Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288332
V. Suomi
Recent developments in aerospace technology make it possible to probe all regions of the atmosphere. Suitable sensors for taking observations in all regions do not yet exist. Electronics scientists and engineers are usually not familiar with these problems but they have the knowhow needed to solve them technically. Meteorological rockets, special observations from satellites and indirect probes are discussed briefly as examples. Evidently more contact between electronic and atmospheric scientists could yield a significant increase in our understanding of the atmosphere.
{"title":"Observing the Atmosphere-A Challenge","authors":"V. Suomi","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288332","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in aerospace technology make it possible to probe all regions of the atmosphere. Suitable sensors for taking observations in all regions do not yet exist. Electronics scientists and engineers are usually not familiar with these problems but they have the knowhow needed to solve them technically. Meteorological rockets, special observations from satellites and indirect probes are discussed briefly as examples. Evidently more contact between electronic and atmospheric scientists could yield a significant increase in our understanding of the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"100 1","pages":"2192-2197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73632066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288346
G. Curtis
Two short series of tests involving measuring low-frequency electromagnetic radiation from ten-gram explosive charges in air and water have revealed signals lower than 1 cps, of duration occasionally greater than fifteen seconds. Care was used to insure that the signals were not of microphonic or other spurious origin. While radiation from explosions is well known, it is believed that the extremely low frequencies and long persistence as well as their occurrence in water are novel. No theory appears to fit all aspects of the phenomenon. Possibly related natural signals are discussed and an experimental program to yield information to formulate a hypothesis is described briefly.
{"title":"ELF Electromagnetic Radiation from Small Explosive Charges in Air and Water","authors":"G. Curtis","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288346","url":null,"abstract":"Two short series of tests involving measuring low-frequency electromagnetic radiation from ten-gram explosive charges in air and water have revealed signals lower than 1 cps, of duration occasionally greater than fifteen seconds. Care was used to insure that the signals were not of microphonic or other spurious origin. While radiation from explosions is well known, it is believed that the extremely low frequencies and long persistence as well as their occurrence in water are novel. No theory appears to fit all aspects of the phenomenon. Possibly related natural signals are discussed and an experimental program to yield information to formulate a hypothesis is described briefly.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"36 1","pages":"2298-2301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81428492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288343
J. Ulwick, W. Pfister, R. P. Vancour, R. T. Bettinger, O. Haycock, K. Baker
An Astrobee 200 rocket was instrumented with a multiple ionospheric experiment for firing at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. Eight probing instruments and a propagation experiment were carried for the simultaneous measurement of electron density, positive ion density, electron temperature, vehicle potential and incoming radiation. The planning, experiments, tracking, telemetry, attitude and ejection systems, field operations, data recording and reduction, and preliminary results are described. It is a good model of a complex operation illustrating the coordinated effort required between groups of different responsibility.
{"title":"Firing of an Astrobee 200 Rocket with a Multiple Ionospheric Experiment","authors":"J. Ulwick, W. Pfister, R. P. Vancour, R. T. Bettinger, O. Haycock, K. Baker","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288343","url":null,"abstract":"An Astrobee 200 rocket was instrumented with a multiple ionospheric experiment for firing at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. Eight probing instruments and a propagation experiment were carried for the simultaneous measurement of electron density, positive ion density, electron temperature, vehicle potential and incoming radiation. The planning, experiments, tracking, telemetry, attitude and ejection systems, field operations, data recording and reduction, and preliminary results are described. It is a good model of a complex operation illustrating the coordinated effort required between groups of different responsibility.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"1 1","pages":"2272-2286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82995011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288335
J. T. Thomson, W. Schneider
An automatic marine seismic monitoring and recording instrument of recoverable design is discussed. The instrument is capable of measuring three components of earth motion and water pressure waves and is intended for use on the ocean bottom at depths to 10,000 feet. Most previous seismic data has been recorded at land-based stations and the collection of ocean-floor seismic information will materially add to the knowledge of origin and propagation phenomena. Data are recorded on magnetic tape in digital form. Seismic motion is recorded in the 1-10 cps band with a sensitivity below 0.1 millimicron of earth movement. Pressure information is recorded over the same bandwidth with comparable sensitivity. Up to eight hours of data can be recorded on a programmed cycle during each implanting of the instrument. Initial sea tests of the instrument indicate that the unit functioned as desired. Several events recorded during the test period appeared to give valid seismic information. One of these events is described. Simultaneous recording of pressure and velocity is expected to enhance detection capability. It is planned in a future program to collect additional seismic information in much deeper waters and at sites chosen for maximum quality data return. The data will represent the first extensive effort to collect and analyze three-component seismic (plus pressure) information at great ocean depths.
