Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288007
A. Lo
Recent developments in high-speed switching elements are outlined to indicate the trend of recent work and thoughts on physical implementation of high-speed digital data processing systems. Four outstanding switching elements, thin film cryotron, high-speed transistor, microwave parametric phase-locked oscillator, and tunnel diode, as well as some related circuit and fabrication techniques, are briefly described and commented on. The transistor remains as the predominant switching element for these systems, largely because of the vast experience with it. The other technologies are presenting an ever increasing challenge to the transistor in this area.
{"title":"Development in High-Speed Switching Elements","authors":"A. Lo","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288007","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in high-speed switching elements are outlined to indicate the trend of recent work and thoughts on physical implementation of high-speed digital data processing systems. Four outstanding switching elements, thin film cryotron, high-speed transistor, microwave parametric phase-locked oscillator, and tunnel diode, as well as some related circuit and fabrication techniques, are briefly described and commented on. The transistor remains as the predominant switching element for these systems, largely because of the vast experience with it. The other technologies are presenting an ever increasing challenge to the transistor in this area.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"13 1","pages":"1067-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81383147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288011
E. E. David, O. Selfridge
Attempts to mechanize character reading and speech recognition have greatly accelerated in the past decade. This increased interest was prompted by the promise of computer inputs more flexible in format than punched cards or magnetic tape. Research has shown that automatic sensing can be done reliably if the task is suitably delimited. Cleverly designed marks on standard forms can be both machine and man readable. A single type font or a few fixed ones are tractable if the print quality is controlled. Handprinting can be handled for careful writers, as can meticulous handwriting. Isolated spoken words taken from a small number of talkers and a limited vocabulary can be automatically recognized. Typical error rates for these machine-sensings run between 0.5 and 25 per cent. These results imply that reading unrestricted typestyles, handwritten scrawl, or recognizing conversational speech is beyond the reach of present methods. From the engineering viewpoint, questions of values enter. Might it not be wiser to punch cards or tape while making copy rather than depend upon complex character recognition hardware? Is it useful to have voice input to a computer when a finger and typewriter are available? Answers to such questions will depend upon the specific application. Certainly, the utility of automatic sensing will depend upon what is to be done with the material after it enters the computer as well as the internal organization of the machine itself.
{"title":"Eyes and Ears for Computers","authors":"E. E. David, O. Selfridge","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288011","url":null,"abstract":"Attempts to mechanize character reading and speech recognition have greatly accelerated in the past decade. This increased interest was prompted by the promise of computer inputs more flexible in format than punched cards or magnetic tape. Research has shown that automatic sensing can be done reliably if the task is suitably delimited. Cleverly designed marks on standard forms can be both machine and man readable. A single type font or a few fixed ones are tractable if the print quality is controlled. Handprinting can be handled for careful writers, as can meticulous handwriting. Isolated spoken words taken from a small number of talkers and a limited vocabulary can be automatically recognized. Typical error rates for these machine-sensings run between 0.5 and 25 per cent. These results imply that reading unrestricted typestyles, handwritten scrawl, or recognizing conversational speech is beyond the reach of present methods. From the engineering viewpoint, questions of values enter. Might it not be wiser to punch cards or tape while making copy rather than depend upon complex character recognition hardware? Is it useful to have voice input to a computer when a finger and typewriter are available? Answers to such questions will depend upon the specific application. Certainly, the utility of automatic sensing will depend upon what is to be done with the material after it enters the computer as well as the internal organization of the machine itself.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"20 1","pages":"1093-1101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81576001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288381
J. Ryder
Maxwell started the electrical field on the mathematical analysis path, and the field will continue to successfully exploit the mathematical method. It can be expected that engineering will more completely take over the teaching of its own basic principles, as engineering becomes more accurately described as applied science. Future progress in electrical education will be built about mathematics, and especially employ systems analysis and materials science. Without further advance in his science base, the engineer may be in danger of becoming an order-taking technician. Such progress in fundamental will require the elimination of many present-day barriers between areas of specialization.
