Surfactants demonstrate considerable potential in enzymatic saccharification at high solids loading (ESHSL). In this paper, the effects of the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 on enzymatic saccharification of Avicel and steam-exploded poplar (SEP) at high solid loading were studied. The results showed that under the fed-batch conditions of 15.0% solid loading, 20 FPU/g glucan, and 1.0% Tween 80, the maximum enzymatic saccharification rate of Avicel and SEP achieved was 65.4% (128.2 g/L glucose) and 86.4% (93.9 g/L glucose), respectively. Moreover, Tween 80 improved the rheological properties of ESHSL slurry of SEP, especially for the fed-batch model, reducing the complex viscosity, shear stress, and storage modulus. Furthermore, cellulase adsorption assays, SDS-PAGE, Rose Bengal staining, and Zeta potential analysis demonstrated that Tween 80 reduced non-productive adsorption of cellulase (particularly β-glucosidase) on lignin through hydrophobic interactions. All these findings contribute to establishing a foundation for subsequent investigative efforts within the discipline.
{"title":"Effects of Non-Ionic Surfactant Tween 80 on Enzymatic Saccharification of Avicel and Steam-Exploded Poplar at High Solid Loading","authors":"Peng Zhan, Yuxin Tan, Hui Wang, Jin Liu, Lishu Shao, Zhiping Wu","doi":"10.3390/pr13092960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092960","url":null,"abstract":"Surfactants demonstrate considerable potential in enzymatic saccharification at high solids loading (ESHSL). In this paper, the effects of the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 on enzymatic saccharification of Avicel and steam-exploded poplar (SEP) at high solid loading were studied. The results showed that under the fed-batch conditions of 15.0% solid loading, 20 FPU/g glucan, and 1.0% Tween 80, the maximum enzymatic saccharification rate of Avicel and SEP achieved was 65.4% (128.2 g/L glucose) and 86.4% (93.9 g/L glucose), respectively. Moreover, Tween 80 improved the rheological properties of ESHSL slurry of SEP, especially for the fed-batch model, reducing the complex viscosity, shear stress, and storage modulus. Furthermore, cellulase adsorption assays, SDS-PAGE, Rose Bengal staining, and Zeta potential analysis demonstrated that Tween 80 reduced non-productive adsorption of cellulase (particularly β-glucosidase) on lignin through hydrophobic interactions. All these findings contribute to establishing a foundation for subsequent investigative efforts within the discipline.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2960-2960"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2960/pdf?version=1758107257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ling Zhou, Siqin Yu, Qingqing Xiao, Jun Cai, Zexin Zhao
Developing highly efficient and cost-effective immobilized biocatalysts is essential for optimizing diacylglycerol (DAG) production via biotransformation of natural oil. To address this, the 1,3-regiospecific MAS1-H108W lipase, derived from marine Streptomyces sp. strain W007, was produced through high-density fermentation (20 °C, pH 7.0, 132 h). This lipase was immobilized by XAD1180 resin adsorption, yielding an immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase with a lipase activity of 4943.5 U/g and a protein loading of 201.5 mg/g under selected conditions (lipase/support ratio 100 mg/g, initial buffer pH of 8.0). After immobilization, the lipase maintained its optimal temperature at 70 °C and shifted its optimal pH from 7.0 to 8.0, along with enhanced thermostability. The immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase demonstrated superior efficiency in DAG synthesis compared to non-regiospecific immobilized MAS1 lipase and commercial lipases (Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RM IM). Under the optimized reaction conditions (reaction temperature 60 °C, olive oil/glycerol molar ratio 1:2, adding amount of immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase 1.0 wt.%), a maximum DAG content of 49.3% was achieved within 4 h. The immobilized lipase also exhibited excellent operational stability, retaining 81.9% of its initial production capacity after 10 reuse cycles. Furthermore, in the glycerolysis of various vegetable oils (corn oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil), the DAG content catalyzed by immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase consistently exceeded 48%. This work provides a highly efficient and economical immobilized biocatalyst for DAG production, and highlights the significant potential of regioselective lipases in promoting efficient DAG synthesis via glycerolysis.
