W pracy przedstawiono pionierskie badania jednoczesnego oznaczania 7 neonikotynoidów (acetamipryd, chlotianidyna, dinotefuran, imidachlopryd, nitenpyram, tiachlopryd, tiametoksam) w próbkach pszczół, miodu, cieczy gutacyjnej i dziko rosnących roślin miododajnych. W przypadku każdej matrycy zastosowano indywidualne podejście poddając optymalizacji: masę naważki analitycznej, rodzaj rozpuszczalnika ekstrahującego oraz skład sorbentów do oczyszczania. Zastosowanie unikalnych sorbentów do oczyszczania ekstraktów pozwoliło na usunięcie z próbki niepożądanych substancji interferujących, takich jak woski pszczele, lipidy, białka, aminokwasy, cukry, czy hormony roślinne. Identyfikacja analitów oraz ich analiza ilościowa została przeprowadzona techniką chromatografii cieczowej sprzężonej z tandemową spektrometrią mas. Średnie odzyski analizowanych związków mieściły się w akceptowalnych granicach 70–120% z względnym odchyleniem standardowym (RSD) ≤ 20%, poza kilkoma wyjątkami. opracowane i zwalidowane metody pozwolą wyjaśnić szereg kwestii dotyczących potencjalnie negatywnego wpływu neonikotynoidów na zdrowie pszczół.
{"title":"Optimization of the methods for the determination of 7 neonicotinoids in honey bees, honeys, melliferous weeds and guttation fluids","authors":"Izabela Hrynko","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-010","url":null,"abstract":"W pracy przedstawiono pionierskie badania jednoczesnego oznaczania 7 neonikotynoidów (acetamipryd, chlotianidyna, dinotefuran, imidachlopryd, nitenpyram, tiachlopryd, tiametoksam) w próbkach pszczół, miodu, cieczy gutacyjnej i dziko rosnących roślin miododajnych. W przypadku każdej matrycy zastosowano indywidualne podejście poddając optymalizacji: masę naważki analitycznej, rodzaj rozpuszczalnika ekstrahującego oraz skład sorbentów do oczyszczania. Zastosowanie unikalnych sorbentów do oczyszczania ekstraktów pozwoliło na usunięcie z próbki niepożądanych substancji interferujących, takich jak woski pszczele, lipidy, białka, aminokwasy, cukry, czy hormony roślinne. Identyfikacja analitów oraz ich analiza ilościowa została przeprowadzona techniką chromatografii cieczowej sprzężonej z tandemową spektrometrią mas. Średnie odzyski analizowanych związków mieściły się w akceptowalnych granicach 70–120% z względnym odchyleniem standardowym (RSD) ≤ 20%, poza kilkoma wyjątkami. opracowane i zwalidowane metody pozwolą wyjaśnić szereg kwestii dotyczących potencjalnie negatywnego wpływu neonikotynoidów na zdrowie pszczół.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"14 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of study was the evaluation of silicon (Si) foliar and soil application effect on mitigation of drought stress in spring wheat. Twoyears study was performed in greenhouse with the use of vases with a capacity of 10 kg of soil. Silicon was used as a foliar application at the concentration of 6 mM Si/l and as soil application before plant sowing at doses 200 and 400 mg Si/kg, in the form of Na2SiO3. At the growth stage of tillering, drought stress was introduced and soil moisture was kept at 30% PPW. Silicon application positively affected yield and biochemical parameters of plants growing under water stress. Soil application was more efficient than foliar one in reducing of yield decrease and negative impact of water deficit on plants. Silicon uptake from soil by wheat was greater than from foliar application.