{"title":"An Automatic Marine Seismic Monitoring and Recording Device","authors":"J. T. Thomson, W. Schneider","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288335","url":null,"abstract":"An automatic marine seismic monitoring and recording instrument of recoverable design is discussed. The instrument is capable of measuring three components of earth motion and water pressure waves and is intended for use on the ocean bottom at depths to 10,000 feet. Most previous seismic data has been recorded at land-based stations and the collection of ocean-floor seismic information will materially add to the knowledge of origin and propagation phenomena. Data are recorded on magnetic tape in digital form. Seismic motion is recorded in the 1-10 cps band with a sensitivity below 0.1 millimicron of earth movement. Pressure information is recorded over the same bandwidth with comparable sensitivity. Up to eight hours of data can be recorded on a programmed cycle during each implanting of the instrument. Initial sea tests of the instrument indicate that the unit functioned as desired. Several events recorded during the test period appeared to give valid seismic information. One of these events is described. Simultaneous recording of pressure and velocity is expected to enhance detection capability. It is planned in a future program to collect additional seismic information in much deeper waters and at sites chosen for maximum quality data return. The data will represent the first extensive effort to collect and analyze three-component seismic (plus pressure) information at great ocean depths.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"1 1","pages":"2209-2216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79049582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288330
W. Roberts
{"title":"Introduction to Papers by Sutton, Suomi, and Chubb","authors":"W. Roberts","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288330","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"14 1","pages":"2183-2183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89772529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288349
J. W. Keller, R. D. Shelton, R. A. Potter, L. Lacy
The problem of solar cell damage by proton and electron radiation is treated analytically from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint. The general approach is to form a damage integral, consisting of the integral over the energy spectrum, for both electrons and protons, of an integrand formed by the product of the differential energy spectrum and a damage function, and to relate this damage integral to the deterioration of solar cells under irradiation. The damage function is considered theoretically from the microscopic viewpoint of collision theory and empirically by using available experimental data. By making several approximations and assumptions, the data from the solar cell patches on Explorer XI is compared with predictions based upon the empirical relationship developed for the damage integral.
{"title":"A Study of the Effect of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation on Unprotected Solar Cells","authors":"J. W. Keller, R. D. Shelton, R. A. Potter, L. Lacy","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288349","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of solar cell damage by proton and electron radiation is treated analytically from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint. The general approach is to form a damage integral, consisting of the integral over the energy spectrum, for both electrons and protons, of an integrand formed by the product of the differential energy spectrum and a damage function, and to relate this damage integral to the deterioration of solar cells under irradiation. The damage function is considered theoretically from the microscopic viewpoint of collision theory and empirically by using available experimental data. By making several approximations and assumptions, the data from the solar cell patches on Explorer XI is compared with predictions based upon the empirical relationship developed for the damage integral.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"75 1","pages":"2320-2327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74850170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287960
B. S. Melton, D. P. Johnson
Seismograph design is discussed in the general terms of band pass, control of response characteristics through mechanical and electrical modifications of the system, and the limitations imposed on sensitivity when some seemingly innocuous numbers are ignored. Earth vibration amplitudes of one Angstrom or less, and power-sensing levels as low as 10-20 watts are considered, implying that instrumental noise levels should be even lower under some circumstances. A discussion of transducer elements leads to the conclusion that the incorporation of a galvanometer into the motion-amplifying system offers at least as good a system as can be devised by other means. The concept of a platform stabilized against seismic disturbances is outlined as an interesting and probably important sidelight on seismograph design. Remarks on mechanical construction are included as guidance to designers because certain details, such as spring proportions, lever systems, crossed flexure plate hinges and suspension members with controlled regions of bending have been found extremely effective while other details of design have produced elusive troubles. Some design features are illustrated in the construction of certain seismographs in whose design the authors have an interest. The problem of level sensitivity for horizontal component seismometers is outlined to show its basic nature, and some possible solutions.
{"title":"Inertial Seismograph Design-Limitations in Principle and Practice (Or How Not to Build a Sensitive Seismograph)","authors":"B. S. Melton, D. P. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287960","url":null,"abstract":"Seismograph design is discussed in the general terms of band pass, control of response characteristics through mechanical and electrical modifications of the system, and the limitations imposed on sensitivity when some seemingly innocuous numbers are ignored. Earth vibration amplitudes of one Angstrom or less, and power-sensing levels as low as 10-20 watts are considered, implying that instrumental noise levels should be even lower under some circumstances. A discussion of transducer elements leads to the conclusion that the incorporation of a galvanometer into the motion-amplifying system offers at least as good a system as can be devised by other means. The concept of a platform stabilized against seismic disturbances is outlined as an interesting and probably important sidelight on seismograph design. Remarks on mechanical construction are included as guidance to designers because certain details, such as spring proportions, lever systems, crossed flexure plate hinges and suspension members with controlled regions of bending have been found extremely effective while other details of design have produced elusive troubles. Some design features are illustrated in the construction of certain seismographs in whose design the authors have an interest. The problem of level sensitivity for horizontal component seismometers is outlined to show its basic nature, and some possible solutions.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"165 1","pages":"2328-2339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76917611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288338
F. Segesman, S. Soloway, M. Watson
Various types of measuring devices are lowered on cable into holes drilled for oil or gas for the purpose of logging formation and borehole properties. Among major objectives of oil well logging are the location of porous zones, bed definition, and interpretation for lithology and hydrocarbon saturation. These objectives are realized indirectly by measurement of related physical parameters. Several devices are described for the borehole measurement of electrical, nuclear, sonic, and radioactive quantities, and environmental problems encountered in the design of such devices are discussed. Many of the measuring techniques developed for this purpose are applicable in other fields such as oceanography.
