Hemp seed oil is nutritious. Besides cannabinoids, it has a higher Omega-3 fatty acid content, making it an ideal and healthy edible oil. Roasting is a key factor affecting the flavor of hemp seed oil. In this study, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) was used to analyze the volatile compounds of hemp seed oil after the hemp seeds were roasted at different temperatures (120 °C, 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C). α-pinene, (1S)-(1)-β-pinene, myrcene, and (E)-β-ocimene, which are typical odorants for herbs and fresh flavors, had an active odor value (OAV) ≥ 1. The sweet, nutty, and toasty flavors became more pronounced as the temperature increased. 2-pentylfuran provided the caramel flavor, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, and 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine provided the toasty flavor. The combination of sensory evaluation and data analysis was effective in differentiating the odors of hemp seed oil extracted at different temperatures. Reconstitution and deletion experiments showed that these odorants could mimic the overall aroma profile. This article provides a theoretical basis for the effect of over-roasting on the flavor of hemp seed oil.
{"title":"Characterization of Key Odorants in Hemp Seed Oil Extracted from the Hemp Seeds Roasted Under Various Conditions","authors":"Yuchen Bai, Ningke You, Hongyu Tian, Xuebing Zhao","doi":"10.3390/pr13020530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020530","url":null,"abstract":"Hemp seed oil is nutritious. Besides cannabinoids, it has a higher Omega-3 fatty acid content, making it an ideal and healthy edible oil. Roasting is a key factor affecting the flavor of hemp seed oil. In this study, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) was used to analyze the volatile compounds of hemp seed oil after the hemp seeds were roasted at different temperatures (120 °C, 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C). α-pinene, (1S)-(1)-β-pinene, myrcene, and (E)-β-ocimene, which are typical odorants for herbs and fresh flavors, had an active odor value (OAV) ≥ 1. The sweet, nutty, and toasty flavors became more pronounced as the temperature increased. 2-pentylfuran provided the caramel flavor, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, and 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine provided the toasty flavor. The combination of sensory evaluation and data analysis was effective in differentiating the odors of hemp seed oil extracted at different temperatures. Reconstitution and deletion experiments showed that these odorants could mimic the overall aroma profile. This article provides a theoretical basis for the effect of over-roasting on the flavor of hemp seed oil.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 2","pages":"530-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/2/530/pdf?version=1739460302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianghao Xie, Huizhe Zheng, Jie Jiang, Zhenhao Xi, Ling Zhao
Poly (butylene succinate-butylene terephthalate) (PBST) is a novel high-performance degradable copolyester that combines the advantages of aliphatic polyester and aromatic polyester. This study investigated the intricate reaction kinetics and mass transfer in the PBST polycondensation process using static thin-film experiments. The findings suggest that the apparent reaction rate escalates with increasing temperature, decreasing pressure, and thinner film thickness. Based on the pseudo-steady state assumption, an overall apparent rate model encompassing both reaction kinetics and mass transfer was formulated, and the model was employed to simulate the coupling effects of reaction and mass transfer on the PBST polycondensation process. The simulation results reveal that film thickness has the most significant effect on the degree of side reaction. Film thickness primarily influences the accumulation of BDO(1,4-Butanediol) in the melt during the early stages of the reaction, where BDO accumulates in the melt and intensifies the side reaction under thicker film. And pressure has the most substantial influence on the concentration of BDO as the reaction approaches equilibrium. Additionally, the sensitivity of the growth of molecular weight to pressure is notably higher at low film thickness.