本研究旨在评价硅(Si)叶面和土壤施用对缓解春小麦干旱胁迫的效果。在温室中进行了为期两年的研究，使用了容量为10公斤土壤的花瓶。硅以6 mM Si/l的浓度作为叶面施用，以Na2SiO3的形式在播种前以200和400 mg Si/kg的剂量作为土壤施用。分蘖期引入干旱胁迫，土壤水分保持在30% PPW。施硅对水分胁迫下植株的产量和生化指标有正向影响。土壤施用比叶面施用更有效地减轻了作物减产和水分亏缺对植株的负面影响。小麦对土壤硅的吸收大于叶面施用。
{"title":"Response of spring wheat grown in drought stress to foliar and soil silicon application","authors":"U. Sienkiewicz-Cholewa","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-023","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of study was the evaluation of silicon (Si) foliar and soil application effect on mitigation of drought stress in spring wheat. Twoyears study was performed in greenhouse with the use of vases with a capacity of 10 kg of soil. Silicon was used as a foliar application at the concentration of 6 mM Si/l and as soil application before plant sowing at doses 200 and 400 mg Si/kg, in the form of Na2SiO3. At the growth stage of tillering, drought stress was introduced and soil moisture was kept at 30% PPW. Silicon application positively affected yield and biochemical parameters of plants growing under water stress. Soil application was more efficient than foliar one in reducing of yield decrease and negative impact of water deficit on plants. Silicon uptake from soil by wheat was greater than from foliar application.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of this study was to optimize the QuEChERS methodology for the comprehensive determination of pesticide residues using a simple and inexpensive gas chromatography equipped with selective detectors working simultaneously (GC-ECD/NPD). The method was validated in accordance with the SANTE/11945/2015 guidelines. Representative fruit matrices were chosen from the commodities group with high water content (apples), and with high acidity and high water content (strawberry) for a 160 compounds in the range of 0.005−0.02 mg/kg. The accuracy of the method was as required (recovery: 70–120%, precision: below 20%) for 135 active substances in apples samples and 137 in strawberries samples. The main advantages of the methodology include: good detector response linearity (R2 above 0.995), low limits of detection (0.005 mg/kg for more than 20 compounds, 0.01 mg/kg for about 120 compounds), possibility of simultaneous determination of a wide range of compounds (including some “difficult” ones) without use of a single residue methods. The simultaneous use of two selective detectors allows to obtain more data during a single dose of the sample and confirmation of the result for most compounds, which allows to prevent false positives ones.
{"title":"Optimalization of multiresidue method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits","authors":"","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-025","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study was to optimize the QuEChERS methodology for the comprehensive determination of pesticide residues using a simple and inexpensive gas chromatography equipped with selective detectors working simultaneously (GC-ECD/NPD). The method was validated in accordance with the SANTE/11945/2015 guidelines. Representative fruit matrices were chosen from the commodities group with high water content (apples), and with high acidity and high water content (strawberry) for a 160 compounds in the range of 0.005−0.02 mg/kg. The accuracy of the method was as required (recovery: 70–120%, precision: below 20%) for 135 active substances in apples samples and 137 in strawberries samples. The main advantages of the methodology include: good detector response linearity (R2 above 0.995), low limits of detection (0.005 mg/kg for more than 20 compounds, 0.01 mg/kg for about 120 compounds), possibility of simultaneous determination of a wide range of compounds (including some “difficult” ones) without use of a single residue methods. The simultaneous use of two selective detectors allows to obtain more data during a single dose of the sample and confirmation of the result for most compounds, which allows to prevent false positives ones.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Do głównych patogenów pszenicy należy Fusarium spp. grzyb ten przyczynia się do poważnych strat w plonie, jak również często stanowi przyczynę znacznego pogorszenia jakości materiału siewnego. W zapobieganiu chorobom fuzaryjnym najważniejszy jest zdrowy materiał siewny oraz właściwe zaprawianie – najskuteczniejsza i najłatwiejsza metoda ochrony roślin. Niestety w rolnictwie ekologicznym dobór odpowiednich substancji jest ograniczony przez zakaz stosowania zapraw chemicznych. Celem badań była ocena wybranych, dostępnych produktów handlowych zawierających konsorcjum mikroorganizmów oraz krzem. Wykorzystano ziarno pszenicy jarej, odmiany Arabella. oceniono kiełkowanie ziarna, zdrowotność siewek oraz ich rozwój. Zastosowanie zaprawy Panoramix wpłynęło negatywnie na zdolność kiełkowania ziarna. Zarówno zaprawianie mikrobiologiczne, jak i krzemem zwiększyło wysokość źdźbła oraz ograniczyło porażenie roślin w porównaniu do niezaprawionej kontroli. Dla testowanych zapraw zgodnych z wymaganiami rolnictwa ekologicznego uzyskano wyniki porównywalne z zaprawą chemiczną.
