Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses serious threats to human health and environmental safety, highlighting the critical importance of accurate Hg2+ detection. In this study, a novel fluorescent probe AP was synthesized by conjugating fluorescein, serving as the luminescent group, with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde to enable selective Hg2+ detection. Hg2+ binds to AP in a 1:2 stoichiometric ratio, inducing the opening of the spiro-lactam ring and resulting in a significant fluorescence enhancement. The probe exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward Hg2+. A strong linear correlation was observed between its fluorescence intensity and Hg2+ concentration (R2 = 0.99952), with a detection limit of as low as 9.75 × 10−8 mol/L. The average recoveries of Hg2+ across various water matrices ranged from 95.23% to 103.40%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 3.07%. These results indicate that the probe performs effectively in real water-sample testing.
{"title":"A Novel Fluorescent Probe AP for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Hg2+ and Its Application in Environmental Monitoring","authors":"Zhicheng Yang, Chaojie Lei, Qian Wang, Yonghui He, Senlin Tian","doi":"10.3390/pr13072306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072306","url":null,"abstract":"Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses serious threats to human health and environmental safety, highlighting the critical importance of accurate Hg2+ detection. In this study, a novel fluorescent probe AP was synthesized by conjugating fluorescein, serving as the luminescent group, with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde to enable selective Hg2+ detection. Hg2+ binds to AP in a 1:2 stoichiometric ratio, inducing the opening of the spiro-lactam ring and resulting in a significant fluorescence enhancement. The probe exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward Hg2+. A strong linear correlation was observed between its fluorescence intensity and Hg2+ concentration (R2 = 0.99952), with a detection limit of as low as 9.75 × 10−8 mol/L. The average recoveries of Hg2+ across various water matrices ranged from 95.23% to 103.40%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 3.07%. These results indicate that the probe performs effectively in real water-sample testing.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 7","pages":"2306-2306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Zhang, Siqian Yang, Wensi Li, Xiao-Yan Li, Xing Lai, Xiangdong Li, Wuwan Xiong, Jie Zhang
This study employed high-pressure ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (HP-UMAE) to extract gingerols from ginger. The extraction yield and total polyphenol content of the extracts were determined. Their antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and compared with extracts obtained by leaching extraction, reflux extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE). The results demonstrated that HP-UMAE achieved the highest extraction yield and the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity among the evaluated methods. Furthermore, HP-UMAE extracts exhibited the highest concentrations of key gingerol constituents: 6-gingerol (14.29 mg/L), 8-gingerol (0.38 mg/L), 10-gingerol (1.95 mg/L), and 6-shogaol (4.32 mg/L). This enhanced efficacy is attributed to the synergistic combination of ultrasonic cavitation and microwave-induced thermal effects under elevated pressure. This synergy creates conditions promoting cellular wall disruption, facilitating the release of intracellular components, while concurrently enhancing solvent penetration and gingerol solubility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the significant structural damage inflicted on ginger cell walls following HP-UMAE treatment. The process parameters for HP-UMAE were optimized using single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: microwave power 800 W, ultrasonic power 1000 W, liquid-to-solid ratio 55:1, and temperature 100 °C (corresponding pressure 2 MPa). Under these optimized parameters, the extraction yield and ABTS radical scavenging rate reached their peak performance, yielding values of 4.52% and 43.23%, respectively.