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of Reaction–Mass Transfer Coupling Kinetics for Industrial-Scale Poly (Butylene Succinate-Butylene Terephthalate) Polycondensation Process","authors":"Jianghao Xie, Huizhe Zheng, Jie Jiang, Zhenhao Xi, Ling Zhao","doi":"10.3390/pr13020528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020528","url":null,"abstract":"Poly (butylene succinate-butylene terephthalate) (PBST) is a novel high-performance degradable copolyester that combines the advantages of aliphatic polyester and aromatic polyester. This study investigated the intricate reaction kinetics and mass transfer in the PBST polycondensation process using static thin-film experiments. The findings suggest that the apparent reaction rate escalates with increasing temperature, decreasing pressure, and thinner film thickness. Based on the pseudo-steady state assumption, an overall apparent rate model encompassing both reaction kinetics and mass transfer was formulated, and the model was employed to simulate the coupling effects of reaction and mass transfer on the PBST polycondensation process. The simulation results reveal that film thickness has the most significant effect on the degree of side reaction. Film thickness primarily influences the accumulation of BDO(1,4-Butanediol) in the melt during the early stages of the reaction, where BDO accumulates in the melt and intensifies the side reaction under thicker film. And pressure has the most substantial influence on the concentration of BDO as the reaction approaches equilibrium. Additionally, the sensitivity of the growth of molecular weight to pressure is notably higher at low film thickness.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 2","pages":"528-528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a novel slow-release material using recycled waste foamed polystyrene (WFPS) as the carrier was developed for the degradation of aniline-contaminated groundwater. Sodium persulfate (SPS) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) were embedded in WFPS, enabling the controlled and sustained release of reactive species. Systematic investigations were conducted to optimize the material’s composition and evaluate its performance under various conditions, including pH, initial aniline concentration, and the presence of common groundwater anions. The results revealed that the slow-release material effectively enhanced aniline degradation, achieving a maximum removal rate of 93.45% under flowing conditions. The degradation pathway was analyzed using GC-MS, identifying intermediates such as benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and dodecane, with eventual mineralization into CO2 and H2O. The material demonstrated robust performance, offering an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable approach for in situ groundwater remediation.
{"title":"A Sustained-Release Material for Removing Aniline from Groundwater Based on Waste Foamed Polystyrene as the Encapsulating Matrix","authors":"Qizhi Zhu, Fanbin Meng, Yuning Yang, Bing Qin, Yushan Shi, Chuan Liang, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/pr13020446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020446","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel slow-release material using recycled waste foamed polystyrene (WFPS) as the carrier was developed for the degradation of aniline-contaminated groundwater. Sodium persulfate (SPS) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) were embedded in WFPS, enabling the controlled and sustained release of reactive species. Systematic investigations were conducted to optimize the material’s composition and evaluate its performance under various conditions, including pH, initial aniline concentration, and the presence of common groundwater anions. The results revealed that the slow-release material effectively enhanced aniline degradation, achieving a maximum removal rate of 93.45% under flowing conditions. The degradation pathway was analyzed using GC-MS, identifying intermediates such as benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and dodecane, with eventual mineralization into CO2 and H2O. The material demonstrated robust performance, offering an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable approach for in situ groundwater remediation.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 2","pages":"446-446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/2/446/pdf?version=1738920175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dandan Li, Feichao Miao, Jinhua Chen, Zhibing Liu, Zhiyuan Wang, Yang Wang
The development of Pickering interfacial catalysts for organic reactions in water is of great importance to the development of green chemistry. In this study, amphiphilic hydrochar was prepared by a simple urea-modified hydrothermal carbonization with cellulose as an environmentally benign carbon source. It was found that the addition of urea could not only promote the carbonization of cellulose but also introduce N atoms to the final hydrochar material and tune the amphiphilicity of the hydrochar. Palladium nanoparticles supported on the amphiphilic N-doped hydrochar exhibited high activity in the Suzuki reaction in aqueous media. It can be seen that amphiphilic hydrochar can effectively stabilize Pickering emulsion, increase interface surface area, and further accelerate the Suzuki reaction.