{"title":"Usefulness of microorganisms and silicon for the treatment of wheat seeds in organic farming","authors":"J. Krzymińska","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-007","url":null,"abstract":"Do głównych patogenów pszenicy należy Fusarium spp. grzyb ten przyczynia się do poważnych strat w plonie, jak również często stanowi przyczynę znacznego pogorszenia jakości materiału siewnego. W zapobieganiu chorobom fuzaryjnym najważniejszy jest zdrowy materiał siewny oraz właściwe zaprawianie – najskuteczniejsza i najłatwiejsza metoda ochrony roślin. Niestety w rolnictwie ekologicznym dobór odpowiednich substancji jest ograniczony przez zakaz stosowania zapraw chemicznych. Celem badań była ocena wybranych, dostępnych produktów handlowych zawierających konsorcjum mikroorganizmów oraz krzem. Wykorzystano ziarno pszenicy jarej, odmiany Arabella. oceniono kiełkowanie ziarna, zdrowotność siewek oraz ich rozwój. Zastosowanie zaprawy Panoramix wpłynęło negatywnie na zdolność kiełkowania ziarna. Zarówno zaprawianie mikrobiologiczne, jak i krzemem zwiększyło wysokość źdźbła oraz ograniczyło porażenie roślin w porównaniu do niezaprawionej kontroli. Dla testowanych zapraw zgodnych z wymaganiami rolnictwa ekologicznego uzyskano wyniki porównywalne z zaprawą chemiczną.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the application of next generation sequencing (NGS) in plant virus research. Although NGS has not been routinely used yet, it is increasingly adopted in diagnostics and genomics of phytopathogens. NGS technics enable the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses present in infected material. This makes it possible not only to determine which viruses are present in a single sample but also to determine their concentration and genetic diversity. The simultaneous identification of many viruses, the possibility of early detection of disease outbreaks as well as tracking and monitoring of epidemic development, make NGS a universal research tool that enables not only the detection but also the understanding of molecular mechanisms allowing viruses to adapt to environmental changes (host plant genotype, vector, presence of other pathogens).
{"title":"Next generation sequencing (NGS) as a multipurpose method for detection and differentiation of plant viruses","authors":"A. Kaczmarek, K. Treder","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-029","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the application of next generation sequencing (NGS) in plant virus research. Although NGS has not been routinely used yet, it is increasingly adopted in diagnostics and genomics of phytopathogens. NGS technics enable the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses present in infected material. This makes it possible not only to determine which viruses are present in a single sample but also to determine their concentration and genetic diversity. The simultaneous identification of many viruses, the possibility of early detection of disease outbreaks as well as tracking and monitoring of epidemic development, make NGS a universal research tool that enables not only the detection but also the understanding of molecular mechanisms allowing viruses to adapt to environmental changes (host plant genotype, vector, presence of other pathogens).","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2015–2016 field experiments were carried out to evaluate the possibility of the mixtures of herbicides Starane 250 EC (fluroxypyr) and Dragon 450 WG (florasulam + aminopyralide) with growth regulators Moddus 250 EC (trineksapac-ethyl) and Manipulator SL (chlormequat chloride) application in spring barley. Each of them was used in two terms: 1. in stage of tillering (BBCH 25–26), 2. in stage of 1-st node (BBCH 31) of spring barley. Weed control effect of the examined mixtures depended on weed infestation and term of spraying. Moderately sensitive to the tested herbicides weed species were controlled in low degree when spraying was performed at the growth stage BBCH 31. The investigated mixtures reduced height of spring barley plants markedly where the best results were noted for the mixture Dragon 450 WG + Manipulator SL applied in growth stage of tillering. The examined mixtures contributed to significant grain yield increase of spring barley. The lowest yield increase as compared to control was achieved where herbicide Starane 250 EC with growth regulators was applied in the BBCH 31 stage. It was due to poor weed control at these objects.