{"title":"Optimized High-Pressure Ultrasonic-Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Gingerol from Ginger: Process Design and Performance Evaluation","authors":"Yang Zhang, Siqian Yang, Wensi Li, Xiao-Yan Li, Xing Lai, Xiangdong Li, Wuwan Xiong, Jie Zhang","doi":"10.3390/pr13072149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072149","url":null,"abstract":"This study employed high-pressure ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (HP-UMAE) to extract gingerols from ginger. The extraction yield and total polyphenol content of the extracts were determined. Their antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and compared with extracts obtained by leaching extraction, reflux extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE). The results demonstrated that HP-UMAE achieved the highest extraction yield and the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity among the evaluated methods. Furthermore, HP-UMAE extracts exhibited the highest concentrations of key gingerol constituents: 6-gingerol (14.29 mg/L), 8-gingerol (0.38 mg/L), 10-gingerol (1.95 mg/L), and 6-shogaol (4.32 mg/L). This enhanced efficacy is attributed to the synergistic combination of ultrasonic cavitation and microwave-induced thermal effects under elevated pressure. This synergy creates conditions promoting cellular wall disruption, facilitating the release of intracellular components, while concurrently enhancing solvent penetration and gingerol solubility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the significant structural damage inflicted on ginger cell walls following HP-UMAE treatment. The process parameters for HP-UMAE were optimized using single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: microwave power 800 W, ultrasonic power 1000 W, liquid-to-solid ratio 55:1, and temperature 100 °C (corresponding pressure 2 MPa). Under these optimized parameters, the extraction yield and ABTS radical scavenging rate reached their peak performance, yielding values of 4.52% and 43.23%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 7","pages":"2149-2149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/7/2149/pdf?version=1751795872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advancement of non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) remains significantly constrained by the absence of membranes with sufficient ionic selectivity and chemical compatibility. Herein, we fabricated flexible membranes incorporating metal–organic framework (MOF) via a solution casting approach. The rigid framework structure of the MOF effectively suppresses membrane swelling in organic solvents. The appropriate structural pore of MOF enables a size-sieving effect toward redox-active materials and supporting electrolyte, thereby reducing material crossover and enhancing the ionic selectivity of the composite membranes. The batteries with the designed composite membranes exhibit a Coulombic efficiency of higher than 99% and significantly improved cycling stability at 10 mA cm−2. The membrane design strategy, employing MOF materials with a structural pore size between the molecular size of the supporting electrolyte and active materials, is universal for NARFB.
由于缺乏具有足够离子选择性和化学相容性的膜，非水氧化还原液流电池（narfb）的发展仍然受到很大的限制。在此，我们通过溶液铸造方法制备了包含金属有机框架（MOF）的柔性膜。MOF的刚性框架结构有效地抑制了膜在有机溶剂中的膨胀。适当的MOF结构孔可以对氧化还原活性材料和支撑电解质起到筛分作用，从而减少材料交叉，提高复合膜的离子选择性。复合膜电池的库仑效率高于99%，在10 mA cm−2下的循环稳定性显著提高。采用MOF材料的膜设计策略，其结构孔径介于支撑电解质和活性材料的分子大小之间，适用于NARFB。
{"title":"Metal–Organic Framework-Based Membranes with High Selectivity for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery","authors":"Lifang Zhu, Donghan Xu, Yongdan Li, Cuijuan Zhang","doi":"10.3390/pr13072127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072127","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) remains significantly constrained by the absence of membranes with sufficient ionic selectivity and chemical compatibility. Herein, we fabricated flexible membranes incorporating metal–organic framework (MOF) via a solution casting approach. The rigid framework structure of the MOF effectively suppresses membrane swelling in organic solvents. The appropriate structural pore of MOF enables a size-sieving effect toward redox-active materials and supporting electrolyte, thereby reducing material crossover and enhancing the ionic selectivity of the composite membranes. The batteries with the designed composite membranes exhibit a Coulombic efficiency of higher than 99% and significantly improved cycling stability at 10 mA cm−2. The membrane design strategy, employing MOF materials with a structural pore size between the molecular size of the supporting electrolyte and active materials, is universal for NARFB.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 7","pages":"2127-2127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/7/2127/pdf?version=1751623155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heng Yuan, Simin Zhang, Yue-E Sun, Hao Gong, Shuai Wang, Jun Wang
Black garlic is a thermally processed product derived from fresh garlic through controlled high-temperature and -humidity conditions. During this process, the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a potentially harmful byproduct, is a major quality and safety concern in food processing. This study systematically investigated the distributions of 5-HMF and key process-related biochemical components in black garlic samples from three major production regions in China—Jiangsu, Yunnan, and Shandong. Additionally, correlations between 5-HMF and biochemical components—reducing sugars, amino acids, and organic acids—were analyzed to inform process optimization strategies. Results showed significant regional variation in 5-HMF content, with Jiangsu black garlic exhibiting the highest levels, followed by Yunnan and Shandong (p < 0.05). Partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) indicated that the key biochemical factors regulating 5-HMF accumulation are primarily organic acids. Among them, citric acid was identified as the most important negative regulator (VIP = 3.11). Although acetic acid (VIP = 1.38) and malic acid (VIP = 1.03) showed positive correlations with 5-HMF, aspartic acid (VIP = 0.41) and fructose (VIP = 0.43) exhibited a weak positive correlation, and arginine (VIP = 0.89) showed weak negative correlations, their effects were far less significant than that of citric acid. Based on these findings, we propose a potential strategy for reducing 5-HMF content in black garlic—selecting raw material cultivars with higher endogenous citric acid levels or exploring the exogenous addition and regulation of citric acid during processing. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the accumulation mechanism of 5-HMF in black garlic and suggests new potential regulatory directions for controlling its content.
