Pub Date : 1962-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288339
S. Fisher
Well logging involves the measurement of many physical parameters in the depths of an oil well and the continuous transmission of these measurements to the surface for processing and recording. Many of the techniques used are quite advanced. There is good prospect of using them to advantage in the oceans, because many of the parameters measured in these two regions are alike and because many of the environmental conditions encountered are similar. Measurements commonly made include, for example, temperature, conductivity, sound velocity and radioactivity. Data is recorded at the surface in analog form on film and, more recently, in digital form on magnetic tape. Other services are available too, such as the taking of fluid and solid samples. Unique hardware has been developed for use at high ambient pressure, including electrical connectors and swivels for multiconductor armored cables. In the area of cable handling gear, large-capacity smooth-control winches with low-noise slip rings are a significant development. This paper is devoted to discussing a number of the interesting aspects of the parallels between well logging and the marine sciences.
{"title":"Application of Well Logging Techniques to the Marine Sciences","authors":"S. Fisher","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288339","url":null,"abstract":"Well logging involves the measurement of many physical parameters in the depths of an oil well and the continuous transmission of these measurements to the surface for processing and recording. Many of the techniques used are quite advanced. There is good prospect of using them to advantage in the oceans, because many of the parameters measured in these two regions are alike and because many of the environmental conditions encountered are similar. Measurements commonly made include, for example, temperature, conductivity, sound velocity and radioactivity. Data is recorded at the surface in analog form on film and, more recently, in digital form on magnetic tape. Other services are available too, such as the taking of fluid and solid samples. Unique hardware has been developed for use at high ambient pressure, including electrical connectors and swivels for multiconductor armored cables. In the area of cable handling gear, large-capacity smooth-control winches with low-noise slip rings are a significant development. This paper is devoted to discussing a number of the interesting aspects of the parallels between well logging and the marine sciences.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"1 1","pages":"2243-2251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82725605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288245
A. Okaya, L. F. Barash
Pieces of single crystals of rutile show high Q resonances in the microwave range. A piece about (1/7λ)3 has a Q as high as that of a metal-walled cavity at room temperature. Lowering the temperature increases both the Q and the resonant wavelength. Q's of 105 were seen at 4°K. A frequency equation of first- and second-order approximations was derived in terms of the dimensions and the anisotropic dielectric constant, ϵ', for rectangular parallelepiped resonators. Accurate values of anisotropic ϵ' were obtained. In the anisotropic medium there are two types of resonant modes, one of which has an outside E field similar to an electric multipole, and the other an outside magnetic field similar to a magnetic multipole. These two types of modes degenerate into one type if the dielectric is isotropic. Resonators were also made of ceramic rutile and strontium titanate, both of which had Q values of thousands. An extremely high unloaded Q, of the order of a million, was seen at 1.4°K on a KRS-5 (ThBr-Thl) single crystal at X band.
