Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288191
S. Okwit, J. Smith
An S-band traveling-wave maser that operates over an 11 per cent tuning range is tuned by a single "frequency-calibrated" dial from 2120 to 2380 Mc. The maser has a relatively constant gain of 30 db and an instantaneous bandwidth of 22 Mc. It uses a comb-type slow-wave structure loaded on both sides with a 6 in length of 0.065 per cent chromium-doped ruby. Ferrimagnetic disks of yttrium iron garnet are periodically distributed in the slow-wave structure and provide sufficient reverse loss for short-circuit stability (100 db). A relatively high gain per unit length of active ruby was realized because of: 1) optimization of the C axis orientation with respect to the dc and RF magnetic fields, 2) utilization of a four spin flip cross-relaxation process and 3) loading both sides of the comb structure with active ruby. The traveling-wave maser and all the necessary auxiliary components have been packaged into an operational unit. The noise temperature of the system is about 10°K, and the short-term and long-term stabilities are ±0.05 db and ± 0.1 db, respectively. A series of detailed measurements on the important electrical characteristics are described, and the performance data is presented. The system has been designed and successfully tested to meet military field environmental specifications.
{"title":"Packaged Electronically Tunable S-Band Traveling-Wave Maser System","authors":"S. Okwit, J. Smith","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288191","url":null,"abstract":"An S-band traveling-wave maser that operates over an 11 per cent tuning range is tuned by a single \"frequency-calibrated\" dial from 2120 to 2380 Mc. The maser has a relatively constant gain of 30 db and an instantaneous bandwidth of 22 Mc. It uses a comb-type slow-wave structure loaded on both sides with a 6 in length of 0.065 per cent chromium-doped ruby. Ferrimagnetic disks of yttrium iron garnet are periodically distributed in the slow-wave structure and provide sufficient reverse loss for short-circuit stability (100 db). A relatively high gain per unit length of active ruby was realized because of: 1) optimization of the C axis orientation with respect to the dc and RF magnetic fields, 2) utilization of a four spin flip cross-relaxation process and 3) loading both sides of the comb structure with active ruby. The traveling-wave maser and all the necessary auxiliary components have been packaged into an operational unit. The noise temperature of the system is about 10°K, and the short-term and long-term stabilities are ±0.05 db and ± 0.1 db, respectively. A series of detailed measurements on the important electrical characteristics are described, and the performance data is presented. The system has been designed and successfully tested to meet military field environmental specifications.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"16 1","pages":"1470-1483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73306062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
P. K. Weimer
A thin-film transistor, TFT, fabricated by evaporation of all components on to an insulating substrate has been developed. Operation is based upon the control of injected majority carriers in a wide-band-gap semiconductor by means of an insulated control gate. Experimental units using microcrystalline layers of cadmium sulfide have yielded voltage amplification factors greater than 100, transconductances greater than 10,000 , μmho, input impedances greater than 106 Ω shunted by 50 pf and gain-bandwidth products greater than 10 Mc. Switching speeds of less than 0.1 μsec have been observed. Simple evaporated thin-film circuits incorporating the TFT have been built. Direct coupling between stages is permitted since the insulated gate electrode can be biased positively as well as negatively without drawing appreciable gate current. Modified forms of the TFT have been built for use as a flip-flop, an AND gate and a NOR gate in computer applications.
{"title":"The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor","authors":"P. K. Weimer","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190","url":null,"abstract":"A thin-film transistor, TFT, fabricated by evaporation of all components on to an insulating substrate has been developed. Operation is based upon the control of injected majority carriers in a wide-band-gap semiconductor by means of an insulated control gate. Experimental units using microcrystalline layers of cadmium sulfide have yielded voltage amplification factors greater than 100, transconductances greater than 10,000 , μmho, input impedances greater than 106 Ω shunted by 50 pf and gain-bandwidth products greater than 10 Mc. Switching speeds of less than 0.1 μsec have been observed. Simple evaporated thin-film circuits incorporating the TFT have been built. Direct coupling between stages is permitted since the insulated gate electrode can be biased positively as well as negatively without drawing appreciable gate current. Modified forms of the TFT have been built for use as a flip-flop, an AND gate and a NOR gate in computer applications.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"43 1","pages":"1462-1469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75378933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288195
A. Waite, S. J. Schmidt
Errors reported in 1946 by aircraft pilots using pulsed radar altimeters over Antarctic ice, coupled wih results of radio-wave propagation studies in both polar areas (1946-1955), led to measurements of the electrical characteristics of thick ice at high and ultra-high frequencies. These measurements produced information relative to dielectric constants, loss factors, scattering, and interface reflection data that subsequently permitted successful radio-wave penetration measurements in continental ice to depth of several hundred feet in both the Antarctic and the Arctic (1958-1960). Results indicated clearly that low-flying pilots relying on pulsed 440-Mc altimeters in poor visibility over thick ice can be fatally misled by errors inherent in these instruments. The paper presents recent data obtained by the Signal Corps pertinent to radio-wave transparency of thick ice and snow.