{"title":"Investigation of the Distribution of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Black Garlic from Different Regions and Its Correlation with Key Process-Related Biochemical Components","authors":"Heng Yuan, Simin Zhang, Yue-E Sun, Hao Gong, Shuai Wang, Jun Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13072133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072133","url":null,"abstract":"Black garlic is a thermally processed product derived from fresh garlic through controlled high-temperature and -humidity conditions. During this process, the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a potentially harmful byproduct, is a major quality and safety concern in food processing. This study systematically investigated the distributions of 5-HMF and key process-related biochemical components in black garlic samples from three major production regions in China—Jiangsu, Yunnan, and Shandong. Additionally, correlations between 5-HMF and biochemical components—reducing sugars, amino acids, and organic acids—were analyzed to inform process optimization strategies. Results showed significant regional variation in 5-HMF content, with Jiangsu black garlic exhibiting the highest levels, followed by Yunnan and Shandong (p < 0.05). Partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) indicated that the key biochemical factors regulating 5-HMF accumulation are primarily organic acids. Among them, citric acid was identified as the most important negative regulator (VIP = 3.11). Although acetic acid (VIP = 1.38) and malic acid (VIP = 1.03) showed positive correlations with 5-HMF, aspartic acid (VIP = 0.41) and fructose (VIP = 0.43) exhibited a weak positive correlation, and arginine (VIP = 0.89) showed weak negative correlations, their effects were far less significant than that of citric acid. Based on these findings, we propose a potential strategy for reducing 5-HMF content in black garlic—selecting raw material cultivars with higher endogenous citric acid levels or exploring the exogenous addition and regulation of citric acid during processing. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the accumulation mechanism of 5-HMF in black garlic and suggests new potential regulatory directions for controlling its content.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 7","pages":"2133-2133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/7/2133/pdf?version=1751636839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yating Zhao, Yanhong Fu, Peng Du, Nan Li, Yaru Lv, Lizhen Hao, Wenlong Liu, Jing Xiao
Aglycone-type soy isoflavones, recognized for their bioactive phytoestrogen properties, face industrial limitations due to their low natural abundance and inefficient conversion. This study optimized a multi-enzyme synergistic catalysis system using soybean sprout powder, achieving high conversion rates and purity through response surface methodology. The optimal enzyme system comprised β-glucosidase (25 U/mL), cellulase (200 U/mL), hemicellulase (400 U/mL), and β-galactosidase (900 U/mL) at pH 5.0, 50 °C, and 3.2 h. This system yielded an aglycone conversion rate of 92% and glycoside hydrolysis rate of 97%, outperforming single-enzyme approaches. Upon post-purification with AB-8 macroporous resin, the product reached a purity of 58.1 ± 0.54% and exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates of 81.01 ± 0.78% and 71.37 ± 1.01%, respectively. In a zebrafish central nervous system injury model induced by mycophenolate mofetil, the 500 μg/mL sample group significantly reduced neural apoptosis fluorescence intensity compared to controls (p < 0.05), achieving a neuroprotective rate of 76.58%, which was similar to the effect of L-reducing glutathione. This study offers an efficient, cost-effective enzymatic strategy for producing aglycone soy isoflavones, highlighting their potential in functional foods and neuroprotective applications.