{"title":"Palladium Nanoparticles Anchored on Cellulose-Derived Amphiphilic Hydrochar for Pickering Interfacial Catalysis","authors":"Dandan Li, Feichao Miao, Jinhua Chen, Zhibing Liu, Zhiyuan Wang, Yang Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13020339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020339","url":null,"abstract":"The development of Pickering interfacial catalysts for organic reactions in water is of great importance to the development of green chemistry. In this study, amphiphilic hydrochar was prepared by a simple urea-modified hydrothermal carbonization with cellulose as an environmentally benign carbon source. It was found that the addition of urea could not only promote the carbonization of cellulose but also introduce N atoms to the final hydrochar material and tune the amphiphilicity of the hydrochar. Palladium nanoparticles supported on the amphiphilic N-doped hydrochar exhibited high activity in the Suzuki reaction in aqueous media. It can be seen that amphiphilic hydrochar can effectively stabilize Pickering emulsion, increase interface surface area, and further accelerate the Suzuki reaction.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 2","pages":"339-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junwei Che, Jian Zhang, Qing Lang, Jiayuan Yu, Yixiao Yang, Li Luo, Zhiyi Liu, Jiahui Ye, Gang Wang
Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) were demonstrated as a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost, recyclability, and impressively fast charge capability. Graphite as a commonly used cathode material in DIBs, however, suffers from poor compatibility with commercial Li-ion electrolytes and graphite anodes, making it difficult to directly utilize the well-established infrastructure for Li-ion batteries. Herein, we report a small aromatic amine molecule 4,4′,4″-tris(diphenylamino)triphenylamine (N4) functioning as a compatible anion host in the EC-containing Li-ion electrolyte. With an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V (vs. Li+/Li), the N4 electrode delivers a reversible specific capacity of 108 mAh/g, which is much higher than 29 mAh/g for the graphite cathode at the same condition. The high capacity retention of 91.3% was achieved after 500 cycles at 1 A/g. The N4 electrode also exhibited good rate performance. Via different characterization techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the energy storage mechanism of N4 was revealed as a conversion between amine and quaternary amine cations, accompanied by PF6− (de-)insertion. As consequences, the assembled N4||graphite DIB w showed a high discharge capacity of 90 mAh/g within 1.5–4.1 V, and good cycling stability with a 98% capacity retention after 40 cycles. Decent rate performance was achieved in the N4||graphite DIB as well. This work provides new insights into designing a compatible anion host for affordable DIBs.
双离子电池（dib）由于其低成本、可回收性和令人印象深刻的快速充电能力而被证明是一种有前途的大规模储能技术。然而，石墨作为dib中常用的正极材料，与商用锂离子电解质和石墨阳极的兼容性较差，使得很难直接利用锂离子电池的成熟基础设施。在此，我们报道了一个小芳香胺分子4,4 '，4″-三（二苯胺）三苯胺（N4）在含ec的锂离子电解质中作为兼容阴离子宿主。在平均放电电压为3.6 V （vs. Li+/Li）的情况下，N4电极的可逆比容量为108 mAh/g，远高于同等条件下石墨阴极的29 mAh/g。在电流为1 A/g的条件下，经过500次循环，容量保持率达到91.3%。N4电极也表现出良好的速率性能。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和x射线光电子能谱等不同表征技术，揭示了N4的储能机制为胺与季胺阳离子之间的转化，并伴有PF6−（脱-）插入。结果表明，组装的N4||石墨dibw在1.5-4.1 V范围内具有90 mAh/g的放电容量，并且具有良好的循环稳定性，循环40次后容量保持率为98%。在N4||石墨DIB中也取得了不错的速率性能。这项工作为设计可负担的dib兼容阴离子宿主提供了新的见解。
{"title":"4,4′,4″-Tris(Diphenylamino)Triphenylamine: A Compatible Anion Host in Commercial Li-Ion Electrolyte for Dual-Ion Batteries","authors":"Junwei Che, Jian Zhang, Qing Lang, Jiayuan Yu, Yixiao Yang, Li Luo, Zhiyi Liu, Jiahui Ye, Gang Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13010232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010232","url":null,"abstract":"Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) were demonstrated as a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost, recyclability, and impressively fast charge capability. Graphite as a commonly used cathode material in DIBs, however, suffers from poor compatibility with commercial Li-ion electrolytes and graphite anodes, making it difficult to directly utilize the well-established infrastructure for Li-ion batteries. Herein, we report a small aromatic amine molecule 4,4′,4″-tris(diphenylamino)triphenylamine (N4) functioning as a compatible anion host in the EC-containing Li-ion electrolyte. With an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V (vs. Li+/Li), the N4 electrode delivers a reversible specific capacity of 108 mAh/g, which is much higher than 29 mAh/g for the graphite cathode at the same condition. The high capacity retention of 91.3% was achieved after 500 cycles at 1 A/g. The N4 electrode also exhibited good rate performance. Via different characterization techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the energy storage mechanism of N4 was revealed as a conversion between amine and quaternary amine cations, accompanied by PF6− (de-)insertion. As consequences, the assembled N4||graphite DIB w showed a high discharge capacity of 90 mAh/g within 1.5–4.1 V, and good cycling stability with a 98% capacity retention after 40 cycles. Decent rate performance was achieved in the N4||graphite DIB as well. This work provides new insights into designing a compatible anion host for affordable DIBs.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 1","pages":"232-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/1/232/pdf?version=1736935502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vianey de J. Cervantes-Güicho, Ana G. Reyes, Alberto Nuncio, Leonardo Sepúlveda-Torre, Cristina Landa-Cansigno, José A. Rodríguez-De la Garza, Miguel A. Medina-Morales, Leopoldo J. Ríos-González, Thelma K. Morales-Martínez
