Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288331
G. Sutton
A great variety of instruments are being used to measure geophysical parameters. Many of these parameters exhibit extremely small variations about a large average value. Since it is often the small variations that are of interest to the geophysicist, these instruments usually must be extremely sensitive and stable.
{"title":"Geophysical Techniques for Studying the Earth's Interior","authors":"G. Sutton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288331","url":null,"abstract":"A great variety of instruments are being used to measure geophysical parameters. Many of these parameters exhibit extremely small variations about a large average value. Since it is often the small variations that are of interest to the geophysicist, these instruments usually must be extremely sensitive and stable.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"4 1","pages":"2184-2191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85399061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288340
Edward W. Johnson
By means of the ASWEPS Shipboard System, it will be possible for a variety of vessels to systematically and accurately collect the large volume of data necessary to establish a synoptic picture of the underwater environment. Because the design of the Shipboard System is integrated with the projected central processing and communication facilities for the over-all ASWEPS System, it will be possible to handle this large volume of data expeditiously. The Shipboard System itself incorporates a number of advances in the state-of-the-art in sensor technology deck equipment and data-handling techniques. It should thus not only serve the function of contributing to environmental prediction, but also represents a significant advance in the field of instrumentation in the oceanographic community.
{"title":"ASWEPS Shipboard System-A New Concept in the Automated Collection of Oceanographic Data","authors":"Edward W. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288340","url":null,"abstract":"By means of the ASWEPS Shipboard System, it will be possible for a variety of vessels to systematically and accurately collect the large volume of data necessary to establish a synoptic picture of the underwater environment. Because the design of the Shipboard System is integrated with the projected central processing and communication facilities for the over-all ASWEPS System, it will be possible to handle this large volume of data expeditiously. The Shipboard System itself incorporates a number of advances in the state-of-the-art in sensor technology deck equipment and data-handling techniques. It should thus not only serve the function of contributing to environmental prediction, but also represents a significant advance in the field of instrumentation in the oceanographic community.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"30 1","pages":"2252-2254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73093886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288342
J. Gerhardt, W. S. Mitcham, A. Straiton
This paper describes the meteorological and data readout instrumentation on a 1400-ft television tower near Dallas, Tex., with sensors located at 12 levels for observing wind and temperature. The data provided by the 36 sensors are integrated for preset intervals, sampled periodically and read out automatically onto punched tape and an electric typewriter. Salient features of the installation are described and samples of the data are shown. As illustrations, meteorological data taken during the passage of Hurricane Carla in the Fall of 1961 and during a low level jet situation are presented.
{"title":"A 1400-Ft Meteorological Tower with Automatic Data Readout","authors":"J. Gerhardt, W. S. Mitcham, A. Straiton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288342","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the meteorological and data readout instrumentation on a 1400-ft television tower near Dallas, Tex., with sensors located at 12 levels for observing wind and temperature. The data provided by the 36 sensors are integrated for preset intervals, sampled periodically and read out automatically onto punched tape and an electric typewriter. Salient features of the installation are described and samples of the data are shown. As illustrations, meteorological data taken during the passage of Hurricane Carla in the Fall of 1961 and during a low level jet situation are presented.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"21 1","pages":"2263-2271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73158021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288333
T. Chubb
The Upper Atmosphere can be examined from many points of view. For example, it can be considered as an aerodynamic, chemical, or electrical medium. This paper tabulates key parameters used in describing various atmospheric models and gives a brief indication of the instrumentation used in their measurement.
{"title":"Problems of the Upper Atmosphere","authors":"T. Chubb","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288333","url":null,"abstract":"The Upper Atmosphere can be examined from many points of view. For example, it can be considered as an aerodynamic, chemical, or electrical medium. This paper tabulates key parameters used in describing various atmospheric models and gives a brief indication of the instrumentation used in their measurement.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"15 1","pages":"2198-2201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85809152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288334
C. Bates
Project VELA UNIFORM is part of a broad research program designed as the first full-fledged national effort for developing a specific type of arms control technology. Based on earth science research, the VELA UNIFORM effort is directed towards obtaining a suitable system for the detection, identification and location of nuclear explosions underground in support of a possible nuclear test ban. The principal work areas are classical and explosion seismology, the development of suitable field equipment and prototype observatories and data centers, and the conduct of an extensive monitoring program of seismic and other unique signatures from the present U. S. series of subsurface nuclear detonations.
{"title":"Detection and Identification of Nuclear Explosions Underground (Project VELA UNIFORM)","authors":"C. Bates","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288334","url":null,"abstract":"Project VELA UNIFORM is part of a broad research program designed as the first full-fledged national effort for developing a specific type of arms control technology. Based on earth science research, the VELA UNIFORM effort is directed towards obtaining a suitable system for the detection, identification and location of nuclear explosions underground in support of a possible nuclear test ban. The principal work areas are classical and explosion seismology, the development of suitable field equipment and prototype observatories and data centers, and the conduct of an extensive monitoring program of seismic and other unique signatures from the present U. S. series of subsurface nuclear detonations.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"48 1","pages":"2201-2208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88011548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288345
F. Lehner
It is hoped that before long the United States will safely land a Ranger instrument package containing a seismometer on the Moon. Waves from moonquakes, if they occur, and meteoric impacts will be detected, telemetered to Earth and registered for study. From the seismograms may be deduced information concerning the Moon's near surface and interior structure. This paper is an abbreviated description of instrumentation for the experiment.