{"title":"Highly Efficient Production of Diacylglycerols via Enzymatic Glycerolysis Catalyzed by Immobilized MAS1-H108W Lipase","authors":"Ling Zhou, Siqin Yu, Qingqing Xiao, Jun Cai, Zexin Zhao","doi":"10.3390/pr13092937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092937","url":null,"abstract":"Developing highly efficient and cost-effective immobilized biocatalysts is essential for optimizing diacylglycerol (DAG) production via biotransformation of natural oil. To address this, the 1,3-regiospecific MAS1-H108W lipase, derived from marine Streptomyces sp. strain W007, was produced through high-density fermentation (20 °C, pH 7.0, 132 h). This lipase was immobilized by XAD1180 resin adsorption, yielding an immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase with a lipase activity of 4943.5 U/g and a protein loading of 201.5 mg/g under selected conditions (lipase/support ratio 100 mg/g, initial buffer pH of 8.0). After immobilization, the lipase maintained its optimal temperature at 70 °C and shifted its optimal pH from 7.0 to 8.0, along with enhanced thermostability. The immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase demonstrated superior efficiency in DAG synthesis compared to non-regiospecific immobilized MAS1 lipase and commercial lipases (Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RM IM). Under the optimized reaction conditions (reaction temperature 60 °C, olive oil/glycerol molar ratio 1:2, adding amount of immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase 1.0 wt.%), a maximum DAG content of 49.3% was achieved within 4 h. The immobilized lipase also exhibited excellent operational stability, retaining 81.9% of its initial production capacity after 10 reuse cycles. Furthermore, in the glycerolysis of various vegetable oils (corn oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil), the DAG content catalyzed by immobilized MAS1-H108W lipase consistently exceeded 48%. This work provides a highly efficient and economical immobilized biocatalyst for DAG production, and highlights the significant potential of regioselective lipases in promoting efficient DAG synthesis via glycerolysis.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2937-2937"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2937/pdf?version=1757924313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youhua Zhang, Zewen Zhu, Hua Zou, Li Dai, Huiting Liu, Yao Rong, X.T. Chang, Chundi Zheng, Wei Han
The reaction tank of process wastewater, as one of the key pieces of equipment for wastewater treatment, is exposed to an acidic and alkaline wastewater immersion environment for a long time and is prone to the influence of complex ions in water, resulting in concrete shedding and steel bar corrosion, which seriously affect service performance. To address the issue of ionic erosion in process wastewater reaction tanks, a silicon–oxygen grid substrate was constructed with ethyl orthosilicate, and graphene oxide was used as the corrosion-resistant functional component to prepare GO/SiO2 corrosion-resistant films under acid-catalyzed conditions. Extreme corrosion environments were designed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of GO/SiO2 films. The results showed that the permeability of the uncoated samples decreased significantly, and the ion concentration leached in the corrosive medium was higher. The permeability of the GO/SiO2-coated samples did not decrease significantly, and the ion leaching concentration in the corrosive medium gradually decreased with the increase in GO content, verifying the positive correlation between GO content and corrosion resistance and GO’s use in the field of corrosion resistance in water treatment facilities.