{"title":"Future Trends in Electrical Engineering Education","authors":"J. Ryder","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288381","url":null,"abstract":"Maxwell started the electrical field on the mathematical analysis path, and the field will continue to successfully exploit the mathematical method. It can be expected that engineering will more completely take over the teaching of its own basic principles, as engineering becomes more accurately described as applied science. Future progress in electrical education will be built about mathematics, and especially employ systems analysis and materials science. Without further advance in his science base, the engineer may be in danger of becoming an order-taking technician. Such progress in fundamental will require the elimination of many present-day barriers between areas of specialization.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"33 1","pages":"957-960"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80755917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288014
E. M. McElwee
Throughout his career, an engineer has a responsibility to communicate the results of his work to four major audiences: his management, his colleagues, students or trainees, and the lay public. He must, therefore, be proficient in various forms of oral and written communication, ranging from simple conversations to formal reports and articles. To transmit information effectively, an engineer must have a complete understanding of his audience, his subject and his language. The Professional Group on Engineering Writing and Speech sponsors publications, meetings and workshops to help IRE members meet this communication challenge successfully.
{"title":"Communication: A Responsibility and A Challenge","authors":"E. M. McElwee","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288014","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout his career, an engineer has a responsibility to communicate the results of his work to four major audiences: his management, his colleagues, students or trainees, and the lay public. He must, therefore, be proficient in various forms of oral and written communication, ranging from simple conversations to formal reports and articles. To transmit information effectively, an engineer must have a complete understanding of his audience, his subject and his language. The Professional Group on Engineering Writing and Speech sponsors publications, meetings and workshops to help IRE members meet this communication challenge successfully.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"38 1","pages":"1113-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78412040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288016
D. McRuer, E. Krendel
The man-machine concept as developed in this paper refers to a closed-loop control system comprising a machine and an actively participating human operator. The human component attributes are described with both general and specific engineering models. Particular emphasis is placed on the human adaptive characteristics which make for an unusual control system. Predictive behavior is discussed in terms of actual-physical and conceptual-effective display organizations resulting in compensatory, pursuit, and precognitive system organizations. Adaptive-operator transfer characteristics are presented, and applications of the adaptive model for random-input compensatory system design are listed. As an example, the model is used to estimate operator and system characteristics for a specific system, and the estirnates are compared with experimental results derived from associated empirical data. In a discussion of performance assessment, the basic attributes which any criterion for system performance should possess are reviewed, and a modus operandi for manual control system performance assessment is proposed.
{"title":"The Man-Machine System Concept","authors":"D. McRuer, E. Krendel","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288016","url":null,"abstract":"The man-machine concept as developed in this paper refers to a closed-loop control system comprising a machine and an actively participating human operator. The human component attributes are described with both general and specific engineering models. Particular emphasis is placed on the human adaptive characteristics which make for an unusual control system. Predictive behavior is discussed in terms of actual-physical and conceptual-effective display organizations resulting in compensatory, pursuit, and precognitive system organizations. Adaptive-operator transfer characteristics are presented, and applications of the adaptive model for random-input compensatory system design are listed. As an example, the model is used to estimate operator and system characteristics for a specific system, and the estirnates are compared with experimental results derived from associated empirical data. In a discussion of performance assessment, the basic attributes which any criterion for system performance should possess are reviewed, and a modus operandi for manual control system performance assessment is proposed.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"229 1","pages":"1117-1123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78606972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288071
L. Lusted
As quantitative bio-medical science develops, the amount of data to be handled will increase. Already the investigator frequently finds that the analysis of the data he has collected is beyond his computational ability and he is forced to turn to automatic data processing. The bio-medical investigator must have access to a variety of both analog and digital computing equipment if progress is to be made in biomedical research. Automatic data-processing techniques and equipment need to be introduced to the areas of public health and patient care. Projects dealing with medical records, medical literature retrieval, automatic chemical analysis, the recording of signs, symptoms, nurses' notes, etc., must all be tied together in regional medical computing systems as soon as possible. Particular attention must be given to this systematic collection and analysis of medical data before regional computing systems can help physicians with diagnosis and treatment.