{"title":"Efficient Preparation and Bioactivity Evaluation of Aglycone Soy Isoflavones via a Multi-Enzyme Synergistic Catalysis Strategy","authors":"Yating Zhao, Yanhong Fu, Peng Du, Nan Li, Yaru Lv, Lizhen Hao, Wenlong Liu, Jing Xiao","doi":"10.3390/pr13061831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061831","url":null,"abstract":"Aglycone-type soy isoflavones, recognized for their bioactive phytoestrogen properties, face industrial limitations due to their low natural abundance and inefficient conversion. This study optimized a multi-enzyme synergistic catalysis system using soybean sprout powder, achieving high conversion rates and purity through response surface methodology. The optimal enzyme system comprised β-glucosidase (25 U/mL), cellulase (200 U/mL), hemicellulase (400 U/mL), and β-galactosidase (900 U/mL) at pH 5.0, 50 °C, and 3.2 h. This system yielded an aglycone conversion rate of 92% and glycoside hydrolysis rate of 97%, outperforming single-enzyme approaches. Upon post-purification with AB-8 macroporous resin, the product reached a purity of 58.1 ± 0.54% and exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates of 81.01 ± 0.78% and 71.37 ± 1.01%, respectively. In a zebrafish central nervous system injury model induced by mycophenolate mofetil, the 500 μg/mL sample group significantly reduced neural apoptosis fluorescence intensity compared to controls (p < 0.05), achieving a neuroprotective rate of 76.58%, which was similar to the effect of L-reducing glutathione. This study offers an efficient, cost-effective enzymatic strategy for producing aglycone soy isoflavones, highlighting their potential in functional foods and neuroprotective applications.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 6","pages":"1831-1831"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/6/1831/pdf?version=1749542968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenyu Zhang, Xiaodong Du, Shaoshan Zeng, Jinghong Wen, Jiafa Luo, Shubin Wu, Qian Zhang, Xueqin Tao, Guining Lu
Soil washing is an efficient method to remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from contaminated soils. The obtained solutions from soil-washing still contain PBDEs, requiring further treatment before disposal or reuse. Although photolysis is effective for PBDE degradation in solutions, the concurrent formation of toxic polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) may limit its practical application. In this study, 2,8-dibromodibenzofurans (2,8-BDF) formation rate and mechanisms during 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28) photolysis in various simulated soil-washing solutions was investigated. Results revealed significant effects of solubilizers on 2,8-BDF formation. The nonionic surfactants polysorbate (TW80), polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether (TX series), and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resulted in low 2,8-BDF formation rate (1–5%), while the β-cyclodextrin led to the highest 2,8-BDF formation rate (about 28%). The nonionic surfactants polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers (Brij series), and the anionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), also showed a high level of 2,8-BDF formation rate (7–17%). Solubilizer structure and its interaction with BDE-28 determined the 2,8-BDF formation. The role of the micelle microenvironment on 2,8-BDF formation was verified via an experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. The organic region of micelle exhibited high hydrogen donation ability, which inhibited 2,8-BDF formation. The results indicated distinct risks of PBDE photolysis in various soil-washing solutions, providing an important reference for solubilizer selection and the application of photolysis on the treatment of soil-washing solutions containing PBDEs.