{"title":"Research on the Application of Graphene Oxide-Reinforced SiO2 Corrosion-Resistant Coatings in the Long-Term Protection of Water Treatment Facilities","authors":"Youhua Zhang, Zewen Zhu, Hua Zou, Li Dai, Huiting Liu, Yao Rong, X.T. Chang, Chundi Zheng, Wei Han","doi":"10.3390/pr13092938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092938","url":null,"abstract":"The reaction tank of process wastewater, as one of the key pieces of equipment for wastewater treatment, is exposed to an acidic and alkaline wastewater immersion environment for a long time and is prone to the influence of complex ions in water, resulting in concrete shedding and steel bar corrosion, which seriously affect service performance. To address the issue of ionic erosion in process wastewater reaction tanks, a silicon–oxygen grid substrate was constructed with ethyl orthosilicate, and graphene oxide was used as the corrosion-resistant functional component to prepare GO/SiO2 corrosion-resistant films under acid-catalyzed conditions. Extreme corrosion environments were designed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of GO/SiO2 films. The results showed that the permeability of the uncoated samples decreased significantly, and the ion concentration leached in the corrosive medium was higher. The permeability of the GO/SiO2-coated samples did not decrease significantly, and the ion leaching concentration in the corrosive medium gradually decreased with the increase in GO content, verifying the positive correlation between GO content and corrosion resistance and GO’s use in the field of corrosion resistance in water treatment facilities.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2938-2938"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2938/pdf?version=1757932084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xusheng Zheng, Chaogu Zheng, Shufang Zhou, Dexun Zou
Microbial remediation of chromium-contaminated soil through extracellular electron transfer is an economical and environmentally friendly strategy. Exogenous quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules could facilitate the process of electron transport. However, it remains unclear whether regulating QS could enhance the microbial remediation effect. In this study, exogenous N-acylated-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) were added for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil by S. putrefaciens. Various AHLs such as C8-HSL, C10-HSL, 3OC8-HSL, 3OC10-HSL and 3OC12-HSL were detected in the remediation, with the concentrations of 5.91 ng/L, 1.09 ng/L, 4.10 ng/L, 2.29 ng/L and 24.51 ng/L. The addition of C10-HSL and 3OC12-HSL significantly promoted the Cr(VI) reduction rates by 11.25% and 9.20%. There were also various AHLs in the Cr(VI) reduction by indigenous microorganisms. The AHLs species measured and their concentrations were C8-HSL (5.05 ng/L), C10-HSL (3.27 ng/L), C12-HSL (0.11 ng/L), 3OC8-HSL (0.11 ng/L), 3OC10-HSL (0.05 ng/L), and 3OC12-HSL (2.92 ng/L). Relative to the untreated control, supplementation with C8-HSL, C12-HSL, and 3OC12-HSL produced significant enhancements in the Cr(VI) reduction rates by 4.10%, 3.05%, and 2.24%, respectively (p < 0.05). Comparing the effects of AHL on the remediation by S. putrefaciens and indigenous microorganisms, it could be found that C10-HSL enhanced the remediation effect by increasing the reduction rates of S. putrefaciens, and 3OC12-HSL enhanced the remediation effect by increasing the reduction rates of indigenous microorganisms. This study introduces a distinctive pathway for the promotion of the microbial remediation effect and contributes to further understanding the communication mechanism between exogenous and indigenous microorganisms.
{"title":"The Effect of Exogenous N-Acylated-L-Homoserine Lactones on the Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil by Shewanella purefaciens","authors":"Xusheng Zheng, Chaogu Zheng, Shufang Zhou, Dexun Zou","doi":"10.3390/pr13092931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092931","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial remediation of chromium-contaminated soil through extracellular electron transfer is an economical and environmentally friendly strategy. Exogenous quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules could facilitate the process of electron transport. However, it remains unclear whether regulating QS could enhance the microbial remediation effect. In this study, exogenous N-acylated-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) were added for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil by S. putrefaciens. Various AHLs such as C8-HSL, C10-HSL, 3OC8-HSL, 3OC10-HSL and 3OC12-HSL were detected in the remediation, with the concentrations of 5.91 ng/L, 1.09 ng/L, 4.10 ng/L, 2.29 ng/L and 24.51 ng/L. The addition of C10-HSL and 3OC12-HSL significantly promoted the Cr(VI) reduction rates by 11.25% and 9.20%. There were also various AHLs in the Cr(VI) reduction by indigenous microorganisms. The AHLs species measured and their concentrations were C8-HSL (5.05 ng/L), C10-HSL (3.27 ng/L), C12-HSL (0.11 ng/L), 3OC8-HSL (0.11 ng/L), 3OC10-HSL (0.05 ng/L), and 3OC12-HSL (2.92 ng/L). Relative to the untreated control, supplementation with C8-HSL, C12-HSL, and 3OC12-HSL produced significant enhancements in the Cr(VI) reduction rates by 4.10%, 3.05%, and 2.24%, respectively (p < 0.05). Comparing the effects of AHL on the remediation by S. putrefaciens and indigenous microorganisms, it could be found that C10-HSL enhanced the remediation effect by increasing the reduction rates of S. putrefaciens, and 3OC12-HSL enhanced the remediation effect by increasing the reduction rates of indigenous microorganisms. This study introduces a distinctive pathway for the promotion of the microbial remediation effect and contributes to further understanding the communication mechanism between exogenous and indigenous microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2931-2931"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2931/pdf?version=1757764121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. L. Liu, Wenle Hu, Xiang Zhu, Shixu Zhang, W.G. Wang