{"title":"The Dielectric Microwave Resonator","authors":"A. Okaya, L. F. Barash","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288245","url":null,"abstract":"Pieces of single crystals of rutile show high Q resonances in the microwave range. A piece about (1/7λ)3 has a Q as high as that of a metal-walled cavity at room temperature. Lowering the temperature increases both the Q and the resonant wavelength. Q's of 105 were seen at 4°K. A frequency equation of first- and second-order approximations was derived in terms of the dimensions and the anisotropic dielectric constant, ϵ', for rectangular parallelepiped resonators. Accurate values of anisotropic ϵ' were obtained. In the anisotropic medium there are two types of resonant modes, one of which has an outside E field similar to an electric multipole, and the other an outside magnetic field similar to a magnetic multipole. These two types of modes degenerate into one type if the dielectric is isotropic. Resonators were also made of ceramic rutile and strontium titanate, both of which had Q values of thousands. An extremely high unloaded Q, of the order of a million, was seen at 1.4°K on a KRS-5 (ThBr-Thl) single crystal at X band.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"60 1","pages":"2081-2092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83143662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288247
H. Urkowitz, C. Hauer, J. Koval
A generalized theory of radar resolution has been developed to facilitate understanding of the fundamental resolution limitations of radar systems. Previous work by Woodward and Elspas to determine limitations on radar resolution led to the concept of an ambiguity function which is a quantitative measure of radar resolution in range and range rate. This theory has been extended to include simultaneous resolution in range, range rate, azimuth and elevation and led to the derivation of a four-dimensional ambiguity function. Resolution constants derived from the ambiguity function show clearly the trade-offs between system parameters and resolution. A new concept, "angular dispersion and compression," has been evolved from the theoretical development. An angular compression system, analogous to a pulse compression system, employs a pseudo-randomly dispersed pattern which is compressed in angle at the receiver with a correlation technique, to produce the effect of a narrow beam without having a physically narrow beam. The signal bandwidth's effect on the pattern of an antenna and on its angular resolution has been found to be slight, except for very large bandwidths. It has been concluded that trade-offs between signal complexity and antenna complexity have no practical advantage. Because of the presence of noise, radar measurement of target parameters is essentially equivalent to statistical estimation. Woodward and Elspas have shown that the range, range-rate ambiguity function is the natural quantity to use in making a maximum likelihood estimate of range and range rate. The technique of maximum likelihood estimation has been extended to angular measurement.
{"title":"Generalized Resolution in Radar Systems","authors":"H. Urkowitz, C. Hauer, J. Koval","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288247","url":null,"abstract":"A generalized theory of radar resolution has been developed to facilitate understanding of the fundamental resolution limitations of radar systems. Previous work by Woodward and Elspas to determine limitations on radar resolution led to the concept of an ambiguity function which is a quantitative measure of radar resolution in range and range rate. This theory has been extended to include simultaneous resolution in range, range rate, azimuth and elevation and led to the derivation of a four-dimensional ambiguity function. Resolution constants derived from the ambiguity function show clearly the trade-offs between system parameters and resolution. A new concept, \"angular dispersion and compression,\" has been evolved from the theoretical development. An angular compression system, analogous to a pulse compression system, employs a pseudo-randomly dispersed pattern which is compressed in angle at the receiver with a correlation technique, to produce the effect of a narrow beam without having a physically narrow beam. The signal bandwidth's effect on the pattern of an antenna and on its angular resolution has been found to be slight, except for very large bandwidths. It has been concluded that trade-offs between signal complexity and antenna complexity have no practical advantage. Because of the presence of noise, radar measurement of target parameters is essentially equivalent to statistical estimation. Woodward and Elspas have shown that the range, range-rate ambiguity function is the natural quantity to use in making a maximum likelihood estimate of range and range rate. The technique of maximum likelihood estimation has been extended to angular measurement.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"69 1","pages":"2093-2105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73037080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1962.288232
C. Susskind
Popov's rôle in the development of radiotelegraphy is evaluated in relation to the contributions of other pioneers, notably Lodge and Marconi. The official Soviet position on the matter is critically reviewed.
{"title":"Popov and the Beginnings of Radiotelegraphy","authors":"C. Susskind","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1962.288232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1962.288232","url":null,"abstract":"Popov's rôle in the development of radiotelegraphy is evaluated in relation to the contributions of other pioneers, notably Lodge and Marconi. The official Soviet position on the matter is critically reviewed.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"5 1","pages":"2036-2047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88100624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288235
J. Nagumo, Suguru Arimoto, S. Yoshizawa
To electronically simulate an animal nerve axon, the authors made an active pulse transmission line using tunnel diodes. The equation of propagation for this line is the same as that for a simplified model of nerve membrane treated elsewhere. This line shapes the signal waveform during transmission, that is, there being a specific pulse-like waveform peculiar to this line, smaller signals are amplified, larger ones are attenuated, narrower ones are widened and those which are wider are shrunk, all approaching the above-mentioned specific waveform. In addition, this line has a certain threshold value in respect to the signal height, and signals smaller than the threshold or noise are eliminated in the course of transmission. Because of the above-mentioned shaping action and the existence of a threshold, this line makes possible highly reliable pulse transmission, and will be useful for various kinds of information-processing systems.