The guishe is a by-product of the fiber extraction from Agave lechuguilla. This material has no commercial value, although it contains metabolites that could be used as a resource for producing high-value products. This study optimized the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenolic compounds from Agave lechuguilla residues. The MAE process was optimized using a Box-Behnken design, with extraction time (5–15 min), temperature (40–50 °C), and solvent: sample ratio (1:20–1:30 m/v) as independent variables. In contrast, the dependent variable was DPPH• free radical scavenging activity. As a result, the highest antioxidant activity was at 8 min of irradiation, extraction temperature of 45 °C, and solvent: sample ratio 1:30 w/v, obtaining a total flavonoid content of 19.25 ± 0.60 mg QE/g DW, a total polyphenol content of 6.59 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g DW, a DPPH• free radical scavenging activity of 73.35 ± 1.90%, and an ABTS+• ([2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)]) free radical scavenging activity of 91.93 ± 0.68%.
{"title":"Box-Behnken Design for DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity Optimization from Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Agave lechuguilla Torr. Residues","authors":"Vianey de J. Cervantes-Güicho, Ana G. Reyes, Alberto Nuncio, Leonardo Sepúlveda-Torre, Cristina Landa-Cansigno, José A. Rodríguez-De la Garza, Miguel A. Medina-Morales, Leopoldo J. Ríos-González, Thelma K. Morales-Martínez","doi":"10.3390/pr12092005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092005","url":null,"abstract":"The guishe is a by-product of the fiber extraction from Agave lechuguilla. This material has no commercial value, although it contains metabolites that could be used as a resource for producing high-value products. This study optimized the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenolic compounds from Agave lechuguilla residues. The MAE process was optimized using a Box-Behnken design, with extraction time (5–15 min), temperature (40–50 °C), and solvent: sample ratio (1:20–1:30 m/v) as independent variables. In contrast, the dependent variable was DPPH• free radical scavenging activity. As a result, the highest antioxidant activity was at 8 min of irradiation, extraction temperature of 45 °C, and solvent: sample ratio 1:30 w/v, obtaining a total flavonoid content of 19.25 ± 0.60 mg QE/g DW, a total polyphenol content of 6.59 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g DW, a DPPH• free radical scavenging activity of 73.35 ± 1.90%, and an ABTS+• ([2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)]) free radical scavenging activity of 91.93 ± 0.68%.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water can cause the growth and oxidation of Cu nanoparticles on the surface of Cu-based catalysts, leading to their deactivation. However, during methanol synthesis process from syngas on Cu-based catalysts, water is inevitably produced as a by-product due to the presence of CO2. Therefore, enhancing the stability of Cu-based catalysts during the reaction, particularly in the presence of water, is crucial. In this study, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 was first subjected to wet etching and then hydrophobically modified using the sol–gel method with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and the grafting method with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilanes (PFOTES) as modifiers. These modifications aimed to mitigate the impact of water on the catalyst and improve its stability. After modification, the catalysts exhibited excellent hydrophobicity and enhanced catalytic activity in the methanol synthesis process. The surface physical properties, composition, and thermal stability of the catalysts before and after hydrophobic modification were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, BET, XRD and TGA. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to compare the diffusion behavior of water molecules on the catalyst surfaces before and after hydrophobic modification. The results indicated that the modified catalyst surface formed a micro/nano structure composed of nanosheets and nanosheet clusters, while the hydrophobic modification did not alter the structure of the catalyst. According to the results of simulations, the hydrophobic layers on the modified catalysts were able to expel water quickly from the surfaces and reduce the relative concentration of water molecules at the active sites, thereby improving the stability of the catalyst. Notably, the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of the PFOTES-modified catalyst were superior to those of the MTMS-modified catalyst, resulting in a more significant enhancement in catalyst stability, which aligned with the experimental results.