{"title":"Photolytic Formation of Polybrominated Dibenzofurans (PBDFs) in Various Simulated Soil-Washing Solutions Containing Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)","authors":"Chenyu Zhang, Xiaodong Du, Shaoshan Zeng, Jinghong Wen, Jiafa Luo, Shubin Wu, Qian Zhang, Xueqin Tao, Guining Lu","doi":"10.3390/pr13061806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061806","url":null,"abstract":"Soil washing is an efficient method to remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from contaminated soils. The obtained solutions from soil-washing still contain PBDEs, requiring further treatment before disposal or reuse. Although photolysis is effective for PBDE degradation in solutions, the concurrent formation of toxic polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) may limit its practical application. In this study, 2,8-dibromodibenzofurans (2,8-BDF) formation rate and mechanisms during 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28) photolysis in various simulated soil-washing solutions was investigated. Results revealed significant effects of solubilizers on 2,8-BDF formation. The nonionic surfactants polysorbate (TW80), polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether (TX series), and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resulted in low 2,8-BDF formation rate (1–5%), while the β-cyclodextrin led to the highest 2,8-BDF formation rate (about 28%). The nonionic surfactants polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers (Brij series), and the anionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), also showed a high level of 2,8-BDF formation rate (7–17%). Solubilizer structure and its interaction with BDE-28 determined the 2,8-BDF formation. The role of the micelle microenvironment on 2,8-BDF formation was verified via an experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. The organic region of micelle exhibited high hydrogen donation ability, which inhibited 2,8-BDF formation. The results indicated distinct risks of PBDE photolysis in various soil-washing solutions, providing an important reference for solubilizer selection and the application of photolysis on the treatment of soil-washing solutions containing PBDEs.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 6","pages":"1806-1806"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/6/1806/pdf?version=1749211963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qian Qin, Mingjing Lu, Anhai Zhong, Feng Yang, Wenjun He, Lei Li
In order to better understand the micropore structure of shale reservoir in Jiyang Depression, permeability damage test, low temperature nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out on six cores in the target block. The adsorption isotherms were analyzed by Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) model, and the fractal dimensions of different layers were calculated. The results show that the shale pore system is mainly composed of organic nanopores, inorganic nanopores and micro-fractures. The inorganic pores are mainly distributed around or inside the mineral particles, while microcracks are commonly found between mineral particles or at the organic–mineral interface. Organic pores are located within or between organic particles. The results of nitrogen adsorption show that the shale pores are mainly H2/H3 hysteresis loops with wedge, plate or ink bottle shapes. The pore structure is highly complex, and the fractal dimension is high. The mean D1 fractal dimension, which represents pore surface roughness, is 2.3788, and the mean D2 fractal dimension, which represents pore structure complexity, is 2.7189. The fractal dimension is positively correlated with specific surface area and total pore volume and negatively correlated with average pore radius. The permeability damage rates of the N layer, B layer, and F layer are 17.39%, 20.2%, and 21.6%, respectively. The contact Angle of the core decreases with the increase in water skiing time. In this study, the micropore structure of different formations in Jiyang Depression is compared and analyzed, which provides valuable insights for the optimization and differentiated development of shale oil and gas resources.
{"title":"Micro-Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Shale Reservoir in Jiyang Depression","authors":"Qian Qin, Mingjing Lu, Anhai Zhong, Feng Yang, Wenjun He, Lei Li","doi":"10.3390/pr13061704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061704","url":null,"abstract":"In order to better understand the micropore structure of shale reservoir in Jiyang Depression, permeability damage test, low temperature nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out on six cores in the target block. The adsorption isotherms were analyzed by Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) model, and the fractal dimensions of different layers were calculated. The results show that the shale pore system is mainly composed of organic nanopores, inorganic nanopores and micro-fractures. The inorganic pores are mainly distributed around or inside the mineral particles, while microcracks are commonly found between mineral particles or at the organic–mineral interface. Organic pores are located within or between organic particles. The results of nitrogen adsorption show that the shale pores are mainly H2/H3 hysteresis loops with wedge, plate or ink bottle shapes. The pore structure is highly complex, and the fractal dimension is high. The mean D1 fractal dimension, which represents pore surface roughness, is 2.3788, and the mean D2 fractal dimension, which represents pore structure complexity, is 2.7189. The fractal dimension is positively correlated with specific surface area and total pore volume and negatively correlated with average pore radius. The permeability damage rates of the N layer, B layer, and F layer are 17.39%, 20.2%, and 21.6%, respectively. The contact Angle of the core decreases with the increase in water skiing time. In this study, the micropore structure of different formations in Jiyang Depression is compared and analyzed, which provides valuable insights for the optimization and differentiated development of shale oil and gas resources.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 6","pages":"1704-1704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/6/1704/pdf?version=1748529481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The performance of oil–water coalescence separation elements currently fails to meet the increasing demands of the oily wastewater treatment industry. To address this challenge, a series of fiber coalescing filters were developed through an underwater superoleophobic modification process using a simple impregnation technique. The effect of varying surface wettability on the separation efficiency of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with surfactants was investigated. The results demonstrate that, after undergoing underwater superoleophobic modification, the separation efficiency of the fiber filter material improved by 33.9%, the pressure drop was reduced by 46.1%, and the steady-state quality factor increased by 83.3%. Building upon these findings, an oil-repellent pore size gradient structure was introduced for the coalescence separation of surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. This structure exhibited outstanding characteristics, including a low pressure drop and a high-quality factor. Furthermore, when processing emulsions stabilized with surfactants such as OP-10 (nonionic), CTAB (cationic), and SDS (anionic), the structure maintained high separation efficiencies of 93.6%, 96.4%, and 97.2%, respectively, after 10 cycles. Finally, based on experimental data and theoretical analysis, a separation mechanism for oil–water coalescence using superoleophobic pore size gradient filtration materials is proposed. This structure demonstrates significant potential for widespread application in liquid–liquid separation technologies.