{"title":"An Active Pulse Transmission Line Simulating Nerve Axon","authors":"J. Nagumo, Suguru Arimoto, S. Yoshizawa","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288235","url":null,"abstract":"To electronically simulate an animal nerve axon, the authors made an active pulse transmission line using tunnel diodes. The equation of propagation for this line is the same as that for a simplified model of nerve membrane treated elsewhere. This line shapes the signal waveform during transmission, that is, there being a specific pulse-like waveform peculiar to this line, smaller signals are amplified, larger ones are attenuated, narrower ones are widened and those which are wider are shrunk, all approaching the above-mentioned specific waveform. In addition, this line has a certain threshold value in respect to the signal height, and signals smaller than the threshold or noise are eliminated in the course of transmission. Because of the above-mentioned shaping action and the existence of a threshold, this line makes possible highly reliable pulse transmission, and will be useful for various kinds of information-processing systems.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"14 1","pages":"2061-2070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80079862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288236
E. Bedrosian
This report offers a rather general and mathematically convenient formulation of analog-modulated signals which makes use of the analytic signal concept. Known types of modulation are readily identified as special cases. As a result of examining the various cases which the model embraces, a new type of modulation has been discovered-single sideband frequency modulation (SSB FM)-which can be derived from a conventional phase-modulated signal by an additional amplitude modulation, using the exponential function of the modulating signal's Hilbert transform. The resulting modulated signal will have a one-sided spectrum about the carrier frequency, will be compatible with existing FM receivers, and will cause a decrease in signal bandwidth.
{"title":"The Analytic Signal Representation of Modulated Waveforms","authors":"E. Bedrosian","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288236","url":null,"abstract":"This report offers a rather general and mathematically convenient formulation of analog-modulated signals which makes use of the analytic signal concept. Known types of modulation are readily identified as special cases. As a result of examining the various cases which the model embraces, a new type of modulation has been discovered-single sideband frequency modulation (SSB FM)-which can be derived from a conventional phase-modulated signal by an additional amplitude modulation, using the exponential function of the modulating signal's Hilbert transform. The resulting modulated signal will have a one-sided spectrum about the carrier frequency, will be compatible with existing FM receivers, and will cause a decrease in signal bandwidth.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"84 1","pages":"2071-2076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76145697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288237
J. Kraus, M. Tiuri
Three independent sets of observations over a two-year period (1958-1960) involving the satellites 57021 and 58042 are described which show a marked correlation between satellite passes and ionospheric-ionization effects. The effects tend to peak at the time of near approach of the satellite or somewhat before with most of the effects occurring in the interval of 20 minutes before to 10 minutes after the satellite's passage. Other observations of some short-range effects are described which indicate a dependence of the effects on the satellite's heading as a function of the local time and on its position with respect to the observing location.
{"title":"Observations of Satellite-Related Ionization Effects between 1958 and 1960","authors":"J. Kraus, M. Tiuri","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288237","url":null,"abstract":"Three independent sets of observations over a two-year period (1958-1960) involving the satellites 57021 and 58042 are described which show a marked correlation between satellite passes and ionospheric-ionization effects. The effects tend to peak at the time of near approach of the satellite or somewhat before with most of the effects occurring in the interval of 20 minutes before to 10 minutes after the satellite's passage. Other observations of some short-range effects are described which indicate a dependence of the effects on the satellite's heading as a function of the local time and on its position with respect to the observing location.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"18 1","pages":"2076-2081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84447361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288234
H. Crane
Certain basic problems in integration and extreme miniaturization of electronic systems may require new forms of device structure. A device structure that shows promise is hypothesized in this paper. The device is not discrete; it is rather a distributed "line," with active and passive processes so distributed that a signal propagates along the line without attenuation, much as a burning zone moves along a fuse or an ionic discharge along a nerve axon. It is shown that lines of this type can be interconnected in certain direct ways so that complete logic capability can be achieved with networks of such lines alone. Techniques of logical synthesis of these networks are introduced. Certain special properties of systems built in this fashion are delineated, especially properties that appear to be significant for the synthesis of highly-miniaturized systems. There is some discussion of physical realizability of distributed electronic structures.