{"title":"Brief Description of Ranger Lunar Seismograph","authors":"F. Lehner","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288345","url":null,"abstract":"It is hoped that before long the United States will safely land a Ranger instrument package containing a seismometer on the Moon. Waves from moonquakes, if they occur, and meteoric impacts will be detected, telemetered to Earth and registered for study. From the seismograms may be deduced information concerning the Moon's near surface and interior structure. This paper is an abbreviated description of instrumentation for the experiment.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"5 1","pages":"2297-2297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85300409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288347
J. Harrison
Absolute measurements of gravity are needed for establishing several physical standards: relative measurements for determining the shape of the earth and in geophysical prospecting. The time variation at a given place is of interest in connection with tidal deformations and free oscillations of the earth. The techniques currently in use for making these various measurements are described, including surface-ship and airborne surveys. The sources of error in each type of measurement are discussed and the presently obtainable accuracies indicated.
{"title":"The Measurement of Gravity","authors":"J. Harrison","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288347","url":null,"abstract":"Absolute measurements of gravity are needed for establishing several physical standards: relative measurements for determining the shape of the earth and in geophysical prospecting. The time variation at a given place is of interest in connection with tidal deformations and free oscillations of the earth. The techniques currently in use for making these various measurements are described, including surface-ship and airborne surveys. The sources of error in each type of measurement are discussed and the presently obtainable accuracies indicated.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"07 1","pages":"2302-2312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86077643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288341
R. Taggart
The drilling of the Mohole, a hole through the crust of the earth, will be undertaken from a drilling ship operating in true oceanic depths. Because anchoring at these depths is infeasible, the position of the drilling ship above the hole in the ocean floor must be controlled by surface propulsion units. This concept is called "dynamic positioning." An experimental drilling program was undertaken in 1961 to determine, among other engineering factors, whether dynamic positioning was feasible. A special integrated control system was developed for four steering propellers which permitted a single operator to control the position of the experimental drilling ship, CUSS I. The system operated successfully for a month at sea and proved that dynamic positioning was not only feasible but entirely practical. This system is expected to form the basis for the control of future waterborne vehicles for geophysical and oceanographic research.
{"title":"Dynamic Positioning of the Mohole Experimental Drilling Ship","authors":"R. Taggart","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288341","url":null,"abstract":"The drilling of the Mohole, a hole through the crust of the earth, will be undertaken from a drilling ship operating in true oceanic depths. Because anchoring at these depths is infeasible, the position of the drilling ship above the hole in the ocean floor must be controlled by surface propulsion units. This concept is called \"dynamic positioning.\" An experimental drilling program was undertaken in 1961 to determine, among other engineering factors, whether dynamic positioning was feasible. A special integrated control system was developed for four steering propellers which permitted a single operator to control the position of the experimental drilling ship, CUSS I. The system operated successfully for a month at sea and proved that dynamic positioning was not only feasible but entirely practical. This system is expected to form the basis for the control of future waterborne vehicles for geophysical and oceanographic research.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"22 1","pages":"2255-2262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72723602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288337
C. Forbes
Geophysical exploration techniques and instruments have been coupled with more conventional recording equipment to obtain design data for an underwater tunnel. The system was designed specifically to measure the phenomenon of displacement multiplication between the underlying competent rock and the overlying sand-clay and mud layers. The resulting recordings clearly show this effect.
{"title":"The San Francisco Bay Tunnel Site Evaluation System","authors":"C. Forbes","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288337","url":null,"abstract":"Geophysical exploration techniques and instruments have been coupled with more conventional recording equipment to obtain design data for an underwater tunnel. The system was designed specifically to measure the phenomenon of displacement multiplication between the underlying competent rock and the overlying sand-clay and mud layers. The resulting recordings clearly show this effect.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"164 1","pages":"2224-2226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75465041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288348
C. F. George, H. Smith, F. X. Bostick
The process of restoring signal resolution to data recorded from a sluggish measuring device may be accomplished by appropriate mathematical operations on the data using a large digital computer. Smoothing techniques may be applied in the transform domain to derive an inverse convolver to be used in real space. The inverse convolver, a non-physically realizable filter function, when convolved with the output of the device, restores high-frequency components necessary for sharp detail. Only knowledge of the impulse response of the device and the recorded data is required. In applications to data of the type found in many geophysical systems impressive results are obtained even in the presence of considerable random noise. This procedure represents a different approach to the approximation required by the process and has advantages in the ease and simplicity with which it may be applied.
{"title":"The Application of Inverse Convolution Techniques to Improve Signal Response of Recorded Geophysical Data","authors":"C. F. George, H. Smith, F. X. Bostick","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288348","url":null,"abstract":"The process of restoring signal resolution to data recorded from a sluggish measuring device may be accomplished by appropriate mathematical operations on the data using a large digital computer. Smoothing techniques may be applied in the transform domain to derive an inverse convolver to be used in real space. The inverse convolver, a non-physically realizable filter function, when convolved with the output of the device, restores high-frequency components necessary for sharp detail. Only knowledge of the impulse response of the device and the recorded data is required. In applications to data of the type found in many geophysical systems impressive results are obtained even in the presence of considerable random noise. This procedure represents a different approach to the approximation required by the process and has advantages in the ease and simplicity with which it may be applied.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"12 1","pages":"2313-2319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82922842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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