{"title":"Multi-Layer Filter Material with a Superoleophobic Pore Size Gradient for the Coalescence Separation of Surfactant-Stabilized Oil-in-Water Emulsions","authors":"Xiaoli Wu, Ying Wang, Chengzhi Li, Lang Liu, Xiaowei Li, Cheng Chang","doi":"10.3390/pr13051600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051600","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of oil–water coalescence separation elements currently fails to meet the increasing demands of the oily wastewater treatment industry. To address this challenge, a series of fiber coalescing filters were developed through an underwater superoleophobic modification process using a simple impregnation technique. The effect of varying surface wettability on the separation efficiency of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with surfactants was investigated. The results demonstrate that, after undergoing underwater superoleophobic modification, the separation efficiency of the fiber filter material improved by 33.9%, the pressure drop was reduced by 46.1%, and the steady-state quality factor increased by 83.3%. Building upon these findings, an oil-repellent pore size gradient structure was introduced for the coalescence separation of surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. This structure exhibited outstanding characteristics, including a low pressure drop and a high-quality factor. Furthermore, when processing emulsions stabilized with surfactants such as OP-10 (nonionic), CTAB (cationic), and SDS (anionic), the structure maintained high separation efficiencies of 93.6%, 96.4%, and 97.2%, respectively, after 10 cycles. Finally, based on experimental data and theoretical analysis, a separation mechanism for oil–water coalescence using superoleophobic pore size gradient filtration materials is proposed. This structure demonstrates significant potential for widespread application in liquid–liquid separation technologies.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 5","pages":"1600-1600"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/5/1600/pdf?version=1747817075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ordered mesoporous carbon materials (OMCMs) are widely used as high-performance electrode materials due to their uniform pore structure, excellent electrical conductivity, and good stability. In this paper, three OMCMs with controllable N content were prepared by a nanocasting method using Fe3O4 nanocrystals as the template and organic ligands as the carbon source. By adopting a ligand exchange strategy, oleic acid, oleic amine, and octyl amine were successfully capped onto the Fe3O4 nanocrystals, respectively, which allowed the rational control of the elemental composition of OMCMs at the molecular level. Further characterizations revealed that the nitrogen content of the resulting OMCMs increased as the proportion of nitrogen atoms in the ligand increased, while the order of the porous structure decreased as the hydrocarbon chain length decreased. This study demonstrates that both the N-doping content and the order of the OMCMs are influenced by the N-containing ligand. This finding will provide a fundamental aspect for their further applications as high-performance electrode and catalytic materials in the field of electrochemistry.