Electrokinetic (EK) remediation is a promising approach for the removal of heavy metals from fine-grained soils; however, its efficiency is often hindered by electrode polarization, pH imbalance, and ion accumulation. In this study, we developed a novel hydrogel-based electrode (NH electrode), composed of sodium alginate and multilayer graphene oxide (GO), to enhance the electrokinetic removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from loess. The electrode was systematically characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), confirming its structural integrity, electrochemical activity, and interfacial conductivity. The NH electrode exhibited a smooth layered graphene structure with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (AFM), negligible electrochemical polarization (CV), and low internal resistance with high conductivity (EIS), enabling efficient ion transport and adsorption. Electrokinetic tests revealed that the NH electrode outperformed conventional graphene (Gr) and electrokinetic graphite (EKG) electrodes. Single regulation strategies, including focusing position adjustment and electrode exchange, improved local removal efficiency by mitigating ion accumulation in targeted regions. The combined regulation strategy, integrating both measures, achieved the most uniform Cu2+ and Pb2+ removal, significantly suppressing hydroxide precipitation in cathodic zones and enhancing ion migration in the mid-section. Compared with literature-reported systems under similar or even more favorable conditions, the NH electrode and combined regulation approach achieved superior performance, with Cu2+ and Pb2+ removal efficiencies reaching 47.25% and 16.93%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that coupling electrode material innovation with spatial–temporal pH/flow field regulation can overcome key bottlenecks in EK remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated loess.
{"title":"Removal of Cu and Pb in Contaminated Loess by Electrokinetic Remediation Using Novel Hydrogel Electrodes Coupled with Focusing Position Adjustment and Exchange Electrode","authors":"C. L. Liu, Wenle Hu, Xiang Zhu, Shixu Zhang, W.G. Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13092915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092915","url":null,"abstract":"Electrokinetic (EK) remediation is a promising approach for the removal of heavy metals from fine-grained soils; however, its efficiency is often hindered by electrode polarization, pH imbalance, and ion accumulation. In this study, we developed a novel hydrogel-based electrode (NH electrode), composed of sodium alginate and multilayer graphene oxide (GO), to enhance the electrokinetic removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from loess. The electrode was systematically characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), confirming its structural integrity, electrochemical activity, and interfacial conductivity. The NH electrode exhibited a smooth layered graphene structure with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (AFM), negligible electrochemical polarization (CV), and low internal resistance with high conductivity (EIS), enabling efficient ion transport and adsorption. Electrokinetic tests revealed that the NH electrode outperformed conventional graphene (Gr) and electrokinetic graphite (EKG) electrodes. Single regulation strategies, including focusing position adjustment and electrode exchange, improved local removal efficiency by mitigating ion accumulation in targeted regions. The combined regulation strategy, integrating both measures, achieved the most uniform Cu2+ and Pb2+ removal, significantly suppressing hydroxide precipitation in cathodic zones and enhancing ion migration in the mid-section. Compared with literature-reported systems under similar or even more favorable conditions, the NH electrode and combined regulation approach achieved superior performance, with Cu2+ and Pb2+ removal efficiencies reaching 47.25% and 16.93%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that coupling electrode material innovation with spatial–temporal pH/flow field regulation can overcome key bottlenecks in EK remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated loess.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2915-2915"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2915/pdf?version=1757922073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatiana Yu. Chikineva, И. В. Зиновьева, Sofya A. Yakovleva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva, А. А. Вошкин
A pressing scientific task is the development of modern extractants that meet the increased requirements for efficiency and safety. In this work, a new three-component eutectic solvent based on bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (BTMPPA), tributyl phosphate (TBP) and phenol was proposed. The formation of the eutectic solvent was confirmed by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The temperature dependences of the main physical properties of the proposed eutectic solvent—the refractive index, density and viscosity—were determined. For the first time, the extraction properties of the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol (1:1:2) were studied using the example of the extraction of metal ions from aqueous nitrate solutions. The extraction efficiencies of Pr, Nd and Dy in a single stage were 34, 38 and 81%, respectively. The extraction behaviour of Pr, Nd and Dy with the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol was studied as a function of pH, salting-out agent concentration, component ratio in the eutectic mixture, phase volume ratio, etc. Nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol/L was chosen as a stripping agent, and the chemical stability of the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol during extraction–stripping cycles was evaluated. In summary, the proposed hydrophobic eutectic solvent has good physical characteristics and enables a more efficient recovery of rare-earth elements from nitrate solutions.