{"title":"Gross Errors in Height Indication from Pulsed Radar Altimeters Operating over Thick Ice or Snow","authors":"A. Waite, S. J. Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288195","url":null,"abstract":"Errors reported in 1946 by aircraft pilots using pulsed radar altimeters over Antarctic ice, coupled wih results of radio-wave propagation studies in both polar areas (1946-1955), led to measurements of the electrical characteristics of thick ice at high and ultra-high frequencies. These measurements produced information relative to dielectric constants, loss factors, scattering, and interface reflection data that subsequently permitted successful radio-wave penetration measurements in continental ice to depth of several hundred feet in both the Antarctic and the Arctic (1958-1960). Results indicated clearly that low-flying pilots relying on pulsed 440-Mc altimeters in poor visibility over thick ice can be fatally misled by errors inherent in these instruments. The paper presents recent data obtained by the Signal Corps pertinent to radio-wave transparency of thick ice and snow.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"6 1","pages":"1515-1520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90905150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288193
E. Jury
In this study a simplified analytic test of stability of linear discrete systems is obtained. This test also yields the necessary and sufficient conditions for a real polynomial in the variable z to have all its roots inside the unit circle in the z plane. The new stability constraints require the evaluation of only half the number of Schur-Cohn determinants [1], [2]. It is shown that for the test of a fourth-order system only a third-order determinant is required and for the fifth-order, one second-order and one fourth-order determinant are required. The test is applied directly in the z plane and yields the minimum number of constraint terms. Stability constraints up to the sixth-order case are obtained and for the nth-order case are formulated. The simplicity of this criterion is similar to that of the Lienard-Chipard criterion [3] for the continuous case which has a decisive advantage over the Routh-Hurwitz criterion [4], [5]. Finally, general conditions on the number of roots inside the unit circle for n even and odd are also presented in this paper.
{"title":"A Simplified Stability Criterion for Linear Discrete Systems","authors":"E. Jury","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288193","url":null,"abstract":"In this study a simplified analytic test of stability of linear discrete systems is obtained. This test also yields the necessary and sufficient conditions for a real polynomial in the variable z to have all its roots inside the unit circle in the z plane. The new stability constraints require the evaluation of only half the number of Schur-Cohn determinants [1], [2]. It is shown that for the test of a fourth-order system only a third-order determinant is required and for the fifth-order, one second-order and one fourth-order determinant are required. The test is applied directly in the z plane and yields the minimum number of constraint terms. Stability constraints up to the sixth-order case are obtained and for the nth-order case are formulated. The simplicity of this criterion is similar to that of the Lienard-Chipard criterion [3] for the continuous case which has a decisive advantage over the Routh-Hurwitz criterion [4], [5]. Finally, general conditions on the number of roots inside the unit circle for n even and odd are also presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"156 1","pages":"1493-1500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86485395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288188
G. Holton
{"title":"Modern Science and the Intellectual Tradition","authors":"G. Holton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"2009 1","pages":"1452-1458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88248934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1962.288370
J. Vogelman
An historical summary of the development of microwave communications is presented, together with an examination of the present state-of-the-art. The current research and development efforts are used to forecast the extension of the present applications and techniques into the future.
{"title":"Microwave Communications","authors":"J. Vogelman","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1962.288370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1962.288370","url":null,"abstract":"An historical summary of the development of microwave communications is presented, together with an examination of the present state-of-the-art. The current research and development efforts are used to forecast the extension of the present applications and techniques into the future.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"62 1","pages":"907-911"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80488301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288115
K. Satyendra
The theme of this paper is based on the growing use of self-contained navigational systems in space navigation. A figure of merit, called the self-containment index (SCI), is defined in order to define quantitatively the degree of autonomy for which a system design is directed. The navigational problem of spacecraft is divided into problems of point-dynamics and rigid-body dynamics and the major factors are defined which deserve consideration in the understanding of the space navigational problem. Consistent with the requirements for low size, weight and power allocations and for very high accuracy and reliability tolerances, optical techniques are found ideally suited for space navigation. Open-loop and closed-loop methods of earth satellite navigation are presented and extended to the lunar navigation problem. Some advanced navigational concepts are given using nonrotating and track-while-scan instruments. The importance is emphasized of the increase in data-processing requirements and their part in accuracy enhancement through statistical techniques. A review of optical Doppler and lasers for measurement of distance and velocity is given. The concept of guidance management is proposed for consolidation of all the launch, orbital, midcourse, return and other guidance phases of a future multistage spacecraft into a single, integrated, selfcontained navigation system within the final upper stage.