{"title":"Molecular-Level Regulation of Nitrogen-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Materials via Ligand Exchange Strategy","authors":"Dandan Han, Zhen Quan, C. Y. Hu, Xiaopeng Wang, Lixia Wang, Ruige Li, Sheng Xia, Yanyan Liu, Meirong Song, Xian‐Fu Zheng","doi":"10.3390/pr13051558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051558","url":null,"abstract":"Ordered mesoporous carbon materials (OMCMs) are widely used as high-performance electrode materials due to their uniform pore structure, excellent electrical conductivity, and good stability. In this paper, three OMCMs with controllable N content were prepared by a nanocasting method using Fe3O4 nanocrystals as the template and organic ligands as the carbon source. By adopting a ligand exchange strategy, oleic acid, oleic amine, and octyl amine were successfully capped onto the Fe3O4 nanocrystals, respectively, which allowed the rational control of the elemental composition of OMCMs at the molecular level. Further characterizations revealed that the nitrogen content of the resulting OMCMs increased as the proportion of nitrogen atoms in the ligand increased, while the order of the porous structure decreased as the hydrocarbon chain length decreased. This study demonstrates that both the N-doping content and the order of the OMCMs are influenced by the N-containing ligand. This finding will provide a fundamental aspect for their further applications as high-performance electrode and catalytic materials in the field of electrochemistry.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 5","pages":"1558-1558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/5/1558/pdf?version=1747552798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qing Hu, Zhihang Wei, Luomeng Chao, Yinong Liu, Lin Luo, Bo Zhang, Zhenmin Cheng
CO2 electrochemical reduction is a promising way to convert CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. This study presents a porous Cu@Zn foam catalyst with a tailored hydrophobic surface for enhanced CO2 reduction. The catalyst is synthesized via a modified dynamic hydrogen bubble template method, incorporating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) during electrodeposition to control wettability. This strategy creates a hydrophobic microenvironment that significantly increases the three-phase (gas–liquid–solid) contact area, promoting CO2 mass transfer and suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. The optimized Cu@Zn-8PTFE catalyst achieves a CO Faraday efficiency (FECO) of 87.53% at −35 mA cm−2, a 40% improvement over the unmodified Cu@Zn. Furthermore, it also exhibits excellent stability, maintaining FECO > 90% for 64 h at −15 mA cm−2. While hydrophobic modification is beneficial, excess PTFE loading reduces performance by covering active sites and diminishing the three-phase interface. This work highlights the importance of controlling catalyst wettability to optimize the three-phase interface for enhanced CO2 electroreduction.
电化学还原二氧化碳是将二氧化碳转化为有价值的燃料和化学品的一种很有前途的方法。本研究提出了一种多孔Cu@Zn泡沫催化剂，具有量身定制的疏水表面，用于增强二氧化碳还原。催化剂采用改进的动态氢泡模板法合成，在电沉积过程中加入聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）来控制润湿性。这种策略创造了一个疏水微环境，显著增加了三相（气-液-固）接触面积，促进了二氧化碳的传质，抑制了相互竞争的析氢反应。优化后的Cu@Zn-8PTFE催化剂在−35 mA cm−2下的CO法拉第效率（FECO）为87.53%，比未修饰的Cu@Zn提高了40%。此外，它还表现出优异的稳定性，在−15 mA cm−2下保持64 h的FECO >； 90%。虽然疏水改性是有益的，但过量的PTFE负载会通过覆盖活性位点和减小三相界面而降低性能。这项工作强调了控制催化剂润湿性以优化三相界面以增强CO2电还原的重要性。
{"title":"Optimizing Hydrophobicity of Cu@Zn Foam Catalysts for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction in a Microchannel Reactor","authors":"Qing Hu, Zhihang Wei, Luomeng Chao, Yinong Liu, Lin Luo, Bo Zhang, Zhenmin Cheng","doi":"10.3390/pr13051454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051454","url":null,"abstract":"CO2 electrochemical reduction is a promising way to convert CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. This study presents a porous Cu@Zn foam catalyst with a tailored hydrophobic surface for enhanced CO2 reduction. The catalyst is synthesized via a modified dynamic hydrogen bubble template method, incorporating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) during electrodeposition to control wettability. This strategy creates a hydrophobic microenvironment that significantly increases the three-phase (gas–liquid–solid) contact area, promoting CO2 mass transfer and suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. The optimized Cu@Zn-8PTFE catalyst achieves a CO Faraday efficiency (FECO) of 87.53% at −35 mA cm−2, a 40% improvement over the unmodified Cu@Zn. Furthermore, it also exhibits excellent stability, maintaining FECO > 90% for 64 h at −15 mA cm−2. While hydrophobic modification is beneficial, excess PTFE loading reduces performance by covering active sites and diminishing the three-phase interface. This work highlights the importance of controlling catalyst wettability to optimize the three-phase interface for enhanced CO2 electroreduction.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 5","pages":"1454-1454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/5/1454/pdf?version=1746797759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：