{"title":"New Eutectic Solvent Based on bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic Acid, Tributyl Phosphate and Phenol for the Extraction of Trivalent Rare-Earth Elements from Nitrate Solutions","authors":"Tatiana Yu. Chikineva, И. В. Зиновьева, Sofya A. Yakovleva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva, А. А. Вошкин","doi":"10.3390/pr13092830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092830","url":null,"abstract":"A pressing scientific task is the development of modern extractants that meet the increased requirements for efficiency and safety. In this work, a new three-component eutectic solvent based on bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (BTMPPA), tributyl phosphate (TBP) and phenol was proposed. The formation of the eutectic solvent was confirmed by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The temperature dependences of the main physical properties of the proposed eutectic solvent—the refractive index, density and viscosity—were determined. For the first time, the extraction properties of the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol (1:1:2) were studied using the example of the extraction of metal ions from aqueous nitrate solutions. The extraction efficiencies of Pr, Nd and Dy in a single stage were 34, 38 and 81%, respectively. The extraction behaviour of Pr, Nd and Dy with the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol was studied as a function of pH, salting-out agent concentration, component ratio in the eutectic mixture, phase volume ratio, etc. Nitric acid with a concentration of 0.5 mol/L was chosen as a stripping agent, and the chemical stability of the eutectic solvent BTMPPA/TBP/phenol during extraction–stripping cycles was evaluated. In summary, the proposed hydrophobic eutectic solvent has good physical characteristics and enables a more efficient recovery of rare-earth elements from nitrate solutions.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2830-2830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2830/pdf?version=1756909663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heng Yuan, Ziyi Wang, Xingyu Xu, Yu He, Hao Gong, Xuehong Chen, Jun Wang
Physalis alkekengi L. has attracted widespread attention and cultivation due to its unique lantern-shaped fruit and various bioactivities. Existing studies have mainly focused on its fruit, while the calyx, despite its significant bioactivity, has long been neglected. In particular, research on the changes in polyphenol content and antioxidant activity during its drying process remains scarce. This study aimed to optimize the extraction process, comprehensively profile the polyphenol composition, and evaluate the effects of the drying temperature on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in the calyx of Physalis alkekengi L. (CPAL). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) combined with response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimized parameters were determined as a 49% ethanol concentration, a 42 mL/g liquid-to-material ratio, a 64 °C extraction temperature, and a 29 min extraction time. Under these settings, the yield reached 10.44 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g, exceeding that of the conventional heat reflux extraction method. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, 63 polyphenolic compounds were identified, primarily derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin, and hydroxycinnamic acid; 43 of these compounds were first reported in CPAL. CPAL polyphenols possess potent antioxidant activities, with IC50 values of 68.77, 12.76, and 101.24 μg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively. Furthermore, as the drying temperature increased, the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of CPAL increased significantly. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of natural antioxidants and functional foods.