2015-2016年，通过田间试验，评价了除草剂Starane 250 EC(氟氧吡啶)和Dragon 450 WG (florasulam + aminopyide)与生长调节剂Moddus 250 EC (trineksapac-ethyl)和Manipulator SL (chlormequat chloride)在春大麦上混合施用的可能性。它们每一个都有两种用法:1。分蘖期(BBCH 25-26);春大麦第1节期(bbch31)。所试混合药剂的除草效果与杂草侵害程度和喷施时间有关。对被试除草剂中度敏感的杂草种类在生长阶段施用时控制程度较低。其中，分蘖生育期施用“龙”450 WG +“操纵者”SL的效果最好。所试杂交对春大麦产量有显著的增产作用。与对照相比，在bbch31阶段施用除草剂Starane 250 EC和生长调节剂的产量增幅最低。这是由于这些地方的杂草控制不好。
{"title":"Possibility of joint application of herbicides with growth regulators in spring barley","authors":"R. Kieloch, K. Marczewska-Kolasa","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-031","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015–2016 field experiments were carried out to evaluate the possibility of the mixtures of herbicides Starane 250 EC (fluroxypyr) and Dragon 450 WG (florasulam + aminopyralide) with growth regulators Moddus 250 EC (trineksapac-ethyl) and Manipulator SL (chlormequat chloride) application in spring barley. Each of them was used in two terms: 1. in stage of tillering (BBCH 25–26), 2. in stage of 1-st node (BBCH 31) of spring barley. Weed control effect of the examined mixtures depended on weed infestation and term of spraying. Moderately sensitive to the tested herbicides weed species were controlled in low degree when spraying was performed at the growth stage BBCH 31. The investigated mixtures reduced height of spring barley plants markedly where the best results were noted for the mixture Dragon 450 WG + Manipulator SL applied in growth stage of tillering. The examined mixtures contributed to significant grain yield increase of spring barley. The lowest yield increase as compared to control was achieved where herbicide Starane 250 EC with growth regulators was applied in the BBCH 31 stage. It was due to poor weed control at these objects.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kinga Cholajda, K. Matysiak, R. Kierzek, J. Krzymińska
{"title":"Biological weed control – prospects and limitations","authors":"Kinga Cholajda, K. Matysiak, R. Kierzek, J. Krzymińska","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of the potential of local entomopathogenic fungi isolates as biocontrol agents","authors":"D. Sosnowska, H. Ratajkiewicz","doi":"10.14199/ppp-2021-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celem badań było sprawdzenie działania doglebowej aplikacji krzemu (Si) na złagodzenie stresu u dwóch odmian pszenicy spowodowanego nadmiarem miedzi (Cu) w glebie. Dwuletnie badania przeprowadzono w warunkach hali wegetacyjnej z wykorzystaniem wazonów o pojemności 2,3 kg gleby. Przed wypełnieniem wazonów glebę zanieczyszczono miedzią w postaci CuSo4 w dawce 200 mg/kg Cu. Krzem był aplikowany doglebowo przed siewem roślin w dawkach 200 i 400 mg/kg Si w postaci Na2Sio3. Jako rośliny testowe użyto dwóch odmian pszenicy – Lindbergh i Kandela. Zastosowana dawka Cu była toksyczna dla obu badanych odmian pszenicy i spowodowała spadek biomasy pędów. Doglebowa aplikacja Si ograniczyła negatywny wpływ miedzi tylko dla odmiany Lindbergh.
{"title":"Response of wheat grown on copper-contaminated soil to soil silicon fertilisation","authors":"A. Zajączkowska, J. Korzeniowska","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-004","url":null,"abstract":"Celem badań było sprawdzenie działania doglebowej aplikacji krzemu (Si) na złagodzenie stresu u dwóch odmian pszenicy spowodowanego nadmiarem miedzi (Cu) w glebie. Dwuletnie badania przeprowadzono w warunkach hali wegetacyjnej z wykorzystaniem wazonów o pojemności 2,3 kg gleby. Przed wypełnieniem wazonów glebę zanieczyszczono miedzią w postaci CuSo4 w dawce 200 mg/kg Cu. Krzem był aplikowany doglebowo przed siewem roślin w dawkach 200 i 400 mg/kg Si w postaci Na2Sio3. Jako rośliny testowe użyto dwóch odmian pszenicy – Lindbergh i Kandela. Zastosowana dawka Cu była toksyczna dla obu badanych odmian pszenicy i spowodowała spadek biomasy pędów. Doglebowa aplikacja Si ograniczyła negatywny wpływ miedzi tylko dla odmiany Lindbergh.","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"46 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Łozowicka, E. Rutkowska, Izabela Hrynko, Julia Rusiłowska, A. Pietraszko, M. Jankowska, M. Czerwińska, Olga Nowakowska, P. Kaczyński
{"title":"Optimization of the method for the simultaneous determination of 490 pesticides in beer","authors":"B. Łozowicka, E. Rutkowska, Izabela Hrynko, Julia Rusiłowska, A. Pietraszko, M. Jankowska, M. Czerwińska, Olga Nowakowska, P. Kaczyński","doi":"10.14199/PPP-2021-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14199/PPP-2021-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20625,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66712909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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