{"title":"Data Handling, Computers and Diagnosis","authors":"L. Lusted","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288071","url":null,"abstract":"As quantitative bio-medical science develops, the amount of data to be handled will increase. Already the investigator frequently finds that the analysis of the data he has collected is beyond his computational ability and he is forced to turn to automatic data processing. The bio-medical investigator must have access to a variety of both analog and digital computing equipment if progress is to be made in biomedical research. Automatic data-processing techniques and equipment need to be introduced to the areas of public health and patient care. Projects dealing with medical records, medical literature retrieval, automatic chemical analysis, the recording of signs, symptoms, nurses' notes, etc., must all be tied together in regional medical computing systems as soon as possible. Particular attention must be given to this systematic collection and analysis of medical data before regional computing systems can help physicians with diagnosis and treatment.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"24 1","pages":"1190-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74988787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287981
N. Rochester
{"title":"The Automatic Handbook","authors":"N. Rochester","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287981","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"63 1","pages":"579-580"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90451861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288017
J. E. Karlin, S. N. Alexander
The inclusion of computer-based assemblies into man-machine complexes has enhanced the relevance of characteristics of the human link in the system. In particular, the virtues and limitations for transmission of information among the physical subsystems through a human channel is an important consideration in systems design. The current status of the supporting research for this area is briefly summarized. The related but more recondite area covering communication between man and computer is also important to the effectiveness of man-machine complexes. However, supporting research for this area is meager and most of it is contained in engineering psychology studies pertinent to the needs of specific systems. Research facilities more appropriate for the exploratory needs of both areas are becoming available and these presage the broad intensive programs needed to provide research guidance to the systems design of man-machine complexes.
{"title":"Communication between Man and Machine","authors":"J. E. Karlin, S. N. Alexander","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288017","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of computer-based assemblies into man-machine complexes has enhanced the relevance of characteristics of the human link in the system. In particular, the virtues and limitations for transmission of information among the physical subsystems through a human channel is an important consideration in systems design. The current status of the supporting research for this area is briefly summarized. The related but more recondite area covering communication between man and computer is also important to the effectiveness of man-machine complexes. However, supporting research for this area is meager and most of it is contained in engineering psychology studies pertinent to the needs of specific systems. Research facilities more appropriate for the exploratory needs of both areas are becoming available and these presage the broad intensive programs needed to provide research guidance to the systems design of man-machine complexes.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"23 1","pages":"1124-1128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83938089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288360
E. Weber
{"title":"World Travel and Space Communication - 2012 A.D.","authors":"E. Weber","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"77 1","pages":"565-566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72846741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288300
O. Reed
New developments in broadcasting in the past 20 years are treated from the general allocations development viewpoints including regulatory aspects and the evolution in the broadcast standard, frequency modulation, and television station industry. The prospects for compatible single sideband modulation techniques in standard broadcasting, developments in FM stereo regulations and experimental techniques in the color television field are explored. Brief treatment is accorded the horizon subject of extra terrestrial satellite relay usage in broadcasting as well as the currently developed backbone of international broadcasting. References are included to fundamental explorations of several government-industry engineering committees including the Television Allocations Study Organization, technical study papers issued under the auspices of the Chief Engineer of the Federal Communications Commission, and studies carried on by broadcasters, network organizations, and manufacturers.
{"title":"Broadcasting Developments Now Taking Place","authors":"O. Reed","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288300","url":null,"abstract":"New developments in broadcasting in the past 20 years are treated from the general allocations development viewpoints including regulatory aspects and the evolution in the broadcast standard, frequency modulation, and television station industry. The prospects for compatible single sideband modulation techniques in standard broadcasting, developments in FM stereo regulations and experimental techniques in the color television field are explored. Brief treatment is accorded the horizon subject of extra terrestrial satellite relay usage in broadcasting as well as the currently developed backbone of international broadcasting. References are included to fundamental explorations of several government-industry engineering committees including the Television Allocations Study Organization, technical study papers issued under the auspices of the Chief Engineer of the Federal Communications Commission, and studies carried on by broadcasters, network organizations, and manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"1 1","pages":"837-847"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82520730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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