{"title":"Optimized Extraction and Component Identification of Physalis alkekengi L. Calyx Polyphenols and Antioxidant Dynamics During Thermal Processing","authors":"Heng Yuan, Ziyi Wang, Xingyu Xu, Yu He, Hao Gong, Xuehong Chen, Jun Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13092793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092793","url":null,"abstract":"Physalis alkekengi L. has attracted widespread attention and cultivation due to its unique lantern-shaped fruit and various bioactivities. Existing studies have mainly focused on its fruit, while the calyx, despite its significant bioactivity, has long been neglected. In particular, research on the changes in polyphenol content and antioxidant activity during its drying process remains scarce. This study aimed to optimize the extraction process, comprehensively profile the polyphenol composition, and evaluate the effects of the drying temperature on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in the calyx of Physalis alkekengi L. (CPAL). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) combined with response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimized parameters were determined as a 49% ethanol concentration, a 42 mL/g liquid-to-material ratio, a 64 °C extraction temperature, and a 29 min extraction time. Under these settings, the yield reached 10.44 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g, exceeding that of the conventional heat reflux extraction method. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, 63 polyphenolic compounds were identified, primarily derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin, and hydroxycinnamic acid; 43 of these compounds were first reported in CPAL. CPAL polyphenols possess potent antioxidant activities, with IC50 values of 68.77, 12.76, and 101.24 μg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively. Furthermore, as the drying temperature increased, the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of CPAL increased significantly. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of natural antioxidants and functional foods.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 9","pages":"2793-2793"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2793/pdf?version=1756630299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ang Gao, Shuang Li, Jialu Xu, Xiaoqiang Li, Yueran Li, Kuan Zhang, Tiantian Deng
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have emerged as a promising technology for organic pollutant degradation due to their distinct environmental advantages. In this study, copper–iron bimetallic oxide catalysts with varying ratios were synthesized via a co-precipitation method to activate PMS for degrading simulated tetracycline hydrochloride wastewater. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of key parameters—including the PMS concentration, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and tetracycline hydrochloride concentration—on the degradation efficiency were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the CuFe(2)/PMS system exhibited the highest degradation efficiency. Under optimal conditions (20 mg/L tetracycline hydrochloride, 0.4 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L CuFe(2) catalyst, and pH 3), this system achieved a 94.12% degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride within 120 min. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests and radical quenching experiments identified sulfate radicals (SO4·−) as the predominant reactive species. Furthermore, the XPS analysis elucidated the persulfate activation mechanism, while the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified the potential degradation pathways and intermediate products of tetracycline hydrochloride.
利用过氧单硫酸盐（PMS）的高级氧化工艺（AOPs）由于其独特的环境优势而成为一种有前途的有机污染物降解技术。本研究采用共沉淀法合成不同配比的铜铁双金属氧化物催化剂，激活PMS降解模拟盐酸四环素废水。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、x射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和x射线光电子能谱（XPS）对催化剂进行了表征。系统考察了PMS浓度、催化剂用量、初始pH、盐酸四环素浓度等关键参数对降解效率的影响。结果表明，CuFe(2)/PMS体系的降解效率最高。在最佳条件（盐酸四环素20 mg/L， PMS 0.4 mM, CuFe(2)催化剂0.5 g/L, pH 3）下，该体系在120 min内对盐酸四环素的降解率为94.12%。电子顺磁共振（EPR）和自由基猝灭实验表明，硫酸盐自由基（SO4·−）是主要的活性物质。此外，XPS分析阐明了过硫酸盐活化机理，液相色谱-质谱分析（LC-MS）鉴定了盐酸四环素的潜在降解途径和中间产物。