{"title":"Well Logging-The Exploration of Subsurface Geology","authors":"F. Segesman, S. Soloway, M. Watson","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288338","url":null,"abstract":"Various types of measuring devices are lowered on cable into holes drilled for oil or gas for the purpose of logging formation and borehole properties. Among major objectives of oil well logging are the location of porous zones, bed definition, and interpretation for lithology and hydrocarbon saturation. These objectives are realized indirectly by measurement of related physical parameters. Several devices are described for the borehole measurement of electrical, nuclear, sonic, and radioactive quantities, and environmental problems encountered in the design of such devices are discussed. Many of the measuring techniques developed for this purpose are applicable in other fields such as oceanography.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"72 1","pages":"2227-2243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85480380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1962.288336
M. G. Gudzin, E. Holle
This paper describes the instrumentation and principal operating characteristics of one of the seismological observatories being established in the United States under Project VELA UNIFORM. Seismic detectors are arranged in arrays to provide directional sensitivity, noise cancellation, and velocity filtering. They are located in remote, seismically quiet areas. Signals in the frequency range of 0.001 to 10 cps are detected, amplified, and recorded by four individual instrumentation systems, each exhibiting a frequency response tailored to permit studies of a specific type of earth motion. Seismic detectors used produce output power levels of approximately 10-5 watts when driven by normal earth background vibrations. Amplification is provided by galvanometer-phototube bridge amplifiers. Data are recorded on magnetic tape, 16-mm strip film and on heat-sensitive paper.
{"title":"Seismological Observatories","authors":"M. G. Gudzin, E. Holle","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1962.288336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1962.288336","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the instrumentation and principal operating characteristics of one of the seismological observatories being established in the United States under Project VELA UNIFORM. Seismic detectors are arranged in arrays to provide directional sensitivity, noise cancellation, and velocity filtering. They are located in remote, seismically quiet areas. Signals in the frequency range of 0.001 to 10 cps are detected, amplified, and recorded by four individual instrumentation systems, each exhibiting a frequency response tailored to permit studies of a specific type of earth motion. Seismic detectors used produce output power levels of approximately 10-5 watts when driven by normal earth background vibrations. Amplification is provided by galvanometer-phototube bridge amplifiers. Data are recorded on magnetic tape, 16-mm strip film and on heat-sensitive paper.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"1 1","pages":"2216-2224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89737427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287962
A. Green, B. List, J. F. P. Zengel
Past and present observations of magnetic and telluric field variations are reviewed. Particular attention is given to measurement of the related E and H fields for very-low-frequency (0.001-1.0 cps) vertically incident waves and the characteristics and probable origins of these waves are discussed. Current techniques for measuring these waves include orthogonal sets of earth current probes, mutually perpendicular air-core loops, high-mu cores wound with many turns, and modem optical pumping magnetometers. Simultaneous observations of the E and H fields of these waves may be employed in geophysics for vertical profiling, resistivity determinations, the location of faults, axes of inhomogeneity, and ore bodies. In addition such observations are of great value in observing the complex interplay of the solar corpuscular stream ("solar wind") and the earth's magnetic field, and may also be employed as indicators of high altitude nuclear events.
{"title":"The Theory, Measurement, and Applications of Very-Low-Frequency Magnetotelluric Variations","authors":"A. Green, B. List, J. F. P. Zengel","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287962","url":null,"abstract":"Past and present observations of magnetic and telluric field variations are reviewed. Particular attention is given to measurement of the related E and H fields for very-low-frequency (0.001-1.0 cps) vertically incident waves and the characteristics and probable origins of these waves are discussed. Current techniques for measuring these waves include orthogonal sets of earth current probes, mutually perpendicular air-core loops, high-mu cores wound with many turns, and modem optical pumping magnetometers. Simultaneous observations of the E and H fields of these waves may be employed in geophysics for vertical profiling, resistivity determinations, the location of faults, axes of inhomogeneity, and ore bodies. In addition such observations are of great value in observing the complex interplay of the solar corpuscular stream (\"solar wind\") and the earth's magnetic field, and may also be employed as indicators of high altitude nuclear events.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"121 1","pages":"2347-2363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89473602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：