{"title":"Neuristor-A Novel Device and System Concept","authors":"H. Crane","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288234","url":null,"abstract":"Certain basic problems in integration and extreme miniaturization of electronic systems may require new forms of device structure. A device structure that shows promise is hypothesized in this paper. The device is not discrete; it is rather a distributed \"line,\" with active and passive processes so distributed that a signal propagates along the line without attenuation, much as a burning zone moves along a fuse or an ionic discharge along a nerve axon. It is shown that lines of this type can be interconnected in certain direct ways so that complete logic capability can be achieved with networks of such lines alone. Techniques of logical synthesis of these networks are introduced. Certain special properties of systems built in this fashion are delineated, especially properties that appear to be significant for the synthesis of highly-miniaturized systems. There is some discussion of physical realizability of distributed electronic structures.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"267 1","pages":"2048-2060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86125264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-09-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288171
C. Guld
Action potentials recorded across membranes may have a maximum rate of rise of up to 103 v/sec and the impedance of the electrode plus the generator is of the order of 10 MΩ. Therefore, to reduce distortion of the recorded signal, it is necessary to diminish the effective capacitance of the input circuit to about 1 μμf. It is also requisite to reduce the currents which pass through the biological specimen, both the input grid current (< 10-13 A) and the current charging the input capacitance (< 10-9 A). The performance of a cathode follower and a negative capacitance as to reduction of input capacitance was measured by the damping factor a and the time constant T' of the second-order transfer function. An equivalent input time constant Teq = aT' of 10 μsec ensures small distortion and negligible current through the cell. Whether a cathode follower or a negative capacitance is the more suitable depends on the value of that part of the input-ground capacitance Cg, which cannot be removed by screening. When Cg is large (microelectrode deeply immersed in the specimen) a negative capacitance is advantageous; with a small value of Cg (electrode immersed < 1 mm) the cathode follower may neutralize to a Teq = 30 μsec as does a negative capacitance with a cutoff frequency of 200 kc.
{"title":"Cathode Follower and Negative Capacitance as High Input Impedance Circuits","authors":"C. Guld","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288171","url":null,"abstract":"Action potentials recorded across membranes may have a maximum rate of rise of up to 103 v/sec and the impedance of the electrode plus the generator is of the order of 10 MΩ. Therefore, to reduce distortion of the recorded signal, it is necessary to diminish the effective capacitance of the input circuit to about 1 μμf. It is also requisite to reduce the currents which pass through the biological specimen, both the input grid current (< 10-13 A) and the current charging the input capacitance (< 10-9 A). The performance of a cathode follower and a negative capacitance as to reduction of input capacitance was measured by the damping factor a and the time constant T' of the second-order transfer function. An equivalent input time constant Teq = aT' of 10 μsec ensures small distortion and negligible current through the cell. Whether a cathode follower or a negative capacitance is the more suitable depends on the value of that part of the input-ground capacitance Cg, which cannot be removed by screening. When Cg is large (microelectrode deeply immersed in the specimen) a negative capacitance is advantageous; with a small value of Cg (electrode immersed < 1 mm) the cathode follower may neutralize to a Teq = 30 μsec as does a negative capacitance with a cutoff frequency of 200 kc.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"74 1","pages":"1912-1927"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78102338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：