{"title":"Thermal Stability Improvement of Cu-Based Catalyst by Hydrophobic Modification in Methanol Synthesis","authors":"Futao Ma, Jingjing Liu, Kaixuan Chen, Zhenmin Cheng","doi":"10.3390/pr12092008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092008","url":null,"abstract":"Water can cause the growth and oxidation of Cu nanoparticles on the surface of Cu-based catalysts, leading to their deactivation. However, during methanol synthesis process from syngas on Cu-based catalysts, water is inevitably produced as a by-product due to the presence of CO2. Therefore, enhancing the stability of Cu-based catalysts during the reaction, particularly in the presence of water, is crucial. In this study, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 was first subjected to wet etching and then hydrophobically modified using the sol–gel method with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and the grafting method with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilanes (PFOTES) as modifiers. These modifications aimed to mitigate the impact of water on the catalyst and improve its stability. After modification, the catalysts exhibited excellent hydrophobicity and enhanced catalytic activity in the methanol synthesis process. The surface physical properties, composition, and thermal stability of the catalysts before and after hydrophobic modification were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, BET, XRD and TGA. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to compare the diffusion behavior of water molecules on the catalyst surfaces before and after hydrophobic modification. The results indicated that the modified catalyst surface formed a micro/nano structure composed of nanosheets and nanosheet clusters, while the hydrophobic modification did not alter the structure of the catalyst. According to the results of simulations, the hydrophobic layers on the modified catalysts were able to expel water quickly from the surfaces and reduce the relative concentration of water molecules at the active sites, thereby improving the stability of the catalyst. Notably, the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of the PFOTES-modified catalyst were superior to those of the MTMS-modified catalyst, resulting in a more significant enhancement in catalyst stability, which aligned with the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil sludge is one of the main pollutants generated by the oil industry. Due to serious pollution and increasing oil production, problems arise every year in the effective treatment of oil sludge. The current study examines the composition and physicochemical characteristics of oil sludge, as well as traditional and new methods for processing oil sludge. With the tightening of environmental protection requirements, oil sludge quality reduction, recycling, and harmless treatment technologies will become necessary in the future. The primary task was to determine the composition of tank oil sludge, separate it from mechanical impurities, and study the influence of ultrasonic treatment and subsequent atmospheric distillation on the extract. The separation of the concentrate and the composition of the tank oil sludge, using an extracted mixture of hexane and benzene, are considered. The use of modern SEM methods, elemental analysis, NMR analysis, IR, ultrasound, and GC–mass spectrometry made it possible to characterize the organic part of reservoir oil sludge and its distillation products. First, 300 g of tank oil sludge was preheated and mixed with 300 mL of solvent (hexane:benzene = 1:1). After mixing with the solvent, the result mixture was filtered. Then, it was placed in an ultrasonic bath and exposed to ultrasound at a frequency of 100 kHz for 30 min. After processing, it was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus at a temperature of 65 °C to isolate the extract. The resulting extract was analyzed on a gas chromatograph with mass detection. The composition of the extract was as follows (in %): hexane—83.99; total hydrocarbon isomers—7.12; n-hydrocarbons—2.52; benzene—6.37%. At a temperature of 85 °C, the benzene yield was 65.85%. It has been established that the fractions obtained through the distillation of oil sludge at temperatures of 65–85 °C have improved dissolving capacity. It has also been shown that the use of these fractions promotes an increase in the content of hydrocarbon isomers by 12–13% in the extract composition.