{"title":"Trends in Space Navigation","authors":"K. Satyendra","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288115","url":null,"abstract":"The theme of this paper is based on the growing use of self-contained navigational systems in space navigation. A figure of merit, called the self-containment index (SCI), is defined in order to define quantitatively the degree of autonomy for which a system design is directed. The navigational problem of spacecraft is divided into problems of point-dynamics and rigid-body dynamics and the major factors are defined which deserve consideration in the understanding of the space navigational problem. Consistent with the requirements for low size, weight and power allocations and for very high accuracy and reliability tolerances, optical techniques are found ideally suited for space navigation. Open-loop and closed-loop methods of earth satellite navigation are presented and extended to the lunar navigation problem. Some advanced navigational concepts are given using nonrotating and track-while-scan instruments. The importance is emphasized of the increase in data-processing requirements and their part in accuracy enhancement through statistical techniques. A review of optical Doppler and lasers for measurement of distance and velocity is given. The concept of guidance management is proposed for consolidation of all the launch, orbital, midcourse, return and other guidance phases of a future multistage spacecraft into a single, integrated, selfcontained navigation system within the final upper stage.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"13 1","pages":"1362-1373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85013496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288093
V. I. Weihe
The state-of-the-art in aircraft operations and in radio technology for the very early period of aeronautical navigation is given, and the technical evolution during the first twenty-five years of IRE is covered. Policy and organizational problems of the transition to the second twenty-five-year period are mentioned. A discussion is given of the World War II system developments, the introduction of pulse techniques and the race toward the microwave portion of the spectrum. This is followed by a discussion of self-contained systems. Illustrations are provided covering some of the more fundamental spatial characteristics of electronic navigation systems.
{"title":"Fifty Years in Aeronautical Navigational Electronics","authors":"V. I. Weihe","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288093","url":null,"abstract":"The state-of-the-art in aircraft operations and in radio technology for the very early period of aeronautical navigation is given, and the technical evolution during the first twenty-five years of IRE is covered. Policy and organizational problems of the transition to the second twenty-five-year period are mentioned. A discussion is given of the World War II system developments, the introduction of pulse techniques and the race toward the microwave portion of the spectrum. This is followed by a discussion of self-contained systems. Illustrations are provided covering some of the more fundamental spatial characteristics of electronic navigation systems.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"23 1","pages":"658-663"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85429576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288117
F. Massa
This paper presents a brief description of various successful industrial applications that have been made of ultrasonics. The applications are divided into three broad groups: low, medium, and high power. In the low-power group are included reduction of friction, inspection, remote control, flaw detection, and other types of gauging and nondestructive testing. The medium-power group includes ultrasonic machining, soldering, medical therapy, liquid level indicators, and similar types of depth gauges and instruments. The high-power group includes precision cleaning, emulsification, dispersion of metals, metallurgical, bacteriological, and other chemical and physical processing applications. It is only natural that the lowand medium-power applications received first commercial acceptance, while the high-power applications advanced more slowly awaiting the development of low-cost high-power ultrasonic transducers and low-cost ultrasonic power supplies. These latter requirements are at present reasonably well met, which means that great increases in industrial high-power ultrasonic applications can be expected in the immediate future.
{"title":"Ultrasonics in Industry","authors":"F. Massa","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288117","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a brief description of various successful industrial applications that have been made of ultrasonics. The applications are divided into three broad groups: low, medium, and high power. In the low-power group are included reduction of friction, inspection, remote control, flaw detection, and other types of gauging and nondestructive testing. The medium-power group includes ultrasonic machining, soldering, medical therapy, liquid level indicators, and similar types of depth gauges and instruments. The high-power group includes precision cleaning, emulsification, dispersion of metals, metallurgical, bacteriological, and other chemical and physical processing applications. It is only natural that the lowand medium-power applications received first commercial acceptance, while the high-power applications advanced more slowly awaiting the development of low-cost high-power ultrasonic transducers and low-cost ultrasonic power supplies. These latter requirements are at present reasonably well met, which means that great increases in industrial high-power ultrasonic applications can be expected in the immediate future.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"49 1","pages":"1385-1392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76441569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288387
K. Schlesinger, E. Ramberg
The development of practical beam-deflection and photo devices coincides with the lifetime of the Institute of Radio Engineers. The intimate association of these two electronic elements is illustrated by the development of the television camera tube. In more detail, both the historical development and the more significant recent advances are described for beam-deflection devices such as the cathode-ray oscillograph, storage tubes, and television display tubes. Similarly, advances are indicated in the field of photo devices such as photoemissive, photoconductive, and photovoltaic cells; multiplier photo-tubes; image tubes; and light amplifiers.
{"title":"Beam-Deflection and Photo Devices","authors":"K. Schlesinger, E. Ramberg","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288387","url":null,"abstract":"The development of practical beam-deflection and photo devices coincides with the lifetime of the Institute of Radio Engineers. The intimate association of these two electronic elements is illustrated by the development of the television camera tube. In more detail, both the historical development and the more significant recent advances are described for beam-deflection devices such as the cathode-ray oscillograph, storage tubes, and television display tubes. Similarly, advances are indicated in the field of photo devices such as photoemissive, photoconductive, and photovoltaic cells; multiplier photo-tubes; image tubes; and light amplifiers.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"132 1","pages":"991-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76566114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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