{"title":"Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Water by Copper–Iron Bioxide-Activated Persulfate System","authors":"Ang Gao, Shuang Li, Jialu Xu, Xiaoqiang Li, Yueran Li, Kuan Zhang, Tiantian Deng","doi":"10.3390/pr13082625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082625","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have emerged as a promising technology for organic pollutant degradation due to their distinct environmental advantages. In this study, copper–iron bimetallic oxide catalysts with varying ratios were synthesized via a co-precipitation method to activate PMS for degrading simulated tetracycline hydrochloride wastewater. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of key parameters—including the PMS concentration, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and tetracycline hydrochloride concentration—on the degradation efficiency were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the CuFe(2)/PMS system exhibited the highest degradation efficiency. Under optimal conditions (20 mg/L tetracycline hydrochloride, 0.4 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L CuFe(2) catalyst, and pH 3), this system achieved a 94.12% degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride within 120 min. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests and radical quenching experiments identified sulfate radicals (SO4·−) as the predominant reactive species. Furthermore, the XPS analysis elucidated the persulfate activation mechanism, while the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified the potential degradation pathways and intermediate products of tetracycline hydrochloride.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2625-2625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2625/pdf?version=1755606034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fajun Guo, Hua Nan Guan, Hong Chen, Yanli Zhao, Yayuan Tao, Tong Guan, Rui-Yang Liu, Wenzhao Sun, Huabin Li, Xudong Yu, Li He
This study establishes a covalently anchored wettability alteration strategy for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using perfluorinated siloxane (CQ), addressing limitations of conventional modifiers reliant on unstable physical adsorption. Instead, CQ forms irreversible chemical bonds with rock surfaces via Si-O-Si linkages (verified by FT-IR/EDS), imparting durable amphiphobicity with water and oil contact angles of 135° and 116°, respectively. This modification exhibits exceptional stability: increasing salinity from 2536 to 10,659 mg/L reduced angles by only 6° (water) and 4° (oil), while 70 °C aging in aqueous/oleic phases preserved amphiphobicity without reversion—supported by >300 °C thermal decomposition in TGA; confirming chemical bonding durability. Mechanistic analysis identifies dual EOR pathways: amphiphobic surfaces lower rolling angles, surface free energy (SFE), and fluid adhesion to facilitate pore migration, while CQ intrinsically reduces oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Core displacement experiments showed that injecting 0.05 wt% CQ followed by secondary waterflooding yielded an additional 10–18% increase in oil recovery. This improvement is attributed to enhanced mobilization of residual oil, with greater EOR efficacy observed in smaller pore throats. Field trials at the Huabei Oilfield validated practical applicability: Production rates of test wells C-9 and C-17 increased several-fold, accompanied by reduced water cuts. Integrating fundamental research, laboratory experiments, and field validation, this work systematically demonstrates a wettability-alteration-based EOR method and offers important technical insights for analogous reservoir development.
{"title":"Amphiphobic Modification of Sandstone Surfaces Using Perfluorinated Siloxane for Enhanced Oil Recovery","authors":"Fajun Guo, Hua Nan Guan, Hong Chen, Yanli Zhao, Yayuan Tao, Tong Guan, Rui-Yang Liu, Wenzhao Sun, Huabin Li, Xudong Yu, Li He","doi":"10.3390/pr13082627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082627","url":null,"abstract":"This study establishes a covalently anchored wettability alteration strategy for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using perfluorinated siloxane (CQ), addressing limitations of conventional modifiers reliant on unstable physical adsorption. Instead, CQ forms irreversible chemical bonds with rock surfaces via Si-O-Si linkages (verified by FT-IR/EDS), imparting durable amphiphobicity with water and oil contact angles of 135° and 116°, respectively. This modification exhibits exceptional stability: increasing salinity from 2536 to 10,659 mg/L reduced angles by only 6° (water) and 4° (oil), while 70 °C aging in aqueous/oleic phases preserved amphiphobicity without reversion—supported by >300 °C thermal decomposition in TGA; confirming chemical bonding durability. Mechanistic analysis identifies dual EOR pathways: amphiphobic surfaces lower rolling angles, surface free energy (SFE), and fluid adhesion to facilitate pore migration, while CQ intrinsically reduces oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Core displacement experiments showed that injecting 0.05 wt% CQ followed by secondary waterflooding yielded an additional 10–18% increase in oil recovery. This improvement is attributed to enhanced mobilization of residual oil, with greater EOR efficacy observed in smaller pore throats. Field trials at the Huabei Oilfield validated practical applicability: Production rates of test wells C-9 and C-17 increased several-fold, accompanied by reduced water cuts. Integrating fundamental research, laboratory experiments, and field validation, this work systematically demonstrates a wettability-alteration-based EOR method and offers important technical insights for analogous reservoir development.