油泥是石油工业产生的主要污染物之一。由于污染严重和石油产量不断增加，每年都会出现如何有效处理油污泥的问题。本研究探讨了油污泥的组成和理化特性，以及处理油污泥的传统方法和新方法。随着环保要求的提高，油污泥的减质、回收和无害化处理技术将成为未来的必要技术。主要任务是确定油罐油泥的成分，将其从机械杂质中分离出来，并研究超声波处理和随后的常压蒸馏对提取物的影响。使用正己烷和苯的萃取混合物，考虑了浓缩物的分离和油罐油泥的成分。通过使用现代扫描电镜方法、元素分析、核磁共振分析、红外光谱、超声波和气相色谱-质谱法，可以确定油库油泥的有机部分及其蒸馏产物的特征。首先，将 300 克油库油泥预热并与 300 毫升溶剂（正己烷：苯 = 1:1）混合。与溶剂混合后，过滤所得混合物。然后，将其放入超声波浴中，在频率为 100 kHz 的超声波下暴露 30 分钟。处理后，在温度为 65 °C 的索氏提取器中进行提取，分离出提取物。所得提取物在气相色谱仪上进行质量检测分析。提取物的成分如下（单位：%）：正己烷-83.99；总烃异构体-7.12；正烃-2.52；苯-6.37%。在 85 °C 的温度下，苯的产率为 65.85%。实验证明，在 65-85 °C 的温度下蒸馏油泥得到的馏分具有更好的溶解能力。研究还表明，使用这些馏分可使萃取物成分中碳氢化合物异构体的含量增加 12-13%。
{"title":"Studying the Characteristics of Tank Oil Sludge","authors":"Sandugash Tanirbergenova, Aisulu Tagayeva, Cesare Oliviero Rossi, Michele Porto, Paolino Caputo, Ernar Kanzharkan, Dildara Tugelbayeva, Nurzhamal Zhylybayeva, Kairat Tazhu, Yerbol Tileuberdi","doi":"10.3390/pr12092007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092007","url":null,"abstract":"Oil sludge is one of the main pollutants generated by the oil industry. Due to serious pollution and increasing oil production, problems arise every year in the effective treatment of oil sludge. The current study examines the composition and physicochemical characteristics of oil sludge, as well as traditional and new methods for processing oil sludge. With the tightening of environmental protection requirements, oil sludge quality reduction, recycling, and harmless treatment technologies will become necessary in the future. The primary task was to determine the composition of tank oil sludge, separate it from mechanical impurities, and study the influence of ultrasonic treatment and subsequent atmospheric distillation on the extract. The separation of the concentrate and the composition of the tank oil sludge, using an extracted mixture of hexane and benzene, are considered. The use of modern SEM methods, elemental analysis, NMR analysis, IR, ultrasound, and GC–mass spectrometry made it possible to characterize the organic part of reservoir oil sludge and its distillation products. First, 300 g of tank oil sludge was preheated and mixed with 300 mL of solvent (hexane:benzene = 1:1). After mixing with the solvent, the result mixture was filtered. Then, it was placed in an ultrasonic bath and exposed to ultrasound at a frequency of 100 kHz for 30 min. After processing, it was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus at a temperature of 65 °C to isolate the extract. The resulting extract was analyzed on a gas chromatograph with mass detection. The composition of the extract was as follows (in %): hexane—83.99; total hydrocarbon isomers—7.12; n-hydrocarbons—2.52; benzene—6.37%. At a temperature of 85 °C, the benzene yield was 65.85%. It has been established that the fractions obtained through the distillation of oil sludge at temperatures of 65–85 °C have improved dissolving capacity. It has also been shown that the use of these fractions promotes an increase in the content of hydrocarbon isomers by 12–13% in the extract composition.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yihong Li, Ligang Tang, Lei Yao, Bo Gao, Xue Yuan, Changsheng Shi
The flotation effect of lean coal is crucial for its clean utilization. Therefore, the flotation characteristics of difficult-to-float lean coal were studied. The analysis results of the feed properties showed that the ash content of the feed was high and the particle size was very fine. The minerals in the gangue mainly included sericite, kaolinite, quartz, white mica, and other substances. After flotation, the functional groups of the coal particles in the tailings decreased, and the absorption peak intensity weakened. Furthermore, the results of multi-factor flotation experiments showed that the dosages of the collector and the frother were significant factors affecting the yield of clean coal. The clean coal yield gradually increased with an increase in the two factors. The ash content of the clean coal increased with an increase in the frother dosage. Within the range of feed concentrations used in this work, the feed concentration was not a significant factor affecting the clean coal’s yield and ash content. Prediction models for the clean coal yield and ash content were proposed. Under optimized experimental conditions, the clean coal yield and the flotation perfection index were 72.15% and 46.63%, respectively, indicating a good flotation effect.
