取向试样的最大摩擦系数为0.355。在10 N载荷和干燥状态下，0°取向试样的最大磨损率为2.3249 × 10−4 mm 3 /Nmm。在评估摩擦学性能时，应考虑构建方向之间的差异。本文为高分子增材制造零件的绿色摩擦学研究提供了新的视角。
{"title":"Effect of build orientation on the green tribological properties of multi-jet fusion manufactured PA12 parts","authors":"Beyza Gavcar, Emir Halit Sumer, Binnur Sagbas, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar","doi":"10.1177/13506501231209396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231209396","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) is a newly developed technology for manufacturing parts from three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) models by depositing a material layer on layer. Multi-jet fusion (MJF) is one of the AM technologies that can be used for manufacturing functional parts like gear, linear, bearing, etc., by polymers. In various applications, technical processes, design of tribological systems, optimum lubrication, and reduction of wear and friction are significant performance criteria to provide energy and material conservation. The development of green tribological applications offers essential solutions to problems of ecosystem pollution and energy from a global point of view to increase sustainability. In this article, the green tribological behavior of Polyamide 12 (PA12) parts, manufactured by MJF with different build orientations was evaluated by ball-on-disc tribological tests under different normal loads and lubricated environments. Mechanical profilometer and digital microscope were used to evaluate surface quality and morphology. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the samples’ wear characteristics. The maximum surface roughness was measured for the part having a build orientation of 45°. The maximum coefficient of friction value was determined as 0.355 for the sample with 45° orientation under 5 N load and dry environment. The maximum wear rate value was determined as 2.3249 × 10 −4 mm 3 /Nmm for the sample with 0° orientation under 10 N load and dry state. The differences between build orientations should be considered when evaluating tribological properties. This article provides a new perspective to researchers and practitioners toward green tribology of polymer AM parts.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1177/13506501231207126
Wassem Gerges, Oliver Heipl, Marc Wettlaufer, Dirk Bartel
As the clutch friction stability in dual-clutch transmissions has been continuously improved over the last decade, wear protection of high loaded mechanical contacts has become increasingly important and mechanical failures have been observed at the end of extended oil drain intervals. A test method was established based on standard equipment already used for transmission fluid development. A modified FZG four-square test rig allows ageing a reduced oil volume to not decelerate development times. Applicability was demonstrated by ageing four full formulated transmission fluids using the new approach and comparing the results to aged transmission fluids sampled from durability testing. The oils aged with the FZG rig exhibit the same characteristics of scuffing load capacity degradation as observed in full transmission systems. However, in the full transmission system, the degradation starts at lower applied specific work, most likely due to the different system complexity. It is pointed out that not only the thermal load but also the tribological stresses have to be considered to mimic oil ageing.
{"title":"Impact of oil ageing on gear scuffing in hybrid dual-clutch transmissions","authors":"Wassem Gerges, Oliver Heipl, Marc Wettlaufer, Dirk Bartel","doi":"10.1177/13506501231207126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501231207126","url":null,"abstract":"As the clutch friction stability in dual-clutch transmissions has been continuously improved over the last decade, wear protection of high loaded mechanical contacts has become increasingly important and mechanical failures have been observed at the end of extended oil drain intervals. A test method was established based on standard equipment already used for transmission fluid development. A modified FZG four-square test rig allows ageing a reduced oil volume to not decelerate development times. Applicability was demonstrated by ageing four full formulated transmission fluids using the new approach and comparing the results to aged transmission fluids sampled from durability testing. The oils aged with the FZG rig exhibit the same characteristics of scuffing load capacity degradation as observed in full transmission systems. However, in the full transmission system, the degradation starts at lower applied specific work, most likely due to the different system complexity. It is pointed out that not only the thermal load but also the tribological stresses have to be considered to mimic oil ageing.","PeriodicalId":20570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：