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2627-2627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/8/2627/pdf?version=1755613044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination in groundwater necessitates sustainable remediation solutions. This study develops a novel co-encapsulated composite by embedding steel slag (SS) and sodium persulfate (SPS) within an ethyl cellulose (EC) matrix ((SS + SPS)/EC) for permeable reactive barrier applications. The EC matrix enables controlled release of SPS oxidant and gradual leaching of alkaline components (Ca2+/OH−) and Fe2+/Fe3+ activators from SS, synergistically sustaining radical generation while buffering pH extremes. Optimized at a 10:7 SS:SPS mass ratio, the composite achieves 66.3% PH removal via dual pathways: (1) sulfate radical (SO4−•) oxidation from Fe2+-activated persulfate (S2O82− + Fe2+→SO4−• + SO42− + Fe3+), and (2) direct electron transfer by surface-bound Fe3+. In situ material evolution enhances functionality—nitrogen physisorption reveals a 156% increase in surface area and 476% pore volume expansion, facilitating contaminant transport while precipitating stable sulfate minerals (Na2SO4, Na3Fe(SO4)3) within pores. Crucially, the composite maintains robust performance under groundwater-relevant conditions: 54% removal at 15 °C (attributed to pH-buffered activation) and >55% efficiency with common interfering anions (Cl−, HCO3−, 50 mg·L−1). This waste-derived design demonstrates a self-regulating system that concurrently addresses oxidant longevity (≥70 h), geochemical stability (pH 8.5→10.4), and low-temperature activity, establishing a promising strategy for sustainable groundwater remediation. Continuous-flow column validation (60 d, 5 mg·L−1 gasoline) demonstrates sustained >80% removal efficiency and systematically stable effluent pH (9.8–10.2) via alkaline leaching.
{"title":"Ethyl Cellulose Co-Encapsulation of Steel Slag–Persulfate Long-Term Petroleum Hydrocarbon Remediation","authors":"Shuang Lin, Changsheng Qu, Dongyao Xu","doi":"10.3390/pr13082501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082501","url":null,"abstract":"Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination in groundwater necessitates sustainable remediation solutions. This study develops a novel co-encapsulated composite by embedding steel slag (SS) and sodium persulfate (SPS) within an ethyl cellulose (EC) matrix ((SS + SPS)/EC) for permeable reactive barrier applications. The EC matrix enables controlled release of SPS oxidant and gradual leaching of alkaline components (Ca2+/OH−) and Fe2+/Fe3+ activators from SS, synergistically sustaining radical generation while buffering pH extremes. Optimized at a 10:7 SS:SPS mass ratio, the composite achieves 66.3% PH removal via dual pathways: (1) sulfate radical (SO4−•) oxidation from Fe2+-activated persulfate (S2O82− + Fe2+→SO4−• + SO42− + Fe3+), and (2) direct electron transfer by surface-bound Fe3+. In situ material evolution enhances functionality—nitrogen physisorption reveals a 156% increase in surface area and 476% pore volume expansion, facilitating contaminant transport while precipitating stable sulfate minerals (Na2SO4, Na3Fe(SO4)3) within pores. Crucially, the composite maintains robust performance under groundwater-relevant conditions: 54% removal at 15 °C (attributed to pH-buffered activation) and >55% efficiency with common interfering anions (Cl−, HCO3−, 50 mg·L−1). This waste-derived design demonstrates a self-regulating system that concurrently addresses oxidant longevity (≥70 h), geochemical stability (pH 8.5→10.4), and low-temperature activity, establishing a promising strategy for sustainable groundwater remediation. Continuous-flow column validation (60 d, 5 mg·L−1 gasoline) demonstrates sustained >80% removal efficiency and systematically stable effluent pH (9.8–10.2) via alkaline leaching.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 8","pages":"2501-2501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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