{"title":"Particle Properties and Flotation Characteristics of Difficult-to-Float Lean Coal","authors":"Yihong Li, Ligang Tang, Lei Yao, Bo Gao, Xue Yuan, Changsheng Shi","doi":"10.3390/pr12092004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092004","url":null,"abstract":"The flotation effect of lean coal is crucial for its clean utilization. Therefore, the flotation characteristics of difficult-to-float lean coal were studied. The analysis results of the feed properties showed that the ash content of the feed was high and the particle size was very fine. The minerals in the gangue mainly included sericite, kaolinite, quartz, white mica, and other substances. After flotation, the functional groups of the coal particles in the tailings decreased, and the absorption peak intensity weakened. Furthermore, the results of multi-factor flotation experiments showed that the dosages of the collector and the frother were significant factors affecting the yield of clean coal. The clean coal yield gradually increased with an increase in the two factors. The ash content of the clean coal increased with an increase in the frother dosage. Within the range of feed concentrations used in this work, the feed concentration was not a significant factor affecting the clean coal’s yield and ash content. Prediction models for the clean coal yield and ash content were proposed. Under optimized experimental conditions, the clean coal yield and the flotation perfection index were 72.15% and 46.63%, respectively, indicating a good flotation effect.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei He, Benshun Chen, Bin Yin, Jianren Ye, Yucai He
Simvastatin is a widely used statin medication that is commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. It is marketed under the brand name Zocor and is known for its effectiveness in treating high cholesterol and managing cardiovascular disease. Monacolin J is an important precursor used to synthesize simvastatin and is mainly produced by chemical methods in industry. Here, monacolin J was synthesized through an enzymatic method under optimized reaction conditions. One recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain containing lovastatin hydrolase (encoded by CDV55_102090) from Aspergillus turcosus was constructed, which effectively transformed 100 g/L of lovastatin to monacolin J within 3.5 h at pH 8.0 and 30 °C, with a conversion rate of >99.8%. Furthermore, the T5010, the temperature at which the residual activity was half of the initial enzymatic activity after 10 min of heat treatment, was >50 °C, indicating the tremendous potential of this bioprocess for synthesizing monacolin J at an industrial scale.
{"title":"Efficient Biosynthesis of Monacolin J through Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using a Recombinant Lovastatin Hydrolase","authors":"Wei He, Benshun Chen, Bin Yin, Jianren Ye, Yucai He","doi":"10.3390/pr12092006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092006","url":null,"abstract":"Simvastatin is a widely used statin medication that is commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. It is marketed under the brand name Zocor and is known for its effectiveness in treating high cholesterol and managing cardiovascular disease. Monacolin J is an important precursor used to synthesize simvastatin and is mainly produced by chemical methods in industry. Here, monacolin J was synthesized through an enzymatic method under optimized reaction conditions. One recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain containing lovastatin hydrolase (encoded by CDV55_102090) from Aspergillus turcosus was constructed, which effectively transformed 100 g/L of lovastatin to monacolin J within 3.5 h at pH 8.0 and 30 °C, with a conversion rate of >99.8%. Furthermore, the T5010, the temperature at which the residual activity was half of the initial enzymatic activity after 10 min of heat treatment, was >50 °C, indicating the tremendous potential of this bioprocess for synthesizing monacolin